Argentine sovereignty over Mavlinas 50 years after the Ruda statement Na engleskom i argentiskom jeziku Stanje knjige kao na priloženim slikama - ocena 7 od 10 Mek povez

50 years a surgeon - Robert T. Morris 240 str. Očuvanost kao na slikama. Ako Vas nešto zanima, blagoizvolite poslati poruku. Ovo je jedini primerak na sajtu na dan postavljanja! POGLEDAJTE I OSTALE predmete KOJE PRODAJEM POPUST NA VIŠE KUPLJENIH PREDMETA, PITAJTE! KLIKNITE NA LINK http://www.kupindo.com/Clan/zambezi/SpisakPredmeta ---------------------------55-150-------------------------------- 04112022Ej4

William L. Shirer - The rise and Fall of Adolf Hitler Vilijam Sirer - Uspon i pad Adolfa Hitlera Scholastic Book Services, 1961. Mek povez, 188 strana. RETKO! Briefly describes Hitler`s childhood, education, initial involvement in politics, rise to power, conduct of the war, plans to murder millions of innocent civilians, final military defeat, and suicide William Lawrence Shirer (February 23, 1904 – December 28, 1993) was an American journalist and war correspondent. He wrote The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, a history of Nazi Germany that has been read by many and cited in scholarly works for more than 50 years. Originally a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and the International News Service, Shirer was the first reporter hired by Edward R. Murrow for what would become a CBS radio team of journalists known as `Murrow`s Boys.` He became known for his broadcasts from Berlin, from the rise of the Nazi dictatorship through the first year of World War II (1940). With Murrow, he organized the first broadcast world news roundup, a format still followed by news broadcasts. Shirer wrote more than a dozen books beside The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, including Berlin Diary (published in 1941); The Collapse of the Third Republic (1969), which drew on his experience living and working in France from 1925 to 1933; and a three-volume autobiography, Twentieth Century Journey (1976 to 1990). His brother was an analyst for the Securities and Exchange Commission and his niece, Jean Ingold, was an employee of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. William Lawrence Shirer was an American journalist and historian. He became known for his broadcasts on CBS from the German capital of Berlin through the first year of World War II. Shirer first became famous through his account of those years in his Berlin Diary (published in 1941), but his greatest achievement was his 1960 book, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, originally published by Simon & Schuster. This book of well over 1000 pages is still in print, and is a detailed examination of the Third Reich filled with historical information from German archives captured at the end of the war, along with impressions Shirer gained during his days as a correspondent in Berlin. Later, in 1969, his work The Collapse of the Third Republic drew on his experience spent living and working in France from 1925 to 1933. This work is filled with historical information about the Battle of France from the secret orders and reports of the French High Command and of the commanding generals of the field. Shirer also used the memoirs, journals, and diaries of the prominent British, Italian, Spanish, and French figures in government, Parliament, the Army, and diplomacy.

U prihvatljivom stanju, ima podvlačenih rečenica, korice loše. Nije za bibliofile. KNJIGA I Autor - korporativno telo Naučni skup Drugi svjetski rat- 50 godina kasnije (1995 ; Podgorica) Naslov Drugi svjetski rat - 50 godina kasnije : radovi sa naučnog skupa, Podgorica, 20- 22. septembar 1995. Tom 1 / redakcioni odbor Vlado Strugar... [et al.] ; urednik Vlado Strugar ; [rezimea na engleski prevela Vesna Kordić-Lazić] Omotni naslov Drugi svjetski rat - 50 godina kasnije I Ostali naslovi The Second world war-50 years later Vrsta građe zbornik ; odrasli, ozbilјna (nije lepa knjiž.) Jezik srpski Godina 1997 Izdavanje i proizvodnja Podgorica : Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti ; Beograd : Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, 1997 (Beograd : Grafomark) Fizički opis 719 str. ; 24 cm Drugi autori - osoba Strugar, Vlado, 1922-2019 = Strugar, Vlado, 1922-2019 Zbirka Naučni skupovi / Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti ; knj. 43. Odjelјenje društvenih nauka ; knj. 18 ISBN 86-7215-089-9 (CANU; Broš.) Napomene Na spor. nasl. str.: The Second world war - 50 years later : papers read at international scientific meeting, Podgorica, September, 20-22, 1995. Vol. 1 Kor. i hrpt. stv. nasl.: Drugi svjetski rat - 50 godina kasnije I Prema napomeni s predlista nasl. str., Skup su zajednički organizovale Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti i Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti Ćir. Tiraž 1.000 Str. 5-14: Predgovor / Vlado Strugar Beleške uz tekst Literatura uz pojedine radove Rezimei na engl., franc., nem. ili rus. uz svaki rad Predmetne odrednice Drugi svetski rat 1939/1945 – Jugoslavija – zbornici KNJIGA II Naučni skup Drugi svjetski rat - 50 godina kasnije (1995 ; Podgorica) Drugi svjetski rat - 50 godina kasnije : radovi sa naučnog skupa, Podgorica, 20-22. septembar 1995. Tom 2 / redakcioni odbor Vlado Strugar... [et al.] ; urednik Vlado Strugar ; [rezimea na engleski prevela Vesna Kordić-Lazić] Omotni naslov Drugi svjetski rat - 50 godina kasnije II Ostali naslovi The Second world war - 50 years later. Vol. 2 Vrsta građe zbornik ; odrasli, ozbilјna (nije lepa knjiž.) Jezik srpski Godina 1997 Izdavanje i proizvodnja Podgorica : Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti ; Beograd : Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, 1997 (Beograd : Grafomark) Fizički opis 579 str. ; 24 cm Drugi autori - osoba Strugar, Vlado, 1922-2019 = Strugar, Vlado, 1922-2019 Zbirka Naučni skupovi / Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti ; knj. 43. Odjelјenje društvenih nauka ; knj. 18 ISBN 86-7215-009-0 (Ispravlјen; CANU; Broš.) 86-7215-009-2 ! Kor. i hrpt. stv. nasl.: Drugi svjetski rat - 50 godina kasnije II Prema napomeni s predlista nasl. str., Skup su zajednički organizovale Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti i Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti Tiraž 1.000 Beleške uz tekst Literatura uz pojedine radove Rezimei na engl., franc., nem. ili rus. uz svaki rad Predmetne odrednice Drugi svetski rat 1939/1945 – Jugoslavija – zbornici SADRŽAJ KNJ. I PREDGOVOR OTVARANJE NAUČNOG SKUPA Akademik Vlado Strugar Akademik Dragutan P. Vukotić Akademik Miroslav Pantić Akademik NikolaN Todorov Dr Vlado Ivanoski Milo Đukanović Dr Čedomir Štrbac Prof. dr Janko Radulović I JUGOSLAVIJA I SVJETSKI RATOVI Akademik Vlado Strugar DRUGI SVETSKI RAT - 50 GODINA KASNIJE Akademik Milorad Ekmečić FAŠIZAM I REJ1IGIJA Prof. dr Milan Petrović KOMUNIZAM I FAŠIZAM - IDEOLOŠKE ANTITEZE I SINTEZE . Docent dr Drago Ručnov IDEOLOŠKE OSNOVE DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA Protojerej prof. dr Dimitrije M. Kalezić DUHOVNA KRIZA KAO UZROK DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA I NJEGOVIH POSLJEDICA Prof. dr Milan S. Krsmanović ETIČKI POGLED NA SUDARE SVJETOVA U 20. VIJEKU Dr Dragi Maliković BRITANCI O JUG0SJ10VENIMA NA PARISKIM MIROVNIM KONFERENCIJAMA 1919-1920. I 1946. GODINE Dr Slavolјub Cvetković JUGOSLOVENSKO-SOVJETSKI ODNOSI 1939-1941. GODINE Dr Smilјana Đurović PROBLEM EKONOMSKE KOMPATIBILNOSTI JUGOSLOVENSKOG PROSTORA SA OSTALOM EVROPOM KAO ELEMENAT UVLAČENJA JUGOSLAVIJE U KOVITLAC DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA Mr Dragan Tešić VOJSKA KRALJEVINE JUGOSLAVIJE 1939-1941. GODINE Prof. dr Mirko Mirković DRUGI SVETSKI RAT I UNUTRAŠNJE PREUREĐENJE JUGOSLAVIJE 1. O opšteistorijskim okvirima nastajanja i nestajanja Druge Jugoslavije 2. O Unutrašnjem preuređenju Jugoslavije 3. O jugoslovenskim političkim programima u oslobodilačkom ratu 4. O jugoslovenskom državnom ujedinjenju (1918) i njegovom kontrapunktu - secesijama 1991/92 Dr Đuro Vujović KLJUČNO PITANJE U NAS ZA VRIJEME DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA: Jugoslavija - da ili ne i kako? Dr Pavle Vukčević` O NEKIM ASPEKTIMA FUNKCIONISANJA POLITIČKE VLASTI U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU NA, PROSTORIMA JUGOSLAVIJE - POLITOLOŠKO-SOCIOLOŠKA ANALIZA (Ne)uslovlјenost konstituisanja političke vlasti - sukob želјa i realnosti Dr Slobodan Branković POLITIKA I RAT MOĆI Dr Venceslav Glišić IZBEGLIČKA JUGOSLOVENSKA KRALJEVSKA VLADA I SRPSKO NACIONALNO PITANJE II JUGOSLAVIJA OKUPACIJA I ANTIFAŠISTIČKI OTPOR Mr Mira Radojević IZBEGLIČKA VLADA KRALJEVINE JUGOSLAVIJE I JUGOSLOVENSKA DRŽAVNA IDEJA Dr Ranko Končar FEDERALISTIČKE KONCEPCIJE O JUGOSLAVIJI U TOKU DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA ŠK Prof. dr Momčilo Zečević KOMUNISTI I SRPSKO PITANJE U SVETLU NOVIH SPORENJA Prof. dr Perko Vojinović UTICAJ VJERE I CRKVE NA SUDBINU JUGOSLOVENSTVA Dr Dušan Lukač 0 UZROCIMA RASKOLA LEGITIMISTIČKO-MONARHISTIČKE I KOMUNISTIČKO-REVOLUCIONARNE OPCIJE ANTIFAŠISTIČKOG RATA SRBA 1941-1945. Dr Veselin Đuretić GRAĐANSKI RAT 1941-1945: SUKOB NACIONALNOG I INTERNACIONALISTIČKOG „REALIZMA“ Svetozar Vukmanović Tempo DA LI SU ČETNICI DRAŽE MIHAILOVIĆA FAŠISTIČKI ILI ANTIFAŠISTIČKI ILI SAMO KOLABORACIONISTIČKI POKRET? Dr Čedomir M. Lučić INTERNACIONALIZAM KAO NACIONALNI ANTIPOD, NEGATOR I ELIMINATOR Prof. dr Stevan K. Pavlović OD BORBE ZA ŽIVOT DO BORBE ZA VLAST - OTPOR 1941-1945. 1. Uništenje i rasparčavanje 2. Komunistički feniks izronio iz pepela 3. Jugoslavija ponovo postaje interesantna 4. Borba za osvajanje vlasti Prof. dr Gojko Milјanić NARODNOOSLOBODIJTAČKI RAT - NAJVIŠI OBLIK OTPORA Milija Stanišić OFANZIVNOST POLITIČKE I VOJNE STRATEGIJE NOR-a Prof. dr Ilija Vuković ODNOS PRAVOSLAVNOG SVEŠTENSTVA U CRNOJ GORI PREMA NOR-u Prof. dr Novica Vojinović. ODNOS KATOLIČKE CRKVE PREMA JUGOSLAVIJI Katoličke antijugoslovenske organizacije u Prvoj Jugoslaviji 1918—1941. Katolička akcija kao antijugoslovenska organizacija Antijugoslovenska klerikalna organizacija „Orlovi“ Antijugoslovenska klerikalna organizacija „Križari` Klerofašistička zločinačka antijugoslovenska organizacija ustaša u Jugoslaviji Genocidna ideologija kleroustaškog pokreta Neposredno učešće Katoličke crkve i rušenje Prve Jugoslavije 1941 Narodna liberalna struja u Hrvatskoj Pokušaj rušenja Pavelića g . Zajedničke akcije Crkve i države u genocidu nad Srbima Katolički sveštenici - ustaški kolјači pravoslavnih Srba 1941-1945. Vatikan i Katolička crkva spasavaju ustaške zločince poslije rata 1945-1950. - „Tunel pacova“` Katolička crkva protiv „avnojske“ Jugoslavije 1945-1991 Prof. dr Nikola L. Gaćeša METANASTAZIČKA KRETANJA U JUGOSLOVENSKIM ZEMLJAMA ZA VREME DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA III SRBIJA POD OKUPACIJOM Dr Mirolјub Vasić O KARAKTERU RATA U SRBIJI (1941-1945) Dr Žarko Jovanović KOLABORACIJA RAVNOGORSKOG POKRETA 1941-1944. Docent dr Dragan Subotić O KOLABORACIONIZMU U SRBIJI 1941-1944. POLA VEKA KASNIJE: ZA I PROTIV 1. O kolaboraciji u domaćoj i emigrantskoj istoriografiji 2. O Nedićevom „kolaboracionizmu“ - za i protiv? Prof. dr Aleksandar Drašković KOLABORACIONISTIČKI REŽIM GENERALA MILANA NEDIĆA U OKUPIRANOJ SRBIJI Mirjana Milenković VOJNE FORMACIJE RUSKE EMIGRACIJE U SRBIJI U TOKU DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA Dr Milica Milenković SOCIJALNA POLITIKA U SRBIŠ UOČI I U TOKU DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA Prof. dr Andrija B. K. Stojković DRUŠTVENO-POLITIČKA I IDEOLOŠKA OSNOVA PEDAGOGIJE I ŠKOLSTVA U OKUPIRANOJ SRBIJI 1941-1944. GODINE 1. Kriza vrednosnog sistema srpskog i jugoslovenskog građanskog društva na putu profašizacije 2. Polarizacija snaga u dilemi - za i protiv borbe protiv okupatora. Skretanje buržoaskog ka pronacističkom sistemu društva i vrednosti 3. Osnovne programske smernice Nedićeve vlade analogne nemačkoj ideologiji i politici 4. Prosvetno-školska politika i praksa na osnovama spoja i elemenata ublaženog nacifašizma sa srpskim nacionalističkim tradicionalizmom i konzervativizmom 5. Beskrompromisni antimarksizam i antikomunizam usmeren prema borbi za uniženje NOP-a i prihvatanju kao elementa pogleda na svet mlade generacije 6. Umesto zaklјučka Prof. dr Andrija B. K. Stojković OSNOVE PEDAGOGIJE I ŠKOLSTVA U OKUPIRANOJ SRBIJI 1941-1944. GODINE Raspad Kralјevine Jugoslavije i nastojanje kvislinških vlasti okupirane Srbije 1941-1944. da koncipiraju i održe prosvetu i školstvo u okvirima nacifašističke doktrine i politike „Državni prosvetni plan“ reforme prosvete i školstva s naglaskom na stručnom obrazovanju i radnom i nacionalno-moralnom vaspitanju Borba protiv okupacijske koncepcije i prakse školovanja Zaklјučne napomene IV MAKEDONIJA POD OKUPACIJOM Dr Rastislav Terzioski DISKRIMINATORSKIOT ODNOS NA BUGARSKIOT OKUPATOR PREMA NARODNOSTITE VO MAKEDONIJA 1941-1944 V ITALIJANSKI OKUPACIONI SISTEM Kapetan fregate mr Dragan Nenezić JUGOSLOVENSKE OBLASTI POD FAŠISTIČKOM ITALIJOM 1941-1943 Špiro Lagator KVISLINŠKE VSHGNE FORMACIJE U CRNOJ GORI 1941-1945 Uvod Brojno stanje Zločini Neđelјko Zorić OKUPATORSKIM ORUŽJEM NA SOPSTVENI NAROD Formiranje Hercegnovske čete MVAC Formiranje Korpusa MVAC za Dalmaciju Dobrovolјački batalјon Orjen »VOT Uo1op1ap deI’ Opep« Dr Đuro Batrićević DRŽANJE CETINJANA PRED NEPRIJATELJSKIM CIJEVIMA Prof. dr Tomislav Žugić PRIVREDNA RAZARANJA U CRNOJ GORI 1941-1945; Dr Đorđe Borozan JUGOSLAVIJA I ALBANIJA - SMISAO RATNOG ISKUSTVA 1941-1945, Dr Milutin Folić OKUPACIONI SISTEM I KOLABORACIJA NA KOSOVU I METOHIJI 1941-1945; Prof. dr Branko Bošković STRADANJA I PROGONI SRBA I CRNOGORACA SA KOSOVA I METOHIJE TOKOM DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA Etničke promjene do 1941. Neposredni uzroci stradanja i progona Srba i Crnogoraca pod okupacijom 1941-1944. Okupaciona zlodela 1941. i zavođenje feudalnih odnosa Stradanja i progon Srba iz bugarske okupacione zone Stradanja i progon Srba i Crnogoraca iz italijanske zone Stradanja i progon naseljenika i Srba mještana u njemačkoj okupacionoj zoni Stradanja i progoni Srba i Crnogoraca pod njemačkom upravom (od septembra 1943) VI SRBI U HRVATSKOJ I BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI 1941-1945. IZMEĐU GENOCIDA I BORBE ZA SLOBODU Pukovnik dr Slavko Vukčević ZLOČINI NEZAVISNE DRŽAVE HRVATSKE I NJIHOVE POSLJEDICE PO SRPSKI NAROD Dr Slobodan D. Milošević SOCIOLOŠKA I DEMOGRAFSKA ANALIZA PROGNANIH SRBA IZ POJEDINIH SREZOVA NEZAVISNE DRŽAVE HRVATSKE 1941 Sprovođenje zakonskih akata Iselјavanje Srba sa teritorije Zagreba Socijalni sastav iselјenog stanovništva Prof. dr Zdravko Antonić SRPSKI NAROD U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI 1941.1 IZMEĐU GENOCIDA I BORBE ZA SLOBODU Dr Đorđe Pilјević OSLOBODILAČKI POKRET U HERCEGOVINI U DRUGOM SVETSKOM RATU Tihomir Burzanović ISTREBLJIVANJE SRBA NA KRSNU SLAVU PRIJE PEDESET GODINA I DANAS U HERCEGOVINI Imena poginulih Srba na Nikolјdan 1992. u selima Gornje Jošanice Dr Miloš Hamović IZBJEGLIŠTVO U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU I U RATU 1991-1995 Mr Dragan Vojinović JUNSKI USTANAK U HERCEGOVINI I TRINESTOJULSKI USTANAK U CRNOJ GORI ,Duševno-geografski“ tipovi Karakterne crte Prve ustaničke borbe Organizovani ustanak u Hercegovini i Crnoj Gori SADRŽAJ KNJ. 2 VII O SUKOBLЈENIM VOJSKAMA NA TLU JUGOSLAVIJE Pukovnik Velimir Ivetić ODNOS VOJNIH FORMACIJA NA JUGOSLOVENSKOM PROSTORU PREMA ITALIJANSKIM JEDINICAMA U SEPTEMBRU 1943 . Dr Predrag Pejčić O NEKIM ASPEKTIMA VAZDUHOPLOVNOG DEJSTVA NAD TERITORIJOM JUGOSLAVIJE Odnosi sa štabom 281. vinga BAF Nesuglasice Vrhovnog štaba i savezničkih komandi. Odnosi sa Sovjetskom vazduhoplovnom grupom „Vitruk“ Provenijencije međusavezničkih loših odnosa Mr Obrad Bjelica CRNA GORA U STRATEGIJSKIM PLANOVIMA VRHOVNOG ŠTABA I NJIHOVA REALIZACIJA (SREDINA1943-1944) Povećana uloga i značaj Crne Gore u planovima Vrhovnog štaba u drugoj polovini 1943/1944 Sprječavanje neprijatelјskih namjera u odnosu na Crnogorsko primorje sa zaleđem i njegovo konačno oslobođenje Povlačenje 21. brdskog armijskog korpusa i pokušaj proboja na pravcu Danilovgrad-Nikšić Dalјe dramatične borbe sa 21. armijskim brdskim korpusom na novom pravcu njegovog povlačenja i proboja Konačno oslobođenje sjevernih djelova Crne Gore i Sandžaka Ivan R. Matović ŽIVOTNI PUT NAČELNIKA VRHOVNOG ŠTABA NOV JUGOSLAVIJE VIII UDIO PROSVJETE I KULTURE U OTPORU FAŠIZMU Katarina Popović-Ceković NARODNO PROSVEĆIVANJE U JUGOSLAVIJI 1941-1945 DRUŠTVENO-IDEOLOŠKA DETERMINISANOST I INSTRUMENTALIZACIJA Miloš Starovlah UPOTREBA I ZLOUPOTREBA ŠKOLE U RATNE SVRHE Okupatorske škole. Fašizacija škole Partizanska škola. Idejno usmjeravanje nastavničkog kadra . Programska usmjerenost „Partizanaske škole“ Prof. dr Nikola Cvetković KULTURNO-STVARALAČKO I KNJIŽEVNO-POETIČKO U RATNIM LISTOVIMA CRNE GORE (1942-1945) Oblici i sadržaji kulturno-prosvetnog rada O potrebi teorijskog rada i uzdizanja Neki aspekti poetike u prilogu o Vuku Karadžiću Docent dr Miroslav Savković KINEMATOGRAFIJA U SRBIJI 1941-1945 UVOD Filmska snimanja 27. marta 19941. i slom Kralјevine Jugoslavije Kinematografske delatnosti u okupiranoj Srbiji Kinematografske aktivnosti u jedinicama Draže Mihailovića (jugoslovenska vojska u otadžbini) Filmska snimanja koja su vršili saveznici Kinematografske delatnosti u jedinicama Narodnooslobodilačke vojske Državno filmsko preduzeće Zaklјučak Vojislav Đurović KNJIŽEVNOST, PRIJE I POSLIJE ISTORIOGRAFIJE IX MEĐUNARODNI ASPEKTI JUGOSLOVENSKE ANTIFAŠISTIČKE BORBE Dr Ubavka Vujošević Dr Mirolјub Vasić VEZE RUKOVODSTVA KPJ (NOP-a) S KOMINTERNOM 1941-1943 Podizanje ustanka u Jugoslaviji 1941 Klasni radikalizam (leva skretanja) rukovodstva KPJ Prvo zasedanje AVNOJ-a . Martovski pregovori predstavnika NOP-a sa Nemcima 1943 Mr Milan Terzić MISIJA VLADIMIRA VELEBITA U LONDONU - MAJ 1944 (prilog pitanju međunarodnog priznavanja nove Jugoslavije Pripreme i dolazak u London Susreti sa lјudima iz krugova jugoslovenske kralјevske vlade i Purićeva ostavka Kontakti sa britanskom javnošću, vojnim predstavnicima i emigracijom u Londonu. Susret sa Vinstonom Čerčilom Prof. dr Mihailo Bjelica AKTIVNOST JUGOSLOVENSKIH NOVINARA U LONDONU 1941-1945 ., Pargizansko-četnički rat u eteru Uloga Udruženja jugoslovenskih novinara Slobodan Nešović NESPORAZUMI VELIKIH SAVEZNIKA O DRUGOM FRONTU U EVROPI (1941-1944). Prof. dr Branislav Kovačević DEJSTVA SAVEZNIČKOG VAZDUHOPLOVSTVA U CRNOJ GORI 1943-1944 Dr Heather Williams DIPLOMATIC DILEMMAS: SOME ISSUES ARISING FROM THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE SPECIAL OPERATIONS EXECUTIVE IN YUGOSLAVIA 1941-1945 Mr Petar Bošković SJEDINJENE AMERIČKE DRŽAVE I PITANJE JUGOSLAVIJE Osnovne determinante spolјne politike SAD SAD i jugoslovensko pitanje Godina 1948. i politika SAD prema Jugoslaviji SAD i eskalacija konflikta Mr Mladenka Ivanković DEKLARISANA I STVARNA NEUTRALNOST ŠVAJCARSKE U TOKU DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA Др Вьрбан Тодоров БЪЛГАРИЯ И ВТОРАТА СВЕТОВНА ВОЙНА ИСТОРИЧЕСКА ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛНОСТ И УРОЦИ GENOCID U JUGOSLAVIJI Dr Radomir Bulatović KONTINUITET GENOCIDA Uvod Kontinuitet genocida Mr Milan Kolјanin NEMAČKI LOGORI U OKUPACIONOM SISTEMU U JUGOSLAVIJI (1941-1944) XI RATNI GUBICI I POČETAK OBNOVE Dr Nikola Živković DOPRINOS JUGOSLAVIJE BORBI PROTIV SILA OSOVINE U DRUGOM SVETSKOM RATU, SA POSEBNIM OSVRTOM NA JBUDSKE ŽRTVE I MATERIJALNU ŠTETU Dr Aleksandar Kasaš POSLERATNA SUĐENJA ZA STRADANJE SRBA I JEVREJA U BAČKOJ 1942, GODICE Tanja Kalezić-Drakić NEKE SOCIJALNE, PSIHOLOŠKE, KULTURNE I DRUGE DETERMINANTE UČEŠĆA ŽENA JUGOSLAVIJE U RATU Dr Branislav Marović NARODNA VLAST U CRNOJ GORI I RJEŠAVANJE PRIVREDNIH PITANJA I NJEN DOPRINOS POBJEDI NAD FAŠIZMOM 1941-1945 Dr Milica Bodrožić RADNIČKA KLASA VOJVODINE OD OSLOBOĐENJA DO KRAJA RATA 1945. GODINE Učešće radnika u obnovi i proizvodnji posle oslobođenja Sindikalno organizovanje radnika Vojvodine posle oslobođenja Pomoć radnika vojsci, ranjenicima i postradalim krajevima Polјoprivredni radnici Vojvodine do maja 1945 Udarničko takmičenjej radnika Vojvodine pred Prvi maj 1945. Dr Vićentije Đorđević POSLEDICE RATA I OBNOVA SRBIJE Dr Momčilo Mitrović OBNOVA SRBIJE U RATNIM USLOVIMA 1944-1945 XII DEMOKRATSKA FEDERATIVNA JUGOSLAVIJA OCJENE I DILEME Akademik Mijat Šuković AVNOJSKA JUGOSLAVIJA - CIVILIZACIJSKA DRŽAVNOPRAVNA VRIJEDNOST Prof. dr Bogumil Hrabak SAVEZNICI SRBIJE I JUGOSLAVIJE U PRVOM I DRUGOM SVETSKOM RATU O FEDERATIVNOM DRŽAVNOM UREĐENJU JUGOSLOVENA Dr Momčilo Pavlović POLITIČKI PLURALIZAM U SRBIJI POSLE DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA I POLTIČKE STRANKE U SRBIJI NA KRAJU RATA Jugoslovenska republikanska demokratska stranka Narodna selјačka stranka Zemlјoradnička stranka (savez zemlјoradnika) Ujedinjena zemlјoradnička stranka Socijalistička partija Socijaldemokratska pargija Samostalna demokratska stranka Demokratska stranka (DS) Radikalna stranka (RS) II. POJŠTIKA KPJ PREMA POJŠTIČKIM STRANKAMA XIII BALKAN I SVIJET KRAJEM XX VIJEKA Академик Николай Тодоров БАЛКАНЫ В КОНЦЕ XX ВЕКА Как балканские народы встречают XX век Что наблюдаем на Балканах в конце XX века. Dr Dušan Živković GODINA 1948. I NJENE POSLEDICE Stvaranje Informbiroa i sukob sa Stalјinom Mr Radoica Luburić INFORMBIORVSKA EMIGRACIJA O NEKIM DOGAĐAJIMA I LIČNOSTIMA IZ NOR-a I REVOLUCIJE U JUGOSLAVI (1941-1945) Prof. dr Dejan P. Kreculј „HLADNI RAT“ I NOVI SVETSKI POREDAK Prof. dr Zoran Lakić FAŠIZAM I ANTIFAŠIZAM - 5O GODINA KASNIJE (DEFAPŠZACIJA I NEOFAŠIZAM) Dr Drago Borovčanin NEKI UZROCI RASPADA DRUGE JUGOSLAVIJE XIV MJESTO DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA U ISTORIJI Dr Dragolјub S. Petrović MESTO DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA U ISTORIJI. Akademik Miomir Dašić O NEKIM ASPEKTIMA IDEOLOGIZACIJE ISTORIOGRAFIJE I „ŠKOLSKE ISTORIJE` SAVREMENE ISTORIJE Dr Milan Lazić MESTO I ULOGA NOVIJE ISTORIJE U PROGRAMIMA I UDžBENICIMA OSNOVNIH, SREDNJIH ŠKOLA I GIMNAZIJA PEDESET GODINA KASNIJE. Desimir Tošić PRILOG ZA PREČIŠĆAVANJE ISTORIOGRAFSKE TERMINOLOGIJE Akademik Vlado Sgrugar DRUGI SVETSKI RAT - PEDESET GODINA KASNIJE: JEDNA PRETPOSTAVKA ZA RAZBOR I NAUČNO ODREĆENJE JUGOSLOVENSKOG UČEŠĆA Docent dr Ljubodrag Dimić OD TVRDNJE DO ZNANJA PRILOG ISTORIJI ISTORIOGRAFIJE O RATU 1941-1945 DISKUSIJA Nikolai Todorov I Slobodan Nešovcć Svetozar Vukmanović Tempo Zoran Lakić Dragolјub S. Petrović Veselin Đuretić Perko Vojinović Novica Vojinović Mirolјub Vasić Đuro Vujović Zdravko Antonić Aleksandar Drašković Milan Petrović Tihomir Burzanović Dimitrije Kalezić Ranko Končar Momčilo Zečević Đorđe Pilјević Branko Bošković Nikola Živković Rastislav Terzioski Radoje Pajović Vlado Strugar Zoran Lakić Đorđe Pilјević Zoran Lakić Olga Perović Vlado Ivanoski Zoran Lakić Novica Vojinović Milutin Folić Miomir Dašić Zoran Lakić Veselin Đuretić Špiro Lagator Zoran Lakić Miloš Hamović Novak Ražnatović Petar Kačavenda Novica Vojinović Pavle Radusinović. Milan Terzić Bogumil Hrabak ZAVRŠNE RIJEČI Akademik Milorad Ekmečić Akademik Miomir Dašić Akademik Vlado Strugar

Dirty Electricity: Electrification and the Diseases of Civilization by Samuel Milham udzbenički format 111 strana ima prilično podvlačenja grafitnom i obeležavanja Engleski jezik When Thomas Edison began wiring New York City with a direct current electricity distribution system in the 1880s, he gave humankind the magic of electric light, heat, and power; in the process, though, he inadvertently opened a Pandora`s Box of unimaginable illness and death. `Dirty Electricity` tells the story of Dr. Samuel Milham, the scientist who first alerted the world about the frightening link between occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and human disease. Milham takes readers through his early years and education, following the twisting path that led to his discovery that most of the twentieth century diseases of civilization, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and suicide, are caused by electromagnetic field exposure. Dr. Milham warns that because of the recent proliferation of radio frequency radiation from cell phones and towers, terrestrial antennas, Wi-Fi and Wi-max systems, broadband internet over power lines, and personal electronic equipment, we may be facing a looming epidemic of morbidity and mortality. In `Dirty Electricity,` he reveals the steps we must take, personally and as a society, to coexist with this marvelous but dangerous technology. There is a high likelihood that most of the twentieth century `diseases of civilization,` including cardiovascular disease, malignant neoplasms (cancer), diabetes, and suicide, are not caused by lifestyle alone, but by certain physical aspects of electricity itself.` This is a very important book by a very noble doctor and epidemiologist. As a health care provider for 20 years now, this book has put many of the pieces of the chronic disease puzzle together. After spending 10 years working about 50 meters from a cell phone mast, while living sandwiched between a cell tower 500 meters away and high voltage power lines 150 meters away, I have slowly felt the steady effects of this radiation. I have nearly eliminated my regular exposure to cell phone radiation and WiFi, but unfortunately, I am helpless at this stage against the biggest contributors to my over-exposure. However, this is set to change in the next two to three years, as I will be moving my home and office. With the help of his book, I am now also eager to take steps toward further reducing our possible exposure to dirty electricity, as well. Dr. Milham has described many of his own studies which should be a warning to humanity, but unfortunately, most people are unwilling to believe that something that seems so inert and innocuous could be behind devastating diseases like cancer, heart disease, or diabetes. Over the years, I have to come to realize that most if not all diseases require several ingredients to lead to pathology and eventually disease. Since I began questioning my patients this year about their electromagnetic field exposure, I have seen a link with many problems and believe that this is a major, yet underestimated health hazard. Sadly, society has dived in head-first into the convenience of the wireless age, without testing its safety, and we are already seeing the consequences, as neurobehavioural symptoms become the norm. One example is the fact that clinical depression is now the main cause of disability around the world. Over 800,000 people also commit suicide every year. A large percentage of my patients are using anti-depressants. Most people I come across are also not sleeping well. Most people also feel fatigued. In the UK, brain tumors are now the main cancers found in children. In the U.S., the rate of testicular and thyroid cancers in teenagers is rising. Infertility rates are also increasing. In fact, now more than ever, many young people don`t even feel the need to procreate, often deciding not to marry and not to have children. A study from about 20 years ago, alarmingly discovered that mice became infertile within 5 generations, after being chronically exposed to EMF`s in an antenna farm. The studies are mounting and the truly independent scientists are trying to warn us. Sadly, very few are listening. Everyone should read this book, as this doctor has dedicated his life to removing a major cause of ill-health and disease. The rest is up to us.

François Le Lionnais (editor) - Great Currents of Mathematical Thought (Vol. 2-Mathematics in the Arts and Sciences) Dover Publications, 1971 266 str. meki povez stanje: dobro- translated by Charles Pinter and Helen Kline Years in the making, this feast of mathematical ideas comprises works by 50 eminent French scholars. Dover Publications commissioned four translators to bring this monumental 1962 publication to readers of English. This, the second of a two-volume set, embraces `Mathematics in the Arts and Sciences,` with essays on `Mathematics and the Human Intellect,` `Mathematics and Technology,` and `Mathematics and Civilization.` Anyone who takes pleasure in the beauty of ideas will find this a work of boundless riches; no special mathematical training is required. Contents include Jean Ullmo`s philosophical essay, Is Mathematics by Nature Incapable of Describing Real Change?; Paul Laberenne`s Mathematics and Marxism; Mathematics in Industry by Michel Luntz; and Le Corbusier`s Architecture and the Mathematical Spirit. Here are vistas of thought, imagination, and beauty undreamt of by those who regard mathematics merely as a useful tool or a limited specialty -- including insights even for those who specialize in mathematics. Nonfiction, Mathematics, 0486627241

Г. А. Шаумян - Автоматизация и механизация производственных процессов в машиностроении Машинистроение, Москва, 1967 388 str. tvrdi povez stanje: dobro Москoвское высшее техническое училище им. Н.Э. Баумана В сборнике освещены проблемы технического прогресса, опыт комплексного исследования автоматических линий в условиях эксплуатации, вопросы надежности и долговечности механизмов и машин, износ и стойкость инструмента, прогрессивнее технологические процессы, а также вопросы технологии машиностроения и научной организации труда. Сборник предназначен для инженерно-технических работников научно-исследовательских институтов и конструкторских бюро отделов автоматизации машиностроительных заводов. В сборник помещены следующие статьи: технический прогресс, автоматизация производственных процессов и ее экономическое обоснование; комплексное исследование автоматических линий; требования к надежности автоматических линий; развитие прокатных станов за 50 лет; автоматизация процессов при сварке; прогрессивная технология и станки попутного точения; автоматическая ориентация электродов по стыку, перспективы развития, методы и средства совершенствования конденсаторной сварки; режущие свойства и износ алмазно-абразивных инструментов; развитие и формирование научных основ технологии машиностроения; критерий оценки машин и технологии обработки металлов давлением; современные проблемы научной организации труда; низкотемпературное цианирование как новый процесс упрочнения стальных и чугунных деталей; борьба с производственным шумом в комплексных автоматических линиях. Содержание Предисловие Раздел 1. Прогресс техники и автоматические линии Шаумян Г. А. Технический прогресс, автоматизация производственных процессов и ее экономическое обоснование Основные положения теории производительности машин и труда Рост производительности труда - основа прогресса техники Экономическая эффективность новой техники Рентабельность и прогресс производства Комплексная автоматизация производственных процессов в машиностроении Шаумян Г. А., Волчкевич Л. И., Усов Б. А., Колмаков Г. И. Комплексное исследование автоматических линий в условиях эксплуатации Грановский Г. И., Баклунов Е. Д., Панченко К. П. Стабильность работы режущего инструмента на автоматических линиях Исследование точности формы и размеров режущих и присоединительных элементов сверл и метчиков, используемых на автоматических линиях Исследование эксплуатационной характеристики инструментов на автоматических линиях Косилова А. Г. Особенности достижения точности при обработке на автоматических линиях Волчкевич Л. И. Требования к надежности автоматических линий Воронцов Л. Н. Точность устройств с замкнутой цепью воздействия для автоматического контроля размеров в процессе шлифования Солодов М. Д. Некоторые вопросы компоновки автоматических сборочных линий Беликов О. А., Куприянов А. П., Большев И. А., Некоторые вопросы повышения эксплуатационной надежности и производительности автоматических формовочных линий Некоторые эксплуатационные характеристики действующих автоматических линий Сложность автоматической линии и ее надежность Надежность элементов автоматических линий Влияние структуры линии на ее надежность Влияние принципа построения системы управления формовочных линий на величину внутрицикловых потерь и стабильность Внутрицикловые потери по системе управления Раздел II. Прогрессивная технология и машины Целиков А. И., Зарощинский М. Л., Азаренко Б. С., Жаворонков В. А., Смирнов В. В. Развитие прокатных станов за 50 лет Освоение новой техники и основные направления развития ее в СССР Трубопрокатные и трубосварочные агрегаты Новые технологические процессы прокатки деталей и заготовок для машиностроения Николаев Г. А. Автоматизация процессов при сварке Шаумян Г. А., Чернянский П. М., Ермаков Ю. М., Замчалов Ю. П., Лобанов А. И. и Савкин С. А. Прогрессивная технология и станки попутного точения Кузнецов М. М. Проблемы автоматизации рабочих движений станков Уравнение движения стола при фрезеровании Уравнение движения стола при торможении с максимальным ускорением без учета сжатия масла Уравнение движения стола при замедлении с учетом сжатия масла Акулов А. И., Гладков Э. А. Автоматическая ориентация электродов по стыку Принцип работы комбинированного бесконтактного датчика Усилитель следящей системы и блок поперечных перемещений сварочной горелки Эксплуатационные характеристики следящей системы Каганов Н. Л. Перспективы развития, методы и средства совершенствования конденсаторной сварки Достоинства и эффективность конденсаторной сварки Задачи, методы и средства совершенствования конденсаторной сварки Грановский Г. И., Попов С. А., Малевский Н. П. Режущие свойства и износ алмазно-абразивных инструментов Влияние прочности синтетических алмазов на стойкость алмазного круга Влияние зернистости и концентрации алмазного порошка на стойкость алмазного круга Юсипов 3. И., Кануков Н. Д., Кременский И. Г. Обработка поверхностей глубокой обкаткой Раздел III. Технология и организация производства Корсаков В. С. Развитие и формирование научных основ технологии машиностроения Якушев А. И. Функциональная взаимозаменяемость и качество машин Зимин А. И. Критерий оценки машин и технологии обработки металлов давлением Обобщение предмета обсуждения Предпосылки автоматизации Критерий кузнечнопрессовых машин Критерий технологии ковки и штамповки Выводы Разумов И. М., Смирнов С. В. Современные проблемы научной организации труда НОТ ключ к высокой производительности труда Кооперация и разделение труда Рациональная организация рабочих мест Рационализация процессов труда Обслуживание рабочих мест Условия труда на рабочих местах Техническое нормирование труда Организация заработной платы Управление производством и обслуживание Организация административно-управленческого и инженерно-технического труда Капустин Н. М., Сухов М. Ф. Достижение в области ускорения конструирования и изготовления технологической оснастки Баландин Г. Ф., Семенов В. И. Технологические основы автоматического управления процессом прессования литейных форм Дружинина Е. Н. Низкотемпературное цианирование как новый процесс упрочнения стальных и чугунных деталей в условиях автоматизации производства Проскуряков А. В., Лилейкина Г. А., Абрамов Ю. А. Организация производства деталей на многопредметных станочных линиях Гладких П. А., Козьяков А. Ф. Борьба с производственным шумом в комплексных автоматических линиях Пути устранения шума и вибраций Борьба с шумом в источнике его возникновения Виброизоляция в комплексных автоматических линия --------------- Zbirka pokriva probleme tehničkog napretka, iskustva sveobuhvatnog proučavanja automatskih linija u uslovima rada, pitanja pouzdanosti i izdržljivosti mehanizama i mašina, habanja alata, progresivnijih tehnoloških procesa, kao i pitanja mašinstva. tehnologije i naučne organizacije rada. Zbirka je namenjena inženjersko-tehničkim radnicima istraživačkih instituta i projektantskih biroa odeljenja za automatizaciju mašinskih postrojenja. Zbornik sadrži sledeće članke: tehnički napredak, automatizacija proizvodnih procesa i njegova ekonomska opravdanost; kompleksno istraživanje automatskih linija; zahtevi za pouzdanost automatskih linija; razvoj valjaonica preko 50 godina; automatizacija procesa zavarivanja; progresivna tehnologija i pripadajuće mašine za struganje; automatska orijentacija elektroda duž spoja, perspektive razvoja, metode i sredstva poboljšanja kondenzatorskog zavarivanja; svojstva rezanja i habanje dijamantno-abrazivnih alata; razvoj i formiranje naučnih osnova tehnologije mašinstva; kriterijum za ocenjivanje mašina i tehnologija za oblikovanje metala; savremeni problemi naučne organizacije rada; niskotemperaturna cijanidacija kao novi proces kaljenja delova od čelika i livenog gvožđa; borba protiv industrijske buke u složenim automatskim linijama. Sadržaj Predgovor Odeljak 1. Tehnološki napredak i automatske linije Shaumian G. A. Tehnički napredak, automatizacija proizvodnih procesa i njegova ekonomska opravdanost Glavne odredbe teorije produktivnosti mašina i rada Rast produktivnosti rada je osnova tehnološkog napretka. Ekonomska efikasnost nove tehnologije Profitabilnost i napredak proizvodnje Integrisana automatizacija proizvodnih procesa u mašinstvu Shaumian G. A., Volchkevich L. I., Usov B. A., Kolmakov G. I. Sveobuhvatna studija automatskih linija u uslovima rada Granovski G. I., Baklunov E. D., Panchenko K. P. Stabilnost rada reznog alata na automatskim linijama Proučavanje tačnosti oblika i dimenzija reznih i spojnih elemenata burgija i slavina na automatskim linijama Proučavanje karakteristika performansi alata na automatskim linijama Kosilova A. G. Osobine postizanja tačnosti u obradi na automatskim linijama Volchkevich L. I. Zahtevi za pouzdanost automatskih linija Vorontsov L.N. Tačnost uređaja sa zatvorenim krugom uticaja za automatsku kontrolu dimenzija u procesu mlevenja Solodov M.D. Neka pitanja rasporeda automatskih montažnih linija Belikov O. A., Kuprijanov A. P., Bolshev I. A., Neka pitanja poboljšanja operativne pouzdanosti i produktivnosti automatskih linija za livenje Neke karakteristike performansi postojećih automatskih linija Složenost automatske linije i njena pouzdanost Pouzdanost elemenata automatskih linija Uticaj linijske strukture na njenu pouzdanost Uticaj principa konstrukcije sistema upravljanja kalupnih linija na vrednost gubitaka u ciklusu i stabilnost Gubici unutar ciklusa po sistemu upravljanja Odeljak II. Progresivna tehnologija i mašine Tselikov A. I., Zaroshchinski M. L., Azarenko B. S., Zhavoronkov V. A., Smirnov V. V. Razvoj valjaonica preko 50 godina Razvoj nove tehnologije i glavni pravci njenog razvoja u SSSR-u Jedinice za valjanje i zavarivanje cevi Novi tehnološki procesi za valjanje delova i zalogaja za mašinstvo Nikolaev G.A. Automatizacija procesa zavarivanja Shaumian G. A., Chernianski P. M., Ermakov Iu. M., Zamchalov Iu. P., Lobanov A. I. i Savkin S. A. Progresivna tehnologija i mašine za struganje Kuznjecov M.M. Problemi automatizacije radnih kretanja mašina alatki Jednačina kretanja tabele za glodanje Jednačina kretanja stola pri kočenju sa maksimalnim ubrzanjem bez uzimanja u obzir kompresije ulja Jednačina kretanja stola pri usporavanju, uzimajući u obzir kompresiju ulja Akulov A.I., Gladkov E.A. Automatska orijentacija elektroda duž zgloba Kako funkcioniše kombinovani senzor blizine Pojačavač servo sistema i blok poprečnih kretanja gorionika za zavarivanje Karakteristike performansi servo sistema Kaganov N. L. Perspektive razvoja, metode i sredstva za poboljšanje kondenzatorskog zavarivanja Prednosti i efikasnost kondenzatorskog zavarivanja Zadaci, metode i sredstva unapređenja kondenzatorskog zavarivanja Granovski G. I., Popov S. A., Malevski N. P. Svojstva rezanja i habanje dijamantsko-abrazivnih alata Uticaj čvrstoće sintetičkih dijamanata na trajnost dijamantskog točka Uticaj veličine zrna i koncentracije dijamantskog praha na trajnost dijamantskog točka Iusipov Z.I., Kanukov N.D., Kremenski I.G. Obrada površina dubokim valjanjem Odeljak III. Tehnologija i organizacija proizvodnje Korsakov V. S. Razvoj i formiranje naučnih osnova tehnologije mašinstva Iakushev A.I. Funkcionalna zamenljivost i kvalitet mašina Zimin A.I. Kriterijumi za ocenjivanje mašina i tehnologija za obradu metala --------------- The collection covers the problems of technical progress, the experience of a comprehensive study of automatic lines in operating conditions, issues of reliability and durability of mechanisms and machines, wear and tear of tools, more progressive technological processes, as well as issues of mechanical engineering technology and the scientific organization of labor. The collection is intended for engineering and technical workers of research institutes and design bureaus of automation departments of machine-building plants. The collection contains the following articles: technical progress, automation of production processes and its economic justification; complex research of automatic lines; requirements for the reliability of automatic lines; development of rolling mills over 50 years; automation of welding processes; progressive technology and associated turning machines; automatic orientation of electrodes along the joint, development prospects, methods and means of improving capacitor welding; cutting properties and wear of diamond-abrasive tools; development and formation of the scientific foundations of mechanical engineering technology; criterion for evaluating machines and technologies for metal forming; modern problems of scientific organization of labor; low-temperature cyanidation as a new hardening process for steel and cast iron parts; fight against industrial noise in complex automatic lines. Content Foreword Section 1. Technological progress and automatic lines Shaumyan G. A. Technical progress, automation of production processes and its economic justification The main provisions of the theory of productivity of machines and labor The growth of labor productivity is the basis of technological progress Economic efficiency of new technology Profitability and production progress Integrated automation of production processes in mechanical engineering Shaumyan G. A., Volchkevich L. I., Usov B. A., Kolmakov G. I. Comprehensive study of automatic lines under operating conditions Granovsky G. I., Baklunov E. D., Panchenko K. P. Stability of cutting tool operation on automatic lines Study of the accuracy of the shape and dimensions of cutting and connecting elements of drills and taps used on automatic lines Study of the performance characteristics of tools on automatic lines Kosilova A. G. Features of achieving accuracy in processing on automatic lines Volchkevich L. I. Requirements for the reliability of automatic lines Vorontsov L. N. Accuracy of devices with a closed circuit of influence for automatic control of dimensions in the process of grinding Solodov M. D. Some issues of layout of automatic assembly lines Belikov O. A., Kupriyanov A. P., Bolshev I. A., Some issues of improving the operational reliability and productivity of automatic molding lines Some performance characteristics of existing automatic lines The complexity of the automatic line and its reliability Reliability of elements of automatic lines Influence of line structure on its reliability Influence of the principle of construction of the control system of molding lines on the value of in-cycle losses and stability Intracycle losses by control system Section II. Progressive technology and machines Tselikov A. I., Zaroshchinsky M. L., Azarenko B. S., Zhavoronkov V. A., Smirnov V. V. Development of rolling mills over 50 years The development of new technology and the main directions of its development in the USSR Pipe rolling and pipe welding units New technological processes for rolling parts and blanks for mechanical engineering Nikolaev G. A. Automation of welding processes Shaumyan G. A., Chernyansky P. M., Ermakov Yu. M., Zamchalov Yu. P., Lobanov A. I. and Savkin S. A. Progressive technology and passing turning machines Kuznetsov M. M. Problems of automation of working movements of machine tools Table motion equation for milling Equation of table motion during braking with maximum acceleration without taking into account oil compression The equation of motion of the table during deceleration, taking into account oil compression Akulov A. I., Gladkov E. A. Automatic orientation of electrodes along the joint How the combined proximity sensor works Amplifier of the servo system and the block of transverse movements of the welding torch Performance characteristics of the servo system Kaganov N. L. Prospects for development, methods and means of improving capacitor welding Advantages and effectiveness of capacitor welding Tasks, methods and means of improving capacitor welding Granovsky G. I., Popov S. A., Malevsky N. P. Cutting properties and wear of diamond-abrasive tools Influence of the strength of synthetic diamonds on the durability of the diamond wheel Influence of grain size and concentration of diamond powder on the durability of a diamond wheel Yusipov Z. I., Kanukov N. D., Kremensky I. G. Processing of surfaces by deep rolling Section III. Technology and organization of production Korsakov V. S. Development and formation of scientific foundations of mechanical engineering technology Yakushev A. I. Functional interchangeability and quality of machines Zimin A. I. Criteria for evaluating machines and technologies for metal processing

50331) The Sarajevo Haggadah , text by Cecil Roth , Publisher Yugoslava Belgrade 1975 , Text: `The Sarajevo Haggadah and Its Significance in the History of Art` הגדת סריבו Full color reproduction of the Sarajevo Haggadah (Sarajevo National Museum), a 14th-century Spanish illuminated manuscript composed of the traditional three parts: 34 full-page miniatures (fols. 1v-34); illuminated Haggadah text (fols. 1*-50*); and piyyutim and Torah readings for Passover week (fols. 53*–131*). It is by far the best-known Hebrew illuminated manuscript, and has been reproduced in part twice during the last 70 years with scholarly introductions by H. Mueller and J. von Schlosser, and by C. Roth. The full-page miniatures in the Sarajevo Haggadah display the widest range of subjects even among the rich Spanish Haggadot, from the Creation of the World to Moses blessing the Israelites and Joshua before his death, followed by illustrations of the Temple, preparations for Passover, and the interior of a Spanish synagogue. There are few full-page miniatures; most are divided horizontally into two framed sections, with some in four sections. Although the greater part of the iconography of the miniatures is derived from Latin Bible illumination of the Franco-Spanish school, some Jewish elements can be detected, as in the abstention from representation of God or any heavenly beings. Other Jewish aspects can be found in the text illustrations of the Haggadah, such as a miniature of Rabban Gamaliel and his students, and the mazzah and maror. Stylistically, the illuminations are related to the Italian-gothic school prevailing in Catalonia in the 14th century. That the Sarajevo Haggadah originates from the Kingdom of Aragon can be inferred from three coats of arms displayed in the manuscript. The Haggadah reached the Sarajevo Museum when in 1894 a child of the city`s Sephardi Jewish community brought it to school to be sold, after his father had died leaving the family destitute. hard cover, dust jacket , size 16,5 x 22,5 cm , 46 pages + [152] pages of plates : coloured facsims ; good condition

Save time and be more productive with this helpful guide to Excel macros! While most books about Excel macros offer only minor examples, usually aimed at illustrating a particular topic, this invaluable resource provides you with the tools needed to efficiently and effectively program Excel macros immediately. Step-by-step instructions show you how to create VBA macros and explain how to customize your applications to look and work exactly as you want them to. By the end of the book, you will understand how each featured macro works, be able to reuse the macros included in the book and online, and modify the macro for personal use. Shows you how to solve common problems with the featured macros, even if you lack extensive programming knowledge Outlines a problem that needs to be solved and provides the actual Excel macro, as well as the downloadable code, to solve the problem Provides an explanation of how each macro works and where to use the macro Table of contents Introduction 1 Part I: Getting Started with Excel Macros 5 Part II: Working with Workbooks 37 Part III: Automating Worksheet Tasks with Macros 71 Part IV: Selecting and Modifying Ranges 103 Part V: Working with Data 137 Part VI: Working with PivotTables 187 Part VII: Manipulating Charts with Macros 233 Part VIII: E-Mailing from Excel 253 Part IX: Integrating Excel and Other Office Applications 273 Index 302 Authors Mike Alexander is a Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD) and author of several books on advanced business analysis with Microsoft Access and Excel. He has more than 15 years of experience consulting and developing Office solutions. Michael has been named a Microsoft MVP for his ongoing contributions to the Excel community. In his spare time, he runs a free tutorial site, www.datapigtechnologies.com, where he shares Excel and Access tips. John Walkenbach is author of more than 50 spreadsheet books and lives in southern Arizona. Visit his website at http://spreadsheetpage.com.

U dobrom stanju Foreign Languages Pr; 2nd Revised edition (January 1, 2002) Language ‏ : ‎ English Paperback ‏ : ‎ 803 pages ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 7119023470 ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1897976043 Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.7 pounds Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 5.5 x 1.5 x 8 inches This book combines, in one volume, the English editions of An Outline History of China, published in 1982, and An Outline History of China 1919-1949, published in 1993. In the autumn of 1997, the History of China in Chinese containing 22 sections bound in 12 volumes, of which I was chief editor, was completed. Mr. Wu Canfei, an editor at the Foreign Languages Press (FLP) in Beijing, suggested that the two English edition books, which had been published and distributed for many years, be bound into one volume titled An Outline History of China (revised edition), and be officially published by FLP after it had revised the translation. Prior to this, they had translated the Chinese editions of the two books into English, Japanese, Spanish, German, French and other languages. This was something I had wanted to do for many years. When I drew up the plan for compiling An Outline History of China, I considered writing about the period from 1919 to 1949 in the book, but failed to do so due to factual difficulties. The idea was realized in late 1987, and the second volume of the book came into being. It covers Chinese history from 1919 to 1949, and is now Chapter 11 in this revised edition of An Outline History of China. Though An Outline History of China, which now includes the second volume, cannot be regarded as a complete Chinese history, readers can gain an overall understanding of Chinese history more conveniently through this single-volume edition. *********** China is a country with a long history and ancient civilization. Over the past 50 centuries, it has created an extensive and profound civilization, as well as a varied and colorful cultural heritage. An Outline History of China gives a brief introduction to the long historical course of development of China from ancient times up to the founding of the People`s Republic of China in 1949. The book first gives an outline of contemporary Chinese geograply, population, ethnicity and history. It then describes ancient human activities, and the social and historical meanings of ancient mythologies and legends, and gives a concise account of the rise and fall of the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. There follow, in detail or in brief, as appropriate, introductions to the politics, economy, military affairs, culture, laws, inventions, cultural relics, etiquette and customs, relationships between classes and ethnic groups in China, and between China and foreign countries, plus an enlightening description of the country`s modern social reforms. There is an index at the back of the book for convenience of reference. This book is aimed at foreign university students, and readers at or above college level. **** Bai Shouyi (1909-2000) was born in Kaifeng, Henan Province and educated at Zhongshan and Yanjing universities. Beginning his teaching career in 1939, he taught for more than 40 years, first at Yunnan University, then at Nanjing University and later at Beijing Teachers University where he served as head of both the Department of History and the Institute of History. Professor Bai`s many-sided academic interests are reflected in the courses he taught on such subjects as general historiography, historical materialism, a general history of China, cultural history of China, history of Chinese historiography, history of China`s external communications, history of Chinese Islamism, history of the Spring and Autumn-Warring States Period, history of the Sui and Tang dynasties, and history of the Qing Dynasty. His works include History of China`s Communications (1937). A Beginner`s Miscellany (1962), History of Chinese Historiography (Part One, 1964), and The Hui People`s Uprisings (1953), a collection of historical materials in four volumes. Bai Shouyi was chief editor of Morning Star monthly, Islam monthly, Cultural News monthly, History Teaching fortnightly and bi-monthly Beijing Teachers University Journal. He also was chief editor of the quarterly magazine Studies of the History of Historiography. Professor Bai was a member of the Standing Committee of the National People`s Congress, a member of the Presidium of the Chinese Society of Historians, and president of the Beijing Society of Historians. Kina, istorija Kine

“Given the authors’ reputations, I expected to be impressed. I was blown away! . . . Most SQL books sit on my shelf. This one will live on my desk.” –Roger Carlson, Microsoft Access MVP (2006-2015) “Rather than stumble around reinventing wheels or catching glimpses of the proper approaches, do yourself a favor: Buy this book.” —Dave Stokes, MySQL Community Manager, Oracle Corporation Effective SQL brings together practical solutions and insights so you can solve complex problems with SQL and design databases that simplify data management in the future. It’s the only modern book that brings together advanced best practices and realistic example code for all of these versions of SQL: IBM DB2, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle Database, and PostgreSQL. Drawing on their immense experience as world-class database consultants and instructors, the authors identify 61 proven approaches to writing better SQL. Wherever SQL versions vary, the authors illuminate the key nuances, so you can get the most out of whatever version you prefer. This full-color guide provides clear, practical explanations; expert tips; and plenty of usable code. Going far beyond mere syntax, it addresses issues ranging from optimizing database designs to managing hierarchies and metadata. If you already know SQL’s basics, this guide will help you become a world-class SQL problem-solver. Craft better logical data models, and fix flawed models Implement indexes that improve query performance Handle external data from sources you don’t control Extract and aggregate the information you need, as efficiently as possible Write more flexible subqueries Analyze and retrieve metadata using your database platform of choice Use Cartesian Products and Tally Tables to solve problems you can’t address with conventional JOINs Model hierarchical data: managing SQL’s tradeoffs and shortcomings Features 61 practical, easy-to-use solutions -- all in full-color, with simple explanations and no jargon! Designed for all leading SQL implementations, with additional techniques for widely used versions. (Tested on IBM DB2, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle Database, and PostgreSQL.) Identifies common misconceptions and pitfalls when authoring solutions using SQL and provides effective solutions to common scenarios Table of Contents Foreword xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Authors xvii About the Technical Editors xix Introduction 1 A Brief History of SQL 1 Database Systems We Considered 5 Sample Databases 6 Where to Find the Samples on GitHub 7 Summary of the Chapters 8 Chapter 1: Data Model Design 11 Item 1: Verify That All Tables Have a Primary Key 11 Item 2: Eliminate Redundant Storage of Data Items 15 Item 3: Get Rid of Repeating Groups 19 Item 4: Store Only One Property per Column 21 Item 5: Understand Why Storing Calculated Data Is Usually a Bad Idea 25 Item 6: Define Foreign Keys to Protect Referential Integrity 30 Item 7: Be Sure Your Table Relationships Make Sense 33 Item 8: When 3NF Is Not Enough, Normalize More 37 Item 9: Use Denormalization for Information Warehouses 43 Chapter 2: Programmability and Index Design 47 Item 10: Factor in Nulls When Creating Indexes 47 Item 11: Carefully Consider Creation of Indexes to Minimize Index and Data Scanning 52 Item 12: Use Indexes for More than Just Filtering 56 Item 13: Don’t Go Overboard with Triggers 61 Item 14: Consider Using a Filtered Index to Include or Exclude a Subset of Data 65 Item 15: Use Declarative Constraints Instead of Programming Checks 68 Item 16: Know Which SQL Dialect Your Product Uses and Write Accordingly 70 Item 17: Know When to Use Calculated Results in Indexes 74 Chapter 3: When You Can’t Change the Design 79 Item 18: Use Views to Simplify What Cannot Be Changed 79 Item 19: Use ETL to Turn Nonrelational Data into Information 85 Item 20: Create Summary Tables and Maintain Them 90 Item 21: Use UNION Statements to “Unpivot” Non-normalized Data 94 Chapter 4: Filtering and Finding Data 101 Item 22: Understand Relational Algebra and How It Is Implemented in SQL 101 Item 23: Find Non-matches or Missing Records 108 Item 24: Know When to Use CASE to Solve a Problem 110 Item 25: Know Techniques to Solve Multiple-Criteria Problems 115 Item 26: Divide Your Data If You Need a Perfect Match 120 Item 27: Know How to Correctly Filter a Range of Dates on a Column Containing Both Date and Time 124 Item 28: Write Sargable Queries to Ensure That the Engine Will Use Indexes 127 Item 29: Correctly Filter the “Right” Side of a “Left” Join 132 Chapter 5: Aggregation 135 Item 30: Understand How GROUP BY Works 135 Item 31: Keep the GROUP BY Clause Small 142 Item 32: Leverage GROUP BY/HAVING to Solve Complex Problems 145 Item 33: Find Maximum or Minimum Values Without Using GROUP BY 150 Item 34: Avoid Getting an Erroneous COUNT() When Using OUTER JOIN 156 Item 35: Include Zero-Value Rows When Testing for HAVING COUNT(x) < Some Number 159 Item 36: Use DISTINCT to Get Distinct Counts 163 Item 37: Know How to Use Window Functions 166 Item 38: Create Row Numbers and Rank a Row over Other Rows 169 Item 39: Create a Moving Aggregate 172 Chapter 6: Subqueries 179 Item 40: Know Where You Can Use Subqueries 179 Item 41: Know the Difference between Correlated and Non-correlated Subqueries 184 Item 42: If Possible, Use Common Table Expressions Instead of Subqueries 190 Item 43: Create More Efficient Queries Using Joins Rather than Subqueries 197 Chapter 7: Getting and Analyzing Metadata 201 Item 44: Learn to Use Your System’s Query Analyzer 201 Item 45: Learn to Get Metadata about Your Database 212 Item 46: Understand How the Execution Plan Works 217 Chapter 8: Cartesian Products 227 Item 47: Produce Combinations of Rows between Two Tables and Flag Rows in the Second That Indirectly Relate to the First 227 Item 48: Understand How to Rank Rows by Equal Quantiles 231 Item 49: Know How to Pair Rows in a Table with All Other Rows 235 Item 50: Understand How to List Categories and the Count of First, Second, or Third Preferences 240 Chapter 9: Tally Tables 247 Item 51: Use a Tally Table to Generate Null Rows Based on a Parameter 247 Item 52: Use a Tally Table and Window Functions for Sequencing 252 Item 53: Generate Multiple Rows Based on Range Values in a Tally Table 257 Item 54: Convert a Value in One Table Based on a Range of Values in a Tally Table 261 Item 55: Use a Date Table to Simplify Date Calculation 268 Item 56: Create an Appointment Calendar Table with All Dates Enumerated in a Range 275 Item 57: Pivot Data Using a Tally Table 278 Chapter 10: Modeling Hierarchical Data 285 Item 58: Use an Adjacency List Model as the Starting Point 286 Item 59: Use Nested Sets for Fast Querying Performance with Infrequent Updates 288 Item 60: Use a Materialized Path for Simple Setup and Limited Searching 291 Item 61: Use Ancestry Traversal Closure for Complex Searching 294 Appendix: Date and Time Types, Operations, and Functions 299 IBM DB2 299 Microsoft Access 303 Microsoft SQL Server 305 MySQL 308 Oracle 313 PostgreSQL 315 Index 317 Authors John L. Viescas is an independent database consultant with more than 45 years of experience. He began his career as a systems analyst, designing large database applications for IBM mainframe systems. He spent six years at Applied Data Research in Dallas, Texas, where he directed a staff of more than 30 people and was responsible for research, product development, and customer support of database products for IBM mainframe computers. While working at Applied Data Research, John completed a degree in business finance at the University of Texas at Dallas, graduating cum laude. John joined Tandem Computers, Inc., in 1988, where he was responsible for the development and implementation of database marketing programs in Tandem’s U.S. Western Sales region. He developed and delivered technical seminars on Tandem’s relational database management system, NonStop SQL. John wrote his first book, A Quick Reference Guide to SQL (Microsoft Press, 1989), as a research project to document the similarities in the syntax among the ANSI-86 SQL standard, IBM’s DB2, Microsoft’s SQL Server, Oracle Corporation’s Oracle, and Tandem’s NonStop SQL. He wrote the first edition of Running Microsoft® Access (Microsoft Press, 1992) while on sabbatical from Tandem. He has since written four editions of Running, three editions of Microsoft® Office Access Inside Out (Microsoft Press, 2003, 2007 and 2010—the successor to the Running series), and Building Microsoft® Access Applications (Microsoft Press, 2005). He is also the best-selling author of SQL Queries for Mere Mortals®, Third Edition (Addison-Wesley, 2014). John currently holds the record for the most consecutive years being awarded MVP from Microsoft, having received the award from 1993-2015. John makes his home with his wife of more than 30 years in Paris, France. Douglas J. Steele has been working with computers, both mainframe and PC, for almost 45 years. (Yes, he did use punch cards in the beginning!) He worked for a large international oil company for more than 31 years before retiring in 2012. Databases and data modeling were a focus for most of that time, although he finished his career by developing the SCCM task sequence to roll Windows 7 out to over 100,000 computers worldwide. Recognized by Microsoft as an MVP (Most Valuable Professional) for more than 16 years, Doug has authored numerous articles on Access, was co-author of Access Solutions: Tips, Tricks, and Secrets from Microsoft Access MVPs (Wiley Publishing, 2010), and has been technical editor for a number of books. Doug holds a master’s degree in systems design engineering from the University of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada), where his research centered on designing user interfaces for non-traditional computer users. (Of course, this was in the late ’70s, so few people were traditional computer users at the time!) This research stemmed from his background in music (he holds an associateship in piano performance from the Royal Conservatory of Music, Toronto). He is also obsessed with beer, and is a graduate of the brewmaster and brewery operations management program at Niagara College (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario). Doug lives with his lovely wife of more than 34 years in St. Catharines, Ontario. Doug can be reached at [email protected]. Ben G. Clothier is a Solution Architect with IT Impact, Inc., a premier Access and SQL Server development shop based in Chicago, Illinois. He has worked as a freelance consultant with notable shops including J Street Technology and Advisicon, and has worked on Access projects from small, one-man solutions to company-wide line of business applications. Notable projects include job tracking and inventory for a cement company, a Medicare insurance plan generator for an insurance provider, and order management for an international shipping company. Ben is an administrator at UtterAccess and was a coauthor, with Teresa Hennig, George Hepworth and Doug Yudovich of Microsoft® Access 2013 Programming (Wiley 2013), and with Tim Runcie and George Hepworth, of Microsoft® Access in a SharePoint World (Advisicon, 2011), and a contributing author for Access 2010 Programmer’s Reference (Wiley, 2010). He holds certifications for Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Solution Associate and MySQL 5.0 Certified Developer, among others. He has been a Microsoft MVP since 2009. Ben lives in San Antonio, Texas, with his wife, Suzanne, and his son, Harry.

Tim Higgins - Power Play: Elon Musk, Tesla, and the Bet of the Century WH Allen, 2021 377, tvrdi povez stanje: vrlo dobro Power Play is the riveting inside story of Elon Musk and Tesla`s bid to build the world`s greatest car--from award-winning Wall Street Journal tech and auto reporter Tim Higgins Tesla is the envy of the automotive world. The first car company to be valued at $1 trillion, its electric vehicles can be found across the globe, coveted symbols of both wealth and virtue. The company`s rise has elevated its CEO, the mercurial and charismatic Elon Musk, into a celebrity--not to mention making him the richest man in the world. But Tesla`s success was far from guaranteed. Founded in the 2000s, the company was born from a simple but audacious vision: to create an electric car that could best any gas-guzzling competitor. Tesla wasn`t the first company to try: Electric cars had been trotted out--and thrown on the scrap heap--by carmakers for more than a century. But where onlookers saw a history of failure, Musk and a small band of Silicon Valley engineers and entrepreneurs saw only opportunity. The car, they decided, was in need of disruption. So Tesla pitted itself against the biggest, fiercest business businesses in the world, setting out to make a car that was quicker, sexier, smoother, and cleaner than any on the road. But as the saying goes, to make a small fortune in cars, start with a big fortune. Tesla would undergo a hellish fifteen years, beset by rivals, pressured by investors, hobbled by whistleblowers, buoyed by loyal supporters. Time and time again, Musk would find himself in the public crosshairs, threatening to bring the company he had initially funded largely with his own money to the brink of collapse. Wall Street Journal tech and auto reporter Tim Higgins had a front-row seat for the drama: the pileups, wrestling for control, breakdowns, and, the unlikeliest outcome of all, success. A story of impossible wagers and unlikely triumphs, Power Play is an exhilarating look at how a team of eccentrics and innovators beat the odds--and changed the future. Contents: Prologue: The beginning A really expensive car. Thei time could be different ; The ghost of EV1 ; Playing with fire ; A not-so-secret plan ; Mr. Tesla ; The man in black ; White whale ; Eating glass The best car. Special forces ; New friends & old enemies ; Road show ; Just like Apple ; $50 a share ; Ultra hardcore ; One dollar ; A giant returns ; Into the heart of Texas A car for everybody. Giga ; Going global ; Barbarians at the garage ; Labor pains ; Close to S-E-X ; Changing course ; Elon`s inferno ; Sabotage ; Twitter hurricanes ; The big wave ; Red tidings Epilogue Nonfiction, business, 0753554372

Ian Stewart, Vann Joines - TA Today: A New Introduction to Transactional Analysis Lifespace Publishing, 2005 342 str. meki povez stanje: vrlo dobro Transactional Analysis (TA) is a model for understanding human personality, relationships and communication. It was first developed by the late Eric Berne, M.D. TA sprang to worldwide fame in the 1960s and `70s through the publication of best-selling books like Games People Play and Born To Win. Since then, TA has continued to grow. Theory has been expanded, reappraised and tested by observation. In the years since Berne`s death in 1970, TA practitioners have introduced new concepts and techniques that are now at the very heart of the discipline ... CONTENTS Preface / xi Part I INTRODUCING TA 1. What TA Is / 3 Key ideas of TA 3 The philosophy of TA 6 Part II PICTURING PERSONALITY: The Ego-State Model 2. The Ego-State Model / 11 Examples of ego-state shifts 12 Definition of ego-states 15 Are ego-state distinctions real? 16 Ego-states and superego, ego, id 17 Ego-states are names, not things 18 A matter of words: are there ‘just three’ ego-states? 19 The over-simplified model 20 3. Functional Analysis of Ego-States / 23 Adapted Child and Free Child 24 Controlling Parent and Nurturing Parent 27 Adult 28 Egograms 28 The functional model describes only behaviour, not thinking or feeling 31 4. The Second-Order Structural Model / 34 Second-order structure: Parent 36 Second-order structure: Adult 37 Second-order structure: Child 38 How the second-order structure develops 40 Distinguishing structure from function 42 5. Recognizing Ego-States / 45 Behavioural diagnosis 45 Social diagnosis 49 Historical diagnosis 50 Phenomenological diagnosis 51 Ego-state diagnosis in practice 51 The executive and the real Self 52 6. Structural Pathology / 56 Contamination 56 Exclusion 59 Part III COMMUNICATING: Transactions, Strokes and Time Structuring 7. Transactions / 65 Complementary transactions 65 Crossed transactions 68 Ulterior transactions 70 Transactions and non-verbals 73 Options 74 8. Strokes / 77 Stimulus-hunger 77 Kinds of strokes 78 Stroking and reinforcement of behaviour 79 Giving and taking strokes 80 The stroke economy 83 The stroking profile 86 Self-stroking 87 Are there ‘good’ and ‘bad’ strokes? 89 9. Time Structuring / 92 Withdrawal 93 Rituals 93 Pastimes 94 Activities 95 Games 96 Intimacy 98 Part IV WRITING OUR OWN LIFE-STORY: Life-Scripts 10. The Nature and Origins of Life-Script / 103 Nature and definition of life-script 104 Origins of the script 105 11. How the Script is Lived Out / 111 Winning, losing and non-winning scripts 111 The script in adult life 114 Why script understanding is important 117 The script and the life course 119 12. Life Positions / 121 Life position in adulthood: the OK Corral 123 Personal change and the OK Corral 126 13. Script Messages and the Script Matrix / 129 Script messages and the infant’s perception 129 Kinds of script message 129 The script matrix 132 14. Injunctions and Decisions / 138 Twelve injunctions 138 Episcript 144 How decisions relate to injunctions 145 Antiscript 149 15. Process Scripts and Drivers / 148 Process scripts 152 Driver behaviours 157 Should we set out to ‘cure’ drivers and process scripts? 168 16. Personality Adaptations / 171 The six personality adaptations 171 How drivers indicate personality adaptations 175 Personality adaptations and process scripts 176 Making and keeping contact: the Ware Sequence 177 The Ware Sequence and personality adaptation 178 Using the Ware Sequence in the long and short term 181 Personality adaptations and script content 181 ‘Pen-portraits’ of the six adaptations 182 Part V MAKING THE WORLD FIT OUR SCRIPT: Passivity 17. Discounting / 191 Nature and definition of discounting 191 Grandiosity 192 The four passive behaviours 193 Discounting and ego-states 196 Detecting discounts 196 18. The Discount Matrix / 199 Areas of discounting 199 Types of discounting 199 Levels (modes) of discounting 200 The discount-matrix diagram 200 Using the discount matrix 203 19. Frame of Reference and Redefining / 206 The frame of reference 206 Frame of reference and the script 208 Nature and function of redefining 208 Redefining transactions 209 20. Symbiosis / 212 ‘Healthy’ v. ‘unhealthy’ symbiosis 216 Symbiosis and the script 217 Symbiotic invitations 218 Second-order symbiosis 220 Part VI JUSTIFYING OUR SCRIPT BELIEFS: Rackets and Games 21. Rackets and Stamps / 225 Rackets and script 228 Racket feelings and authentic feelings 230 Racket feelings, authentic feelings, and problem-solving 232 Racketeering 234 Stamps 235 22. The Racket System / 239 Script Beliefs and Feelings 239 Rackety Displays 243 Reinforcing Memories 244 Breaking out of the Racket System 247 23. Games and Game Analysis / 250 Examples of games 250 Sweatshirts 253 Different degrees of games 253 Formula G 254 The Drama Triangle 255 Transactional analysis of games 257 The Game Plan 259 Definitions of games 260 24. Why People Play Games / 263 Games, stamps and script payoff 263 Reinforcing script beliefs 264 Games, symbiosis and the frame of reference 264 Games and strokes 267 Berne’s ‘six advantages’ 268 Positive payoffs of games 268 25. How to Deal with Games / 270 Need we name the game? 270 Some familiar games 271 Using Options 273 Refusing the negative payoff 274 Replacing game strokes 276 Part VII CHANGING: TA in Practice 26. Contracts for Change / 281 Steiner’s ‘four requirements’ 281 Why use contracts? 282 Making an effective contract 284 27. Aims of Change in TA / 288 Autonomy 288 Becoming free from the script 289 Problem-solving 290 Views of ‘cure’ 290 28. TA Therapy and Counselling / 293 ‘Therapy’ or ‘counselling’? 293 Self-therapy 294 Why therapy? 295 Characteristics of TA therapy 296 Three schools of TA 297 29. TA in Education and Organizations / 303 Main features of educational and organizational applications 303 Organizational applications 304 TA in education 306 30. How TA Has Developed / 310 Eric Berne and the origins of TA 310 The early years 312 The 1970s: years of mass popularity and professional innovation 314 1980s to the present: international expansion and consolidation 316 APPENDICES A. Books by Eric Berne / 323 B. Other Key Books on TA / 325 C. Winners of the Eric Berne Memorial Scientific Awards / 331 D. TA Organizations / 335 E. Training and Accreditation in TA / 338 F. TA 101 Course Outline / 343 NOTES AND REFERENCES / 347 BIBLIOGRAPHY / 364 GLOSSARY / 374 INDEX / 385 Nonfiction, Psychology, 1870244001

Philip Rahv - Literature and the Sixth Sense Studies in american and european literature by a modern master of criticism Houghton Mifflin Co, 1969. Tvrd povez, zastitni omot, 445 strana. Literature and the Sixth Sense is Philip Rahv’s selection from thirty years of his literary criticism. He has included much material from the earlier books, Image and Idea and The Myth and the Powerhouse, as well as a dozen or so pieces not hitherto collected, but has omitted several essays on Dostoevsky’s novels, which are planned as chapters in a future book, and essays dealing directly with politics. Some titles have been changed; two or three updating postscripts have been added; otherwise few changes have been made in the material. The pieces are arranged chronologically in two sections, one for longer and generally synoptic essays, the other for shorter reviews. The reviews come last but they do not let the book down. Rahv is one of the few living critics whose reviews are collectible. “Collection,” however, is a misleading term for a book that is as much a coherent whole as Arnold’s Essays in Criticism or T.S. Eliot’s Selected Essays. Rahv indicates in his Foreword that the prime integrating source upon which he has drawn is that historical insight which Nietzsche identifies as “virtually a new faculty of the mind, a sixth sense . . . [that] functions both as an analytic instrument and as a new bracing resource of the modern sensibility.” It is the sixth sense in Rahv that has made him, to use the distinction he develops in “Criticism and the Imagination of Alternatives” (1956), a prospective rather than retrospective critic: one who “conceives of literature as something actual and alive in his own time and relates himself to it by trying to affect its course of development here and now.” It is the lack of this sense in our age, he points out in a 1950 essay, that is in large part responsible for the “abrupt swings in consciousness from one demoralizing extreme to another.” _____________ Those abrupt swings in consciousness have produced the various kinds of excess against which Rahv has done battle over this thirty-year span: in the socially-oriented 30’s, the excess that stuffed “the creativity of the Left into the sack of political orthodoxy”; in the 40’s and 50’s, the excess of the traditional-formalist New Critics and of the myth- and symbol-mongers; in the “swinging” 60’s, the excesses of the mind- and consciousness-fearing neo-romantics who have confused manic verbalization with excellence of style and who are bemused with the prospect of salvation through sex. To put it another way, Rahv’s sixth sense has functioned since the mid-30’s as a distant early warning system against the false promises of ideology—ideology understood as a natural enemy of historical insight. He has had the good fortune of discovering early in life that the ideologue’s inevitable impulse in the presence of literature is to use it in the service of a “higher” cause. His early efforts as a Partisan Review editor to resist this impulse are well known. In effect, however, he has never stopped resisting it, for what he has objected to in the traditionalists, the mythomaniacs, the religionists, the formalists, the amateur Freudians, the vulgar Marxists, the sociologizers, and the swingers is the attempt to reduce literature by making it subservient to the needs of some cult, piety, or orthodoxy. Observing in “Religion and the Intellectuals” how many gifted writers are “plunging from one debauch of ideology into another without giving themselves time to sober up,” he recommends “a dose of skepticism so strong as to make them stand fast against the solicitations of ideologies.” This was written in 1950, but as Rahv views the ensuing years he finds little reason to alter the prescription. At times, it seems to me now, it has been stronger than the symptoms warranted (as administered against the New Critics and the myth critics, for instance); nevertheless, it has been prescribed for the right ailments and at the right time. The sixth sense in Rahv has made him especially sensitive to the dichotomy between experience and consciousness in American writing. The opening essay, the familiar “Paleface and Redskin” (1939), functions like a prelude, the interrelated themes of which sound throughout the book. “The Cult of Experience in American Writing” (1940), “The Dark Lady of Salem” (1941), “The Heiress of All the Ages” (1943), and “The Native Bias” (1957) are concerned with this dichotomy in a major way, but it is an important factor also in Rahv’s assessment of such writers as Hemingway, Henry Miller, William Carlos Williams, Arthur Miller, Leslie Fiedler, Allen Ginsberg, and Norman Mailer. One of Rahv’s great services to American literature is that he helps us to see why Mailer’s neo-primitivist “yea-saying to experience” in his recent fiction is no less crippling to the writer than Hawthorne’s isolation from experience. James, who “learned how to nourish his gifts and grew to full maturity,” was not so crippled, nor is Saul Bellow, “the most intelligent novelist of his generation” as well as “the most consistently interesting in point of growth and development.” _____________ A book of this kind, ranging as it does over a period in our cultural life so marked by change at all levels, could be a useful record even if its insights and judgments were no longer especially relevant. Rahv himself accedes to this record-value in his decision to reprint his essays without substantial changes, and so delivers himself to the whimsies of the Zeitgeist. But what continually struck me as I reread pieces I had not read for years was how well they stand up despite the fact that they carry the imprint of their particular times and occasions. This is especially true of the spendid synoptic essays on Hawthorne (1941), Henry James’s heroines (1943), and the introductions to the short fiction of Tolstoy (1946) and Kafka (1952). It is hard to imagine an America in which “The Cult of Experience in American Writing” (1940) will not be a prime critical resource. It takes little imagination to transpose “Proletarian Literature: A Political Autopsy” (1939) into terms the beginning 70’s can understand and profit from—consider this remark, for instance: “At that time the party saw the revolution as an immediate possibility, and its literature was extreme in its Leftism, aggressive, declamatory, prophetic.” The earliest piece in the book, the 1936 review of Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral, is still a model of critical procedure for those who because of passionate commitments are unable to distinguish between poetry and belief—or are unable to see that one of the greatest services a critic can perform for politics is to curb its tendency to acquire literature. Rahv has continued over the years to see in Eliot (as he puts it in his 1966 review of Eliot’s posthumous essays) “one of the principal educators of the imaginative life of his age, a uniquely great shaping influence both as poet and critic.” To be for Eliot, even with Rahv’s qualifications, is to court conspicuous enemies. He swells their ranks by referring to Jean Genet as a moral idiot, by admiring Orwell, and by refusing to accept F. R. Leavis’s estimate of D. H. Lawrence, or Hugh Kenner’s estimate of Pound’s Cantos, or John Aldridge’s estimate of Norman Mailer, or Maxwell Geismar’s estimate of Henry James, or Leslie Fiedler’s estimate of William Burroughs. No doubt for many Rahv is simply a once-influential critic who is no longer with it, who has missed the wave of the future. And they would be correct after their fashion. He is, I suspect, as little impressed with wave-of-the future notions as Orwell was, having gotten his dose of skepticism from the same medicine cabinet. To be with it, to swing, as he makes clear in his 1965 piece on Mailer, is to take the fickle moods of a permissive and self-deluded time at their own evaluation—an assignment for a publicist, not a critic. If he sometimes seems unduly pessimistic in his estimation of the swinging 60’s, the reason is not the conservatism of age, and certainly not failure of nerve, but moral seriousness combined with that tragic sense that once led him to quote with approval Freud’s conviction that “renunciation and suffering are not to be eluded by the race of men.” Such sentiments are unacceptable in many quarters, especially to those who, entranced with the vision of an outward-bound counter-culture, want their Freud filtered through Norman O. Brown. _____________ In any event, opponents anxious to find signs of deterioration in this critic had best avoid his 1968 essay “On F. R. Leavis and D. H. Lawrence.” Here, it seems to me, the intellectual vigor, the discriminate generosity, and the ability to keep a firm grasp on the line of argument while ranging over great expanses of literature were never more impressively on display. Criticism of this sort is exciting to read even when one does not agree with it, and not least because it demonstrates the possibility of redeeming the time with meaning, but without underestimating or belittling the forces that threaten it. Rahv has always demonstrated this possibility in a style that does not lend itself to quotation. Consider a sentence from “The Myth and the Powerhouse.” “True, in the imaginative act the artist does indeed challenge time, but in order to win he must be able to meet its challenge; and his triumph over it is like that blessing which Jacob exacted from the angel only after grappling with him till the break of day.” This is superb in its strong precision, in its tact, in its unostentatious balance and climax, in its harmony of idea and structure. But one becomes conscious of it only through an effort of the will that might isolate countless other sentences no less admirable. The style itself discourages such attention; like the book of which it is a proper model, it exists only as an instrument of clarification. Philip Rahv (March 10, 1908 in Kupin, Russian Empire – December 22, 1973 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American literary critic and essayist. In 1933 he and William Phillips co-founded Partisan Review, one of the most influential literary periodicals in the first half of the twentieth century. Initially affiliated with the Communist Party and adhering to their agenda of proletarian literature, Rahv went on to publish a broad spectrum of modern writers in the pages of his magazine. He was one of the first to introduce Kafka to American readers. Life He was born to a Jewish family in Kupin, Russian Empire. The family migrated and spent two years in Vienna, where Philip attended the gymnasium.[1] He was born under the name Fevel Greenberg.[2] He made his way to Providence, Rhode Island, with his father and two brothers, Selig and David. He lived for a time in Palestine where his mother chose to live, and worked as a teacher of Hebrew, in Portland, Oregon, from 1928 to 1931. He wrote at first under the name Philip Rann.[3] Then came the modification to `Rahv,` which appeared in an essay he published in 1932.[4] In 1933 Rahv joined the American Communist Party. Partisan Review broke with the Soviet line in 1937 in the wake of the Moscow Trials and maintained an ongoing feud with Stalinist Popular Front advocates such as Granville Hicks of New Masses. He was officially expelled as a Trotskyite by the American Communist Party on October 1, 1937.[5] Rahv taught at Brandeis University in his later years and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1973. Literary career Philip Rahv`s writing career began during the Depression. It reflected the prevailing literary currents of Marxism and the rise of proletarian literature.[6] In search of a collective ideology, he and others of his generation rejected the formalism and social disengagement of the great writers of the twenties.[7] An exception was T. S. Eliot, whose intellectual depth and historic sense Rahv continued to admire, Eliot`s increasingly reactionary politics and traditional religiosity notwithstanding.[8] Because Rahv believed the creative contradictions within a writer are the greatest measure of his achievement, he welcomed the opportunity to reconcile Eliot`s conservative views with revolutionary ones that his writing also contained.[9] Rahv`s literary influence arose from his role as editor, author, and reviewer for Partisan Review and other magazines including The New York Review of Books. From the start of his writing career he articulated his key literary values: the need for a synthesis between European and American artistic traditions and between literary modernism and radicalism; the importance of the Marxist dialectic to effectuate such syntheses; the value of cosmopolitanism to promote a broad understanding of the world and the leading ideas of the writer`s times; the rejection of parochial ideas based on region, nation, or ethnicity.[10] In one of his most often quoted essays, `Paleface and Redskin,` he identified two opposing currents: upper-class palefaces such as Henry James and Nathaniel Hawthorne and uncultured redfaces such as Walt Whitman and Mark Twain. The result was a dichotomy between consciousness and experience and between symbolism and naturalism. Rahv deplored the dichotomy, looking to the future for the kind of synthesis achieved by such European writers as Marcel Proust and Thomas Mann.[11] Rahv reached the height of his literary influence editing and writing for Partisan Review in the late 1930s. His influence continued through the 1940s with his writings on a wide range of European and American authors, most notably Henry James, whose reputation he contributed to reviving. With the rightward turn of politics in the 1950s, however, he retreated from his earlier literary and political prominence. He played little role in Partisan Review in this era, publishing essays in other publications, most notably The New York Review of Books. In the 1960s his brief enthusiasm for the New Left was followed by disillusionment. He never finished his final project, a book on Dostoyevsky.[12] Works Image and Idea (1949) – essays The Myth and the Powerhouse (1965) – essays Literature and the Sixth Sense (1969) – essays Essays in Literature and Politics (1978) – essays Modern Occasions, vol 1., 1970–71, issues 1, 2, 3, 4; vol. 2, 1972, issues 1, 2.

SharePoint is continuously evolving, and it has offered the SharePoint Framework as a new development model to extend the modern SharePoint user interface. The development paradigm has shifted from the server-side to the client-side development involving various open source tooling and modern toolchain. As a result, relevant technical expertise and analytical skills are required to do such tasks. This book aims to equip you with enough knowledge of the SharePoint Framework in conjunction with skills to use powerful tools such as Node.js, npm, Yeoman, Gulp, TypeScript, and so on to succeed in the role of a SharePoint developer. The book starts with a brief introduction to the SharePoint evolution across versions and the rise of the SharePoint Framework and the opportunities you may come across along with an overview of the key topics covered in the book. You will learn how to set up the SharePoint Framework. Before diving into several supervised, unsupervised and other practical use cases of the SharePoint Framework, you will learn how to develop SharePoint Framework solutions using React JS, Angular JS, Knockout JS, and PnP JS and utilize third-party npm packages. You will learn various methodologies to deploy the SharePoint Framework solutions, implement best practices, upgrade techniques, build custom components, and continuous integration and delivery pipelines for SharePoint Framework solutions with Azure DevOps. TAGLINE A step-by-step guide to acquire knowledge of the SharePoint Framework (SPFx), build it from scratch, and gradually move towards developing practical examples. KEY FEATURES Master the concept of the SharePoint Framework (SPFx) Learn how to use various JavaScript libraries and frameworks with the SharePoint Framework Deploy SPFx solutions into CDNs (Azure Storage and O365 Public CDN) Learn SharePoint operations with SPFx Consume the Microsoft Graph and third-party APIs in SPFx Upgrade solutions from deployment scenarios Continuous integration and delivery pipelines for the SharePoint Framework solutions with Azure DevOps Develop practical scenarios WHAT WILL YOU LEARN By the end of the book, you will come across a few case studies to put your knowledge gained into practice and solve real-life business problems such as building custom components such as web parts and extensions. You will learn how to consume the Microsoft Graph and third-party APIs, develop Custom App Pages, implement Library Components, extend MS Teams with SPFx, and implement CI/CD pipelines for the SharePoint Framework solutions with Azure DevOps. Remember to practice examples provided as the code bundle for each chapter in this book to master these techniques. WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR The book is intended for anyone looking for a career in modern SharePoint, all aspiring SharePoint developers who want to learn the most powerful technique to extend the SharePoint user interface or working professionals who want to switch their career in SharePoint. While no prior knowledge of SharePoint, open-source tooling and modern toolchain or related technologies is assumed, it will be helpful to have some programming experience. CONTENTS 1. Getting Started with SharePoint Framework 2. Develop Your First SPFx Web Part 3. SPFx Web Part Property Pane 4. Custom Controls for Web Part Property Pane 5. PnP Controls for Web Part Property Pane 6. CSS Considerations 7. Configure SPFx Web Part Icon 8. Examine SPFx Web Parts on Modern SharePoint 9. Host SPFx Web Parts from MS Azure CDN 10. Host SPFx Web Parts from Office 365 Public CDN 11. Host SPFx Web Parts from SharePoint Document Library 12. Integrating jQuery with SPFx Web Parts 13. CRUD Operations with No Framework 14. CRUD Operations with React JS 15. CRUD Operations with Angular JS 16. CRUD Operations using Knockout JS 17. CRUD Operations with SP-PnP-JS 18. Transition to @pnp/sp from sp-pnp-js 19. SPFx Development with React JS 20. React Lifecycle Events in SPFx 21. AutoBind Control Events in SPFx 22. Partial State Update for React-based SPFx WebParts 23. Using Office UI Fabric in SPFx 24. Provision SharePoint Assets in SPFx Solution 25. Connect to MS Graph API with MSGraphClient 26. Connect to MS Graph API with AadHttpClient 27. SPFx Logging Mechanism 28. Debug SPFx Solutions 29. Overview of SPFx Extensions 30. SPFx Extension - Application Customizer 31. Extend Application Customizer with React Components 32. SPFx Extension - Field Customizer 33. SPFx Extension - ListView Command Set 34. Anonymously Call MS Azure Functions 35. Securing Azure Function with Azure Active Directory 36. Consume Azure AD Secured Function with SPFx 37. Implementing Separation of Concerns (SoC) 38. Localization Support for SPFx 39. Office 365 CLI 40. SPFx Solutions Upgrade 41. SPFx Solution Upgrade with Office 365 CLI 42. Common Issues and Resolutions with Upgrading npm Packages 43. Extend MS Teams with SPFx 44. Library Component Type 45. Develop Custom App Pages with SPFx 46. Optimizing SPFx Solutions 47. Unit Test with Jest and Enzyme 48. DevOps For SPFx 49. Query User Profile Details 50. Query SP Search Results 51. React-based Tree view 52. React-based Carousel 53. React-based Organogram 54. Integrating Adaptive Cards with SPFx 55. Integrating Google API with SPFx 56. SPFx Development with SharePoint On-Premises ABOUT THE AUTHOR Nanddeep Nachan is a results-oriented Technology Architect with over 14 years of experience in Microsoft Technologies, especially in SharePoint, Office 365, MS Azure, and Dot Net. He is experienced in the design, implementation, configuration, and maintenance of several large-scale projects. He focuses on architectural design and implementation, website design and development, complete application development cycles, and .NET technologies. He has been working with SharePoint since the last 14 years and has exposure to SharePoint versions starting from SharePoint 2007 (MOSS). He is a CSM (Certified Scrum Master), Microsoft Certified Professional with certifications in SharePoint, MS Azure, Office 365, and .NET. He is a 2-time C# Corner MVP and an author as well. He is a regular speaker at various events. He is also a creative, technically sound photographer with experience in custom and specialized photography. He is an active contributor to SharePoint Patterns and Practices (https://github.com/SharePoint/) and C# Corner (http://www.c-sharpcorner.com).

Hans J. Morgentau - Teorija medjunarodne politike Borba za moc i mir CID, Podgorica, 2014. Tvrd povez, 651 strana. Knjiga Hansa J. Morgentaua baziran je na realizmu kao temeljnom načinu razmišljanja o međunarodnim odnosima. Iako je imao svoje kritičare, činjenica da je i dalje najdugovječniji tekst za kurseve međunarodnih odnosa svjedoči o njegovoj trajnoj vrijednosti. Neko je rekao da proučavanje međunarodnih odnosa već pola vijeka nije ništa drugo do dijalog između Morgentaua, onih koji prihvataju njegov pristup i onih koji se okreću negdje drugdje za prosvetljenjem. Nakon 50 godina, dijalog između Morgentaua i naučnika iz cijelog svijeta nastavlja se manje-više kao u prošlosti nešto s većim intenzitetom čak i u dobu terora. Naslov originala: Politics amont nations — the struggle for power and peace / Hans J. Morgentau, priredili i pogovor napisali Kenet V. Tomson i Dejvid Klinton: Kontinuitet značaja djela teorija međunarodne politike. Hans Joachim Morgenthau (February 17, 1904 – July 19, 1980) was a German-American jurist and political scientist who was one of the major 20th-century figures in the study of international relations. Morgenthau`s works belong to the tradition of realism in international relations theory; he is usually considered among the most influential realists of the post-World War II period.[1] Morgenthau made landmark contributions to international relations theory and the study of international law. His Politics Among Nations, first published in 1948, went through five editions during his lifetime and was widely adopted as a textbook in U.S. universities. While Morgenthau emphasized the centrality of power and `the national interest,` the subtitle of Politics Among Nations—`the struggle for power and peace`—indicates his concern not only with the struggle for power but also with the ways in which it is limited by ethical and legal norms.[2] In addition to his books, Morgenthau wrote widely about international politics and U.S. foreign policy for general-circulation publications such as The New Leader, Commentary, Worldview, The New York Review of Books and The New Republic. He knew and corresponded with many of the leading intellectuals and writers of his era, such as Reinhold Niebuhr,[3] George F. Kennan,[4] Carl Schmitt[5] and Hannah Arendt.[6][7] At one point in the early Cold War, Morgenthau was a consultant to the U.S. Department of State when Kennan headed its Policy Planning Staff, as well as a second time during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations until he was dismissed by Johnson when he began to publicly criticize American policy in Vietnam.[8] For most of his career, however, Morgenthau was esteemed as an academic interpreter of U.S. foreign policy.[9] Education, career, and personal life Morgenthau was born in an Ashkenazi Jewish family in Coburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Germany in 1904. After attending the Casimirianum, he continued his education at the universities of Berlin, Frankfurt, and Munich. He received his doctorate in 1929 with a thesis entitled International Jurisdiction: Its Nature and Limits, and pursued postdoctoral work at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. He taught and practiced law in Frankfurt before emigrating to the United States in 1937, after several interim years in Switzerland and Spain. One of his first jobs in the U.S. was teaching night school at Brooklyn College. From 1939 to 1943, Morgenthau taught in Kansas City and taught at Keneseth Israel Shalom Congregation there.[10] Morgenthau then was a professor at the University of Chicago until 1973, when he took a professorial chair at the City College of New York. Morgenthau was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.[11][12] On moving to New York, Morgenthau separated from his wife, who remained in Chicago partly because of medical issues. He is reported to have tried to initiate plans to start a new relationship while in New York, with Ethel Person (d. 2012), a psychiatrist at Columbia University.[13] On October 8, 1979, Morgenthau was one of the passengers on board Swissair Flight 316, which crashed while trying to land at Athens-Ellinikon International Airport.[14] The flight had been destined for Bombay and Peking. Morgenthau died on July 19, 1980, shortly after being admitted to Lenox Hill Hospital in New York with a perforated ulcer.[15] He is buried in the Chabad section of Montefiore Cemetery,[16] in proximity to the Lubavitcher Rebbe, with whom he had a respectful relationship.[17] European years and functional jurisprudence Morgenthau completed his doctoral dissertation in Germany in the late 1920s. It was published in 1929 as his first book, The International Administration of Justice, Its Essence and Its Limits.[18] The book was reviewed by Carl Schmitt, who was then a jurist teaching at the University of Berlin. In an autobiographical essay written near the end of his life, Morgenthau related that, although he had looked forward to meeting Schmitt during a visit to Berlin, the meeting went badly and Morgenthau left thinking that he had been in the presence of (in his own words) `the demonic`.[19] By the late 1920s Schmitt was becoming the leading jurist of the rising Nazi movement in Germany, and Morgenthau came to see their positions as irreconcilable. (The editors of Morgenthau`s The Concept of the Political [see below] state that `the reader of [Morgenthau`s] The Concept of the Political ... will easily recognize that Morgenthau deplored Schmitt`s understanding of the political on moral grounds and conceptual grounds.`)[20] Following the completion of his doctoral dissertation, Morgenthau left Germany to complete his Habilitation dissertation (license to teach at universities) in Geneva. It was published in French as La Réalité des normes en particulier des normes du droit international: Fondements d`une théorie des normes (The Reality of Norms and in Particular the Norms of International Law: Foundations of a Theory of Norms). It has not been translated into English.[21] The legal scholar Hans Kelsen, who had just arrived in Geneva as a professor, was an adviser to Morgenthau`s dissertation. Kelsen was among the strongest critics of Carl Schmitt.[22] Kelsen and Morgenthau became lifelong colleagues even after both emigrated from Europe to take their respective academic positions in the United States.[23][24] In 1933, Morgenthau published a second book in French, La notion du `politique`, which was translated into English and published in 2012 as The Concept of the Political.[25] In this book Morgenthau seeks to articulate the difference between legal disputes between nations and political disputes between nations or other litigants. The questions driving the inquiry are: (i) Who holds legal power over the objects or concerns being disputed? (ii) In what manner can the holder of this legal power be changed or held accountable? (iii) How can a dispute, the object of which concerns a legal power, be resolved? and (iv) In what manner will the holder of the legal power be protected in the course of exercising that power? For Morgenthau, the end goal of any legal system in this context is to `ensure justice and peace`. In his work in the 1920s and 1930s, Morgenthau sought a `functional jurisprudence,` an alternative to mainstream international law. He borrowed ideas from Sigmund Freud,[26] Max Weber, Roscoe Pound, and others. In 1940 Morgenthau set out a research program for legal functionalism in the article `Positivism, Functionalism, and International Law`.[27] Francis Boyle has written that Morgenthau`s post-war writings perhaps contributed to a `break between international political science and international legal studies.`[28] However, Politics Among Nations contains a chapter on international law, and Morgenthau remained an active contributor to the subject of the relationship between international politics and international law until the end of his career.[29] American years and political realism Hans Morgenthau is considered one of the `founding fathers` of the realist school in the 20th century. This school of thought holds that nation-states are the main actors in international relations and that the main concern of the field is the study of power. Morgenthau emphasized the importance of `the national interest,` and in Politics Among Nations he wrote that `the main signpost that helps political realism to find its way through the landscape of international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power.` Morgenthau is sometimes referred to as a classical realist or modern realist in order to differentiate his approach from the structural realism or neo-realism associated with Kenneth Waltz.[30] Recent scholarly assessments of Morgenthau show that his intellectual trajectory was more complicated than originally thought.[31] His realism was infused with moral considerations—though not always acknowledged as such—and during the last part of his life he favored supranational control of nuclear weapons and strongly opposed the U.S. role in the Vietnam War (see below).[32] Realism and Politics Among Nations (1948) Morgenthau`s Scientific Man versus Power Politics (1946) argued against an overreliance on science and technology as solutions to political and social problems. The book presented a `pessimistic view of human nature`[33] centered on a universal lust for power and the inevitability of selfishness.[34] Scientific Man versus Power Politics also argued that, in Robert Jervis`s words, `much of modern Liberalism fails to understand the contingent nature of its own knowledge.`[35] Starting with the second edition of Politics Among Nations, Morgenthau included a section in the opening chapter called `Six Principles of Political Realism`.[36] The principles, paraphrased, are: Political realism believes that politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.[37][38] The main signpost of political realism is the concept of interest defined in terms of power, which infuses rational order into the subject matter of politics, and thus makes the theoretical understanding of politics possible.[39] Political realism avoids concerns with the motives and ideology of statesmen. Political realism avoids reinterpreting reality to fit the policy. A good foreign policy minimizes risks and maximizes benefits. Realism recognizes that the determining kind of interest varies depending on the political and cultural context in which foreign policy is made. It does not give `interest defined as power` a meaning that is fixed once and for all. Political realism is aware of the moral significance of political action. It is also aware of the tension between the moral command and the requirements of successful political action. Realism maintains that universal moral principles must be filtered through the concrete circumstances of time and place, because they cannot be applied to the actions of states in their abstract universal formulation.[40] Political realism refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with the moral laws that govern the universe.[41] The political realist maintains the autonomy of the political sphere; the statesman asks `How does this policy affect the power and interests of the nation?` Political realism is based on a pluralistic conception of human nature. The political realist must show where the nation`s interests differ from the moralistic and legalistic viewpoints. Morgenthau argued in Politics Among Nations that skillful diplomacy drawing on these principles could lead to stability via the balance of power. He wrote that `the balance of power and policies aiming at its preservation are not only inevitable, but an essential stabilizing factor in a society of sovereign nations.`[42] (For further discussion, see section on Criticism, below.) In practice, however, countries `actively engaged in the struggle for power must actually aim not at a balance -- that is, equality -- of power, but at superiority of power in their own behalf,` Morgenthau wrote.[43] The reason is partly that the relative strength of countries can be difficult to calculate, since key elements of national power, such as `the quality of government,` are elusive and frequently change.[44] Because `no nation can foresee how large its miscalculations will turn out to be, all nations must ultimately seek the maximum of power obtainable under the circumstances. Only thus can they hope to attain the maximum margin of safety commensurate with the maximum of errors they might commit.`[45] Center for the Study of American Foreign and Military Policy In the 1950s, Morgenthau directed the University of Chicago’s Center for the Study of American Foreign and Military Policy. Among other things, he sought to rebuild the center’s resources on “China Studies,” after many experts on the country had been publicly discredited during the Second Red Scare. Morgenthau approached Chinese immigrant and political scientist Tsou Tang to explore the Sino-American relationship using both American and Chinese materials. Morgenthau trusted Tsou, having served on Tsou`s committees for his master`s and PhD theses. Tsou`s 1963 book, America’s Failure in China, 1941-50, drew upon his research at the center.[46] 1955: `Dual state` theory In a 1955 article in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Morgenthau quoted others speaking about a `dual state` existing in the United States: the democratic façade of elected politicians who operate according to the law, and a hidden national security hierarchy and shadow government that operates to monitor and control the former.[47][48][49] This has been said to be the origin of the notion of a deep state in the United States.[50] Dissent on the Vietnam War Morgenthau was a consultant for the Kennedy administration from 1961 to 1963 Morgenthau was a strong supporter of the Roosevelt and Truman administrations.[51] When the Eisenhower administration gained the White House, Morgenthau turned his efforts towards a large amount of writing for journals and the press in general. By the time of Kennedy`s inauguration in 1961, he had become a consultant to the Kennedy administration. After Johnson became president, Morgenthau became much more vocal in his dissent concerning American participation in the Vietnam War,[52] for which he was dismissed as a consultant to the Johnson administration in 1965.[8] Morgenthau sparred with Johnson`s advisors McGeorge Bundy[53] and Walt Rostow.[54] Morgenthau`s dissent concerning American involvement in Vietnam, which he viewed mainly as a civil war whose `global significance` was `remote,`[55] brought him considerable public and media attention. On 21 June 1965, Morgenthau debated Bundy live on television under the title Vietnam Dialogue: Mr. Bundy and the Professors with Eric Sevareid as the moderator.[56] During the debate, Bundy accused Morgenthau of being a defeatist and pessimist, citing his 1961 statement that the Pathet Lao were destined to win the Lao civil war, leading Morgenthau to reply: `I may have been dead wrong on Laos, but it doesn`t mean I am dead wrong on Vietnam.`[57] Bundy then brought up a statement Morgenthau made in 1956, praising President Diem of South Vietnam for creating a `miracle.` The American journalist A.J. Langguth wrote that Bundy`s point was irrelevant as Diem had been assassinated in 1963, but Bundy made it sound as if Morgenthau was opportunistic and inconsistent.[57] Bundy was generally regarded as having won the debate by viewers at the time.[57] In these years Morgenthau continued to write prolifically, publishing a three-volume collection of his essays in 1962.[58] American years after 1965 Morgenthau`s dissent against Vietnam policy caused the Johnson administration to dismiss him as an advisor and to assign McGeorge Bundy to publicly oppose him in 1965 Starting in 1960, Morgenthau became increasingly concerned with the revolutionary implications of nuclear weapons and the possibility of nuclear war, which he maintained would be a moral calamity of an unprecedented kind.[59] He remarked in the journal Christianity and Crisis that `no such radical qualitative transformation of the structure of international relations has ever occurred in history.`[60] While in the 1950s and earlier, Morgenthau had tended to emphasize, in William Scheuerman`s words, `the continuities of human history,` his recognition of the radical novelty of nuclear weapons led, from the early 1960s onward, to a stress on discontinuity, as represented by the possibility of a civilization-ending nuclear conflict.[61] Morgenthau`s views on this issue were influenced by Karl Jaspers` The Future of Mankind, which he reviewed in 1961 for Saturday Review.[62] After 1965, Morgenthau became a leading voice in the discussion of just war theory in the modern nuclear era.[63] Just war theory was further developed in the work of Paul Ramsey, Michael Walzer, Jeff McMahan, and other scholars. Morgenthau`s book Truth and Power, published in 1970, collected his essays from the previous decade dealing with both foreign policy, including Vietnam, and U.S. domestic politics, e.g. the civil rights movement. Morgenthau dedicated the book to Hans Kelsen, `who has taught us through his example how to speak Truth to Power.` Morgenthau`s last major book, Science: Servant or Master, was dedicated to his colleague Reinhold Niebuhr and published in 1972.[64] In summer 1978, Morgenthau wrote his last co-authored essay titled `The Roots of Narcissism,` with Ethel Person of Columbia University.[65] This essay was a continuation of Morgenthau`s earlier study of this subject in his 1962 essay `Public Affairs: Love and Power,` where Morgenthau engaged some of the themes that Niebuhr and the theologian Paul Tillich were addressing.[66] Morgenthau admired Tillich`s book Love, Power and Justice, and he wrote a second essay related to the book`s themes.[67] More recently, Anthony Lang has recovered and published Morgenthau`s extensive course notes on Aristotle (for a course Morgenthau taught while at the New School for Social Research during his New York years).[68] The comparison of Morgenthau to Aristotle has been further explored by Molloy.[69] Morgenthau was a tireless reviewer of books during the several decades of his career as a scholar in the United States. He wrote nearly a hundred book reviews, including almost three dozen for The New York Review of Books alone. Morgenthau`s last two book reviews were not written for The New York Review of Books and were of the books Soviet Perspectives on International Relations, 1956–1967, by William Zimmerman[70] and Work, Society and Culture by Yves Simon.[71] The last book review Morgenthau wrote for The New York Review of Books appeared in 1971.[72] Morgenthau`s first book review, written in 1940, was of Law, the State, and the International Community, by James Brown Scott.[73] Morgenthau also commented on the Pentagon Papers.[74] Like Hannah Arendt, Morgenthau dedicated time and effort to the support of the state of Israel.[75] Both Morgenthau and Arendt made annual trips to Israel to lend their established academic voices to its still young and growing academic community during its inaugural decades as a new nation.[76] Morgenthau`s interest in Israel also extended to the Middle East[77] more generally,[78] including the politics of oil.[79] Morgenthau`s interest in Israel extended further to related issues of geopolitics, and issues related to Andrei Sakharov and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.[80] Morgenthau remained throughout the Cold War an active participant in the discussion of U.S. foreign policy. He wrote in this connection about Henry Kissinger and his role in the Nixon administration.[81] In a 1975 essay, Morgenthau criticized Kissinger`s approach toward internal upheaval in the Third World, arguing that the root of `instability` was not `Communist subversion` but popular dissatisfaction with the status quo. A foreign policy that failed to recognize this could lead to the support of `tyranny,` Morgenthau wrote: `[I]n an essentially unstable world, tyranny becomes the last resort of a policy committed to stability in the last resort.`[82] Morgenthau in 1977 also wrote a brief `Foreword` on the theme of terrorism as it began to emerge in the 1970s.[83] In addition to addressing current political issues, Morgenthau also wrote about the philosophy of democratic theory[84] when faced with situations of crisis or tension.[85] Criticism The reception of Morgenthau`s work can be divided into three phases. The first phase occurred during Morgenthau`s life up to his death in 1980. The second phase was between 1980 and the one hundred year commemoration of his birth that took place in 2004. The third phase of the reception of his writings is between the centenary commemoration and the present, which shows a vibrant discussion of his continuing influence. Criticism during European years In Morgenthau`s early career, the book review of his dissertation by Carl Schmitt had a lasting and negative effect on Morgenthau. Schmitt had become a leading juristic voice for the rising Nazi movement in Germany, and Morgenthau came to see their positions as incommensurable, although it has been argued that Schmitt and Morgenthau engaged in a `hidden dialogue` in which they influenced each other.[86] Morgenthau subsequently met Hans Kelsen at Geneva while a student, and Kelsen`s treatment of Morgenthau`s writings left a lifelong positive impression upon the young Morgenthau. Kelsen in the 1920s had emerged as Schmitt`s most thorough critic and had earned a reputation as a leading international critic of the then rising National Socialist movement in Germany, which matched Morgenthau`s own negative opinion of Nazism. Criticism during American years While Morgenthau`s Politics Among Nations had a large influence on a generation of scholars in global politics and international law, Morgenthau`s views did not go unchallenged. On the one hand, some critics rejected the basic premises of Morgenthau`s realist perspective. On the other hand, some theorists working within a realist framework, such as Kenneth Waltz and John Mearsheimer, took issue with aspects of Morgenthau`s approach even while sharing some of his basic assumptions. In his Theory of International Politics (1979), Kenneth Waltz urged more attention to purely `structural` elements of the international system, especially the distribution of capabilities among states.[87] Waltz`s neorealism was more self-consciously scientific than Morgenthau`s version of realism.[88] Waltz argued that balances of power recurrently form whether or not states intend that result.[89] Waltz criticized Morgenthau for seeing the maintenance of a balance of power as dependent on states` motives and conscious aims, leading to what Waltz called a `distortion` of balance-of-power theory.[90] In contrast to Waltz`s `defensive` realism, John Mearsheimer presented a theory of `offensive realism` in The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (2001). Mearsheimer agreed with Morgenthau that states seek to maximize their relative power but disagreed about the cause: whereas Morgenthau posited, in Mearsheimer`s words, `a will to power inherent in every state,` Mearsheimer argued that the `anarchical` character of the international system pushes states to acquire as much power as possible to maximize their chances of survival.[91] Another area of criticism concerned Morgenthau`s treatment of the concept of the national interest. One scholar has suggested that Morgenthau erred in thinking that `the `rational core of the national interest` can be ascertained by objective analysis.`[92] On this account, `the concept of the national interest simply cannot bear the weight Morgenthau assigned to it.`[93] Morgenthau`s concept of politics itself has been seen, at least by some writers, as a firmer basis for his position. While Morgenthau viewed politics as a struggle for power, he also viewed it as a struggle conducted by specific means and within certain limits. From this perspective, Morgenthau`s distinction between political power and military power represented an effort `to insulate` the properly political realm `from the intrusion of physical violence and domination.`[94] The conceptual distinction between political and military power may not always have influenced Morgenthau`s views on specific policy issues, but it probably did so in the case of nuclear weapons. His concern with nuclear weapons and the arms race [95] led to discussions and debates with Henry Kissinger and others.[96] Morgenthau saw many aspects of the nuclear arms race as a form of irrationality requiring the attention of responsible diplomats, statesmen, and scholars.[97] However, Morgenthau`s view that a world state would be required to solve the problem of nuclear weapons is in tension with the skepticism about global governance that his realist perspective implies. Criticism of Morgenthau`s legacy Stolperstein for Hans Morgenthau at the Casimirianum Coburg. Christoph Frei`s intellectual biography of Morgenthau, published in English translation in 2001 (from the earlier German edition)[98] was one of the first of many substantial publications about Morgenthau in the 2000s. Christoph Rohde published a biography of Morgenthau in 2004, still available only in German.[99] Also around 2004, commemorative volumes were published on the occasion of the centenary of Morgenthau`s birth.[100] John Mearsheimer of the University of Chicago has contrasted Morgenthau`s political realism to the neo-conservativism prevailing during the Bush administration in the context of the 2003 Iraq War.[101] Morgenthau saw the ethical and moral component of international politics as an integral part of the reasoning process of the international statesman and the essential content of responsible scholarship in international relations.[102] Scholars continue to explore various aspects of Morgenthau`s thought, as well as his place in relation to twentieth-century intellectual currents and the disciplinary history of political science and international relations (see Further Reading section, below). Selected works Scientific Man versus Power Politics (1946) Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (1948, and subsequent editions) New York New York Alfred A. Knopf. In Defense of the National Interest (1951) New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. The Purpose of American Politics (1960) New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Crossroad Papers: A Look Into the American Future (ed.) (1965) New York, New York: Norton. Truth and Power: Essays of a Decade, 1960–70 (1970) New York, New York: Praeger. Essays on Lincoln`s Faith and Politics. (1983) Lanham, Maryland: Univ. Press of America for the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Co-published with a separate text by David Hein. The Concept of the Political (2012; original 1933) Intro. by H. Behr and F. Roesch. Translated by M. Vidal. Palgrave Macmillan. For a complete list of Morgenthau`s writings, see `The Hans J. Morgenthau Page` at Google Sites.[103] See also

Odlično stanje Jack Ma Yun[a] (Chinese: 马云; pinyin: Mǎ Yún; born 10 September 1964) is a Chinese business magnate, investor and philanthropist. He is the co-founder of Alibaba Group, a multinational technology conglomerate. In addition, Ma is also the co-founder of Yunfeng Capital, a Chinese private equity firm. As of June 2023, with a net worth of $34.5 billion, Ma is the fourth-wealthiest person in China (after Zhong Shanshan, Zhang Yiming and Ma Huateng), as well as the 39th wealthiest person in the world, ranked by Bloomberg Billionaires Index.[2] Born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Ma earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in English upon graduating from Hangzhou Normal University in 1988. He became an English lecturer and international trade lecturer at Hangzhou Dianzi University following graduation. Later taking an interest in the emergence of the internet business, he established his first business in 1994, only to end up forming a second company after learning more about the internet and the commercial business possibilities that could be potentially exploited from its emerging growth. From 1998 to 1999, he led an information technology company founded by the Chinese government, later leaving it to start the Alibaba Group with his colleagues in 1999. The company was initially founded as B2B e-commerce marketplace website, yet the company later expanded into a wide range of industry domains across the Chinese economy, including e-commerce, high-technology, and online payment solutions. In 2017, Ma was ranked second in the annual `World`s 50 Greatest Leaders` list by Fortune.[3] He has widely been considered as an informal global ambassador in Chinese business circles, and has continued to remain an influential figure in the Chinese business community and scene of startup companies.[4] In September 2018, he announced that he would retire from Alibaba and pursue educational work, philanthropy, and environmental causes;[5][6][7][8] the following year, Daniel Zhang succeeded him as executive chairman.[9][10] In 2020, the Chinese government stopped plans for an IPO called for the digital payment solutions company Ant Group, a company that he founded after he delivered a speech that criticized Chinese financial regulators for putting too much priority in minimizing risk.[11][12] In 2019, Forbes Magazine named Ma in its list of `Asia`s 2019 Heroes of Philanthropy` for his humanitarian and philanthropic work supporting underprivileged communities in China, Africa, Australia, and the Middle East.[5][13] In April 2021, Jack Ma ranked 26th in the `2021 Forbes Global Rich List` with a fortune of $48.4 billion USD.[14] Early life and education[edit] Ma was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang on September 10, 1964 as Ma Yun.[15] He became interested in English as a young boy and began practicing with English speakers in the Hangzhou International Hotel. Ma`s grandfather served as a security guard during the Second Sino-Japanese War. At the age of 12, Ma bought a pocket radio and began listening to English radio stations frequently. For nine years, Ma rode 27 km (17 miles) on his bicycle every day to work as a tour guide of Hangzhou for foreigners in order to practice his English. He became pen pals with one of those foreigners, who nicknamed him `Jack` because he found it hard to pronounce his Chinese name.[16] When Ma was 13 years old, he was forced to transfer to Hangzhou No. 8 Middle School as he kept getting caught in fights. In his early school days, Ma did not fare well scholastically, and it took two years for him to gain acceptance at an ordinary Chinese high school, as he only got 31 points in mathematics on the Chinese high school entrance exam. In 1982, at the age of 18, Ma failed the nation-wide Chinese college entrance exam, obtaining only 1 point in mathematics. Afterwards, he and his cousin applied to be waiters at a nearby hotel. His cousin was hired, but Ma was rejected on the grounds that he was `too skinny, too short, and in general, protruded a bad physical appearance that may have potentially ended up hurting the restaurant`s image and reputation.`[17] In 1983, Ma failed his college entrance exam again for the second time. However, his mathematics score improved, with Ma managing to obtain 19 points. In 1984, despite strong opposition from his family to persuade him to give up on pursuing higher education and choose a different career path, Ma remained steadfastly determined as he decided to take the college entrance examination for the third time. This time, he scored 89 points in the mathematics section. However, the expected amount of marks as benchmark eligibility entrance requirements for prospective university undergraduates was standardized as five points above Ma`s score. Since the enrollment target for English majors was not met, some prospective students had the opportunity to be accepted and promoted into Hangzhou Normal University`s English department, with Ma ending up promoted to the undergraduate foreign language major. After entering Hangzhou Normal University, Ma`s academic performance began to improve substantially as he steadily achieved scholarly excellence over the course of his undergraduate studies. In recognition of his burgeoning academic achievements, Ma was consistently ranked as among the top five students in the university`s foreign language department due to his extensive English-language skills. While witnessing an enormous improvement in his scholastic performance throughout his undergraduate years, Ma was also elected as the chairman of the student union, and later served as the chairman of the Hangzhou Federation of Students for two terms.[17] In 1988, Ma graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in English.[18][19] After graduation, he became a lecturer in English and international trade at Hangzhou Dianzi University. Ma also claims to have applied to Harvard Business School ten times consecutively, only to have ended up being rejected every time in spite of his persistent efforts.[20] Business career[edit] Early career[edit] According to Ma`s autobiographical speech,[21] after graduating from Hangzhou Normal University in 1988, Ma applied for 31 different odd entry-level jobs and was rejected for every single one. `I went for a job with the KFC; they said, `you`re no good``, Ma told interviewer Charlie Rose. `I even went to KFC when it came to my city. Twenty-four people went for the job. Twenty-three were accepted. I was the only guy [rejected]...`.[22][23] During this period, China was nearing the end of its first decade following Deng Xiaoping`s economic reforms. In 1994, Ma heard about the Internet and also started his first company,[24] Hangzhou Haibo Translation Agency (杭州海波翻譯社, Hángzhōu Hǎibō Fānyì Shè), an online Chinese translation agency. In early 1995, he travelled abroad to the United States on behalf of the Hangzhou municipal government with fellow colleagues who had helped introduce him to the Internet.[24] Although he found information related to beer from many countries, he was surprised to find none from China. He also tried to search for general information about China and again was surprised to find none. So he and his friend created an `ugly` website pertaining to information regarding Chinese beer.[25] He launched the website at 9:40 AM, and by 12:30 PM he had received emails from prospective Chinese investors wishing to know more about him and his website. This was when Ma realized that the Internet had something great to offer. In April 1995, Ma and his business partner He Yibing (a computer instructor), opened the first office for China Pages, and Ma started their second company. On May 10, 1995, the pair registered the domain chinapages.com in the United States. Within a span of three years, China Pages cleared approximately 5,000,000 RMB in profit which at the time was equivalent to USD$642,998 (approximately $1.18 million today). Ma began building websites for Chinese companies with the help of friends in the United States. He said that `The day we got connected to the Web, I invited friends and TV people over to my house`, and on a very slow dial-up connection, `we waited three and a half hours and got half a page`, he recalled. `We drank, watched TV and played cards, waiting. But I was so proud. I proved the Internet existed`.[26] At a conference in 2010, Ma revealed that despite achieving massive entrepreneurial success in the Chinese high-technology industry, he has never actually written a line of code nor made one sale to a customer and that he only acquired a computer for the first time at the age of 33.[27] From 1998 to 1999, Ma headed an information technology company established by the China International Electronic Commerce Center, a department of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. In 1999, he quit and returned to Hangzhou with his team to establish Alibaba, a Hangzhou-based business-to-business marketplace site in his apartment with a group of 18 friends.[28] He started a new round of venture development with 500,000 yuan. In October 1999 and January 2000, Alibaba won a total of a $25 million foreign venture seed capital from the American investment bank, Goldman Sachs and the Japanese investment management conglomerate SoftBank.[24] The program was expected to improve the domestic Chinese e-commerce market and perfect an e-commerce platform for online Chinese enterprises to establish a presence for themselves to compete, especially fostering the growth of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as well as addressing challenges surrounding China`s entrance into the World Trade Organization in 2001. Eventually, Alibaba began to show signs of profitability three years later as Ma wanted to improve the global e-commerce system. From 2003 onwards, Ma established Taobao Marketplace, Alipay, Ali Mama and Lynx. After the rapid rise of Taobao, American e-commerce giant eBay offered to purchase the company. However, Ma rejected their offer, instead garnering support from Yahoo co-founder Jerry Yang who offered a $1 billion investment in upfront capital for the potential purpose of expanding Alibaba`s corporate operations. Chairman of Alibaba Group[edit] Ma speaking at the 2007 China Trust Global Leaders Forum. Since 1999, Ma served as the executive chairman of Alibaba Group, which has remained one of China`s most prominent high-technology holding companies in the two decades since it inception presiding over nine major subsidiaries: Alibaba.com, Taobao Marketplace, Tmall, eTao, Alibaba Cloud Computing, Juhuasuan, 1688.com, AliExpress.com, and Alipay. At the annual general meeting of shareholders for Alibaba.com in May 2010, Ma announced Alibaba Group would begin in 2010 to earmark 0.3% of annual revenue to environmental protection, particularly on water- and air-quality improvement projects. Of the future of Alibaba, he has said, `our challenge is to help more people to make healthy money, `sustainable money`, money that is not only good for themselves but also good for the society. That`s the transformation we are aiming to make.`[29] In 2011, it was announced that one of his companies had gained control of Alipay, formerly a subsidiary of Alibaba Group, so as to `comply with Chinese law governing payment companies in order to secure a license to continue operating Alipay.[30] Numerous analysts reported that Ma sold Alipay to himself below market value without notifying the board of Alibaba Group or the other major owners Yahoo and Softbank, while Ma stated that Alibaba Group`s board of directors were aware of the transaction. The ownership dispute was resolved by Alibaba Group, Yahoo! and Softbank in July 2011.[31] In November 2012, Alibaba`s online transaction volume exceeded one trillion yuan. Ma stepped down as the chief executive officer of Alibaba on May 10, 2013 but remained as the executive chairman of the corporation. In September 2014, it was reported that Alibaba was raising over $25 billion in an initial public offering (IPO) on the New York Stock Exchange.[32] As of 2016, Ma is the owner of Château de Sours in Bordeaux, Chateau Guerry in Côtes de Bourg and Château Perenne in Blaye, Côtes de Bordeaux.[33] Ma speaking on the future of online trade and globalization at the World Economic Forum in 2017. On January 9, 2017, Ma met with United States President-elect Donald Trump at Trump Tower, to discuss the potential of 1 million job openings in the following five years through the expansion of the presence of Alibaba`s business interests in the United States.[34] On September 8, 2017, to celebrate Alibaba`s 18th year of its establishment, Ma appeared on stage and gave a Michael Jackson-inspired performance. He also performed a partial rendition of Elton John`s 1994 hit single Can You Feel The Love Tonight while being dressed up as a lead heavy metal singer at a 2009 Alibaba birthday event.[35] In the same month, Ma also partnered with Hong Kong business tycoon, Sir Li Ka-shing in a joint venture to offer a digital wallet service in Hong Kong.[36] Ma announced on September 10, 2018 that he would step down as executive chairman of Alibaba Group Holding in the coming year.[37] Ma denied reports that he was forced to step aside by the Chinese government[38] and stated that he wants to focus on philanthropy through his foundation.[39] Daniel Zhang would then lead Alibaba as the current executive chairman.[40][10] Ma stepped down from the board of Alibaba on 1 October 2020.[41] Disappearance from the public eye[edit] News outlets noted a lack of public appearances from Ma between October 2020 and January 2021, coinciding with a regulatory crackdown on his businesses.[42] The Financial Times reported that the disappearance may have been connected to a speech given at the annual People`s Bank of China financial markets forum,[43] in which Ma criticized China`s regulators and banks.[43] In November 2020, the Financial Times reported the abrupt cancellation of the Ant Group`s anticipated[44] initial public offering (IPO)[45] after an intervention by financial regulators. According to Chinese bankers and officials, financial stability was the objective behind the intervention.[43] Some commentators speculated that Ma may have been a victim of forced disappearance,[46][47][48][49] while others speculated that he could be voluntarily lying low.[46][50] Ma made a public appearance again on 20 January 2021, speaking via video link to a group of rural teachers at a charitable event, the annual Rural Teacher Initiative.[42][51] In February 2021, Bloomberg reported that he was seen golfing at the Sun Valley Golf Resort in the Chinese island of Hainan.[52] In March 2021, Ma and Alibaba were ordered by Chinese regulators to sell off certain media companies, including Hong Kong`s South China Morning Post, as part of a Chinese campaign to curb the influence wielded by giant digital conglomerates.[53] In October 2021, Reuters reported Ma was on the Spanish island of Mallorca shopping at a local store. His superyacht was anchored in the Port of Andratx.[54] In November 2022, Ma was reportedly living a low profile life in Tokyo, Japan, for nearly six months, and occasionally traveling abroad.[55] In March 2023, Ma was spotted for the first time at the Yungu school in Hangzhou, China. Photos and videos of Ma touring the school appeared on social media confirming the appearance of the billionaire for the first time in several months. The school is funded by his company and is located near the company`s headquarters.[56] He was reportedly persuaded to return by premier Li Qiang.[57] In the same month, Alibaba Group would turn into a holding company and its subsidiaries would separate into six independent firms; The Wall Street Journal reported on 30 March that Ma engineered this in talks with company CEO Daniel Zhang while he was overseas.[58] Teaching[edit] In May 2023, Tokyo College, a research institute at the University of Tokyo, announced that Ma had been appointed a Visiting Professor and would work at the institute until at least October 2023.[59] His research focus would include sustainable agriculture, food production, and lectures on entrepreneurship. The Financial Times described the announcement as `a rare public statement of the billionaire`s commitments outside China.`[60] Entertainment career[edit] In 2017, Ma made his acting debut with his first kung fu short film Gong Shou Dao. It was filmed in collaboration with the Double 11 Shopping Carnival Singles` Day. In the same year, he also participated in a singing festival and performed dances during Alibaba`s 18th-anniversary party.[61][62][63] In November 2020, in the finale of Africa’s Business Heroes, Ma was replaced as a judge in the television show, with Alibaba executive Peng Lei taking his place, reportedly `Due to a schedule conflict`.[64] Awards and honors[edit] In 2004, Ma was honored as one of the `Top 10 Economic Personalities of the Year` by China Central Television (CCTV).[65] In September 2005, the World Economic Forum selected Ma as a `Young Global Leader`.[65] Fortune also selected him as one of the `25 Most Powerful Businesspeople in Asia` in 2005.[65] Businessweek also selected him as a `Businessperson of the Year` in 2007.[66] In 2008, Barron`s featured him as one of the 30 `World`s Best CEOs`[67] In May 2009, Time magazine listed Ma as one of the world`s 100 most powerful people. In reporting Ma`s accomplishments, Adi Ignatius, former Time senior editor and editor-in-chief of the Harvard Business Review, noted that `the Chinese Internet entrepreneur is soft-spoken and elf-like—and he speaks really good English` and remarked that `Taobao.com, Mr. Ma`s consumer-auction website, conquered eBay in China.`[68] He was also included in this list in 2014.[69] BusinessWeek chose him as one of China`s Most Powerful People.[70] Forbes China also selected him as one of the Top 10 Most Respected Entrepreneurs in China by in 2009. Ma received the 2009 CCTV Economic Person of the Year: Business Leaders of the Decade Award. In 2010, Ma was selected by Forbes Asia as one of Asia`s Heroes of Philanthropy for his contribution to disaster relief and poverty.[71] Ma was awarded an honorary doctoral degree by the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in November 2013.[72] Ma was a board member of Japan`s SoftBank (2007–2020)[73] and China`s Huayi Brothers Media Corporation.[citation needed] He became a trustee of The Nature Conservancy`s China program in 2009 and joined its global board of directors in April 2010. In 2013, he became chairman of the board for The Nature Conservancy`s China Program; this was one day after he stepped down from Alibaba as company CEO.[74][75] In 2014, he was ranked as the 30th-most-powerful person in the world in an annual ranking published by Forbes.[76] In 2015, Asian Award honoured him with the Entrepreneur of the Year award.[77] In 2016, he was awarded the Chevalier of the French Legion of Honour by French Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Development Laurent Fabius.[78] In 2017, Fortune ranked Ma second on its World`s 50 Greatest Leaders list.[79] In 2017, a KPMG survey ranked Ma third in global tech innovation visionary survey.[80] In October 2017, Ma was given an honorary degree of Doctor of Science in Technopreneurship from De La Salle University Manila, Philippines.[81] In May 2018, Ma was given an honorary degree of Doctor of Social Sciences by the University of Hong Kong in recognition of his contributions to technology, society and the world.[82] In May 2018, Ma received an honorary doctorate from professors Yaakov Frenkel and Yaron Oz at the Tel Aviv University.[83] In May 2019, Ma and other 16 influential global figures were appointed by Secretary-General of the United Nations as the new advocates for sustainable development goals.[84] In July 2020, Ma received from King Abdullah II a first class medal for his contribution in fighting back against the COVID-19 pandemic.[85] In August 2020, Ma was to receive from the President of Pakistan a Hilal e Quaid e Azam medal for his contribution in fighting back against the COVID-19 pandemic.[86] Views[edit] Ma is an adherent of both Buddhism and Taoism.[87][88][89] On September 24, 2014, in an interview with Taobao, Ma attributed the strength of American society to the country being rooted in its Judeo-Christian heritage and expressed his belief in the importance for China to implement a positive value system in order to overcome the aftermath and legacy of the bygone Cultural Revolution.[90] In November 2018, the People`s Daily identified Ma as a member of the Chinese Communist Party, something which surprised observers.[91][92][93] Ma received international criticism after he publicly endorsed the Chinese work practice known as the 996 working hour system.[94] When asked in 2019 to give his views on the future, Ma again stated that 996 was currently a `huge blessing` necessary to achieve success, but went on to state that artificial intelligence technology might lead to a better life of leisure in the future, where people would only have to work four-hour work days, three days a week.[95][96] At the same time, Ma expressed skepticism that AI could ever completely replace people, referencing to his theory that success requires a `love quotient` and stating that machines can never match this success. Ma also predicted that population collapse would become a big problem in the future.[97][98] Philanthropy[edit] Main article: Jack Ma Foundation Jack Ma is the founder of the Jack Ma Foundation, a philanthropic organization focused on improving education, the environment and public health.[99] In 2008, Alibaba donated $808,000 to victims of the Sichuan earthquake.[100] In 2009 Jack Ma became a trustee of The Nature Conservancy`s China program, and in 2010 he joined the global Board of Directors of the organization.[101] In 2015, Alibaba launched a nonprofit organization, Alibaba Hong Kong Young Entrepreneurs Foundation, which supports Hong Kong entrepreneurs to help them grow their businesses.[102][103] In the same year, the company funded the rebuilding of 1,000 houses damaged by the earthquake-hit in Nepal, and raised money for another 9,000.[104] In 2015 he also founded the Hupan School,[105] a business school. In September 2018 Ma started the Jack Ma Foundation and announced that he would retire from Alibaba to pursue educational work, philanthropy, and environmental causes.[5][6][7][8] In 2019, Forbes named Ma in its list of `Asia`s 2019 Heroes of Philanthropy` and awarded him the Malcolm S. Forbes Lifetime Achievement Award for his work supporting underprivileged communities in China, Africa, Australia, and the Middle East.[5][13] In 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Alibaba Foundation and Jack Ma Foundation launched various initiatives, some of which involved donating medical supplies to the United States as well as various countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe.[106][107]

Lepo očuvano Kao na slikama Retko! 1960. University of Ceylon Press Board Istorija Cejlona / Šri Lanke Rare books The history of Sri Lanka is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent and the surrounding regions, comprising the areas of South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. The early human remains found on the island of Sri Lanka date to about 38,000 years ago (Balangoda Man). The historical period begins roughly in the 3rd century, based on Pali chronicles like the Mahavamsa, Deepavamsa, and the Culavamsa. They describe the history since the arrival of Prince Vijaya from Northern India[1][2][3][4] The earliest documents of settlement in the Island are found in these chronicles. These chronicles cover the period since the establishment of the Kingdom of Tambapanni in the 6th century BCE by the earliest ancestors of the Sinhalese. The first Sri Lankan ruler of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, Pandukabhaya, is recorded for the 4th century BCE. Buddhism was introduced in the 3rd century BCE by Arhath Mahinda (son of the Indian emperor Ashoka). The island was divided into numerous kingdoms over the following centuries, intermittently (between CE 993–1077) united under Chola rule. Sri Lanka was ruled by 181 monarchs from the Anuradhapura to Kandy periods.[5][unreliable source?] From the 16th century, some coastal areas of the country were also controlled by the Portuguese, Dutch and British. Between 1597 and 1658, a substantial part of the island was under Portuguese rule. The Portuguese lost their possessions in Ceylon due to Dutch intervention in the Eighty Years` War. Following the Kandyan Wars, the island was united under British rule in 1815. Armed uprisings against the British took place in 1818 Uva Rebellion and 1848 Matale Rebellion. Independence was finally granted in 1948 but the country remained a Dominion of the British Empire until 1972. In 1972, Sri Lanka assumed the status of a Republic. A constitution was introduced in 1978 which made the Executive President the head of state. The Sri Lankan Civil War began in 1983, including Insurrections in 1971 and 1987, with the 25-year-long civil war ending in 2009. There was an attempted coup in 1962 against the government under Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Prehistory[edit] Main article: Prehistory of Sri Lanka Evidence of human colonization in Sri Lanka appears at the site of Balangoda. Balangoda Man arrived on the island about 125,000 years ago and has been identified as Mesolithic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves. Several of these caves, including the well-known Batadombalena and the Fa Hien Cave, have yielded many artifacts from these people, who are currently the first known inhabitants of the island. Balangoda Man probably created Horton Plains, in the central hills, by burning the trees in order to catch game. However, the discovery of oats and barley on the plains at about 15,000 BCE suggests that agriculture had already developed at this early date.[6] Several minute granite tools (about 4 centimetres in length), earthenware, remnants of charred timber, and clay burial pots date to the Mesolithic. Human remains dating to 6000 BCE have been discovered during recent excavations around a cave at Warana Raja Maha Vihara and in the Kalatuwawa area. Cinnamon is native to Sri Lanka and has been found in Ancient Egypt as early as 1500 BCE, suggesting early trade between Egypt and the island`s inhabitants. It is possible that Biblical Tarshish was located on the island. James Emerson Tennent identified Tarshish with Galle.[7] The protohistoric Early Iron Age appears to have established itself in South India by at least as early as 1200 BCE, if not earlier (Possehl 1990; Deraniyagala 1992:734). The earliest manifestation of this in Sri Lanka is radiocarbon-dated to c. 1000–800 BCE at Anuradhapura and Aligala shelter in Sigiriya (Deraniyagala 1992:709-29; Karunaratne and Adikari 1994:58; Mogren 1994:39; with the Anuradhapura dating corroborated by Coningham 1999). It is very likely that further investigations will push back the Sri Lankan lower boundary to match that of South India.[8] During the protohistoric period (1000-500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with southern India.,[9] and shared the same megalithic burials, pottery, iron technology, farming techniques and megalithic graffiti.[10][11] This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the Velir, prior to the migration of Prakrit speakers.[12][13][10] Archaeological evidence for the beginnings of the Iron Age in Sri Lanka is found at Anuradhapura, where a large city–settlement was founded before 900 BCE. The settlement was about 15 hectares in 900 BCE, but by 700 BCE it had expanded to 50 hectares.[14] A similar site from the same period has also been discovered near Aligala in Sigiriya.[15] The hunter-gatherer people known as the Wanniyala-Aetto or Veddas, who still live in the central, Uva and north-eastern parts of the island, are probably direct descendants of the first inhabitants, Balangoda Man. They may have migrated to the island from the mainland around the time humans spread from Africa to the Indian subcontinent. Later Indo Aryan migrants developed a unique hydraulic civilization named Sinhala. Their Achievements include the construction of the largest reservoirs and dams of the ancient world as well as enormous pyramid-like stupa (dāgaba in Sinhala) architecture. This phase of Sri Lankan culture may have seen the introduction of early Buddhism.[16] Early history recorded in Buddhist scriptures refers to three visits by the Buddha to the island to see the Naga Kings, snakes that can take the form of a human at will.[17] The earliest surviving chronicles from the island, the Dipavamsa and the Mahavamsa, say that Yakkhas, Nagas, Rakkhas and Devas inhabited the island prior to the migration of Indo Aryans. Pre-Anuradhapura period (543–377 BCE)[edit] Main article: Early kingdoms period Indo-Aryan syncretism[edit] Main article: Prince Vijaya The Pali chronicles, the Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Thupavamsa and the Chulavamsa, as well as a large collection of stone inscriptions,[18] the Indian Epigraphical records, the Burmese versions of the chronicles etc., provide information on the history of Sri Lanka from about the 6th century BCE.[19] The Mahavamsa, written around 400 CE by the monk Mahanama, using the Deepavamsa, the Attakatha and other written sources available to him, correlates well with Indian histories of the period. Indeed, Emperor Ashoka`s reign is recorded in the Mahavamsa. The Mahavamsa account of the period prior to Asoka`s coronation, 218 years after the Buddha`s death, seems to be part legend. Proper historical records begin with the arrival of Vijaya and his 700 followers from Vanga. A detailed description of the dynastic accounts from Vijaya`s time is provided in the Mahavamsa.[20] H. W. Codrington puts it, `It is possible and even probable that Vijaya (`The Conqueror`) himself is a composite character combining in his person...two conquests` of ancient Sri Lanka. Vijaya is an Indian prince, the eldest son of King Sinhabahu (`Man with Lion arms`) and his sister Queen Sinhasivali. Both these Sinhalese leaders were born of a mythical union between a lion and a human princess. The Mahavamsa states that Vijaya landed on the same day as the death of the Buddha (See Geiger`s preface to Mahavamsa). The story of Vijaya and Kuveni (the local reigning queen) is reminiscent of Greek legend and may have a common source in ancient Proto-Indo-European folk tales. According to the Mahavamsa, Vijaya landed on Sri Lanka near Mahathitha (Manthota or Mannar[21]), and named[22] on the island of Tambaparni (`copper-colored sand`). This name is attested to in Ptolemy`s map of the ancient world. The Mahavamsa also describes the Buddha visiting Sri Lanka three times. Firstly, to stop a war between a Naga king and his son in law who were fighting over a ruby chair. It is said that on his last visit he left his foot mark on Siri Pada (`Adam`s Peak`). Tamirabharani is the old name for the second longest river in Sri Lanka (known as Malwatu Oya in Sinhala and Aruvi Aru in Tamil). This river was a main supply route connecting the capital, Anuradhapura, to Mahathitha (now Mannar). The waterway was used by Greek and Chinese ships traveling the southern Silk Route. Mahathir was an ancient port linking Sri Lanka to India and the Persian Gulf.[23] The present day Sinhalese are a mixture of the Indo Aryans and the Indigenous[24] The Sinhalese are recognized as a distinct ethnic group from other groups in neighboring south India based on the Indo-Aryan language, culture, Theravada Buddhism, genetics and the physical anthropology. Anuradhapura period (377 BCE–1017)[edit] Main articles: Anuradhapura period and Anuradhapura Kingdom Pandyan Kingdom coin depicting a temple between hill symbols and elephant, Pandyas, Sri Lanka, 1st century CE. In the early ages of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, the economy was based on farming and early settlements were mainly made near the rivers of the east, north central, and north east areas which had the water necessary for farming the whole year round. The king was the ruler of country and responsible for the law, the army, and being the protector of faith. Devanampiya Tissa (250–210 BCE) was Sinhalese and was friends with the King of the Maurya clan. His links with Emperor Asoka led to the introduction of Buddhism by Mahinda (son of Asoka) around 247 BCE. Sangamitta (sister of Mahinda) brought a Bodhi sapling via Jambukola (west of Kankesanthurai). This king`s reign was crucial to Theravada Buddhism and for Sri Lanka. The Mauryan-Sanskrit text Arthashastra referred to the pearls and gems of Sri Lanka. A kind of pearl, kauleya (Sanskrit: कौलेय) was referred in that text and also mentioned it collected from Mayurgrām of Sinhala. Pārsamudra(पारसमुद्र), a gem, was also being collected from Sinhala.[25] Ellalan (205–161 BCE) was a Tamil King who ruled `Pihiti Rata` (Sri Lanka north of the Mahaweli) after killing King Asela. During Ellalan`s time Kelani Tissa was a sub-king of Maya Rata (in the south-west) and Kavan Tissa was a regional sub-king of Ruhuna (in the south-east). Kavan Tissa built Tissa Maha Vihara, Dighavapi Tank and many shrines in Seruvila. Dutugemunu (161–137 BCE), the eldest son of King Kavan Tissa, at 25 years of age defeated the South Indian Tamil invader Elara (over 64 years of age) in single combat, described in the Mahavamsa. The Ruwanwelisaya, built by Dutugemunu, is a dagaba of pyramid-like proportions and was considered an engineering marvel.[citation needed] Pulahatta (or Pulahatha), the first of the Five Dravidians, was deposed by Bahiya. He in turn was deposed by Panaya Mara who was deposed by Pilaya Mara, murdered by Dathika in 88 BCE. Mara was deposed by Valagamba I (89–77 BCE) which ended Tamil rule. The Mahavihara Theravada Abhayagiri (`pro-Mahayana`) doctrinal disputes arose at this time. The Tripitaka was written in Pali at Aluvihara, Matale. Chora Naga (63–51 BCE), a Mahanagan, was poisoned by his consort Anula who became queen. Queen Anula (48–44 BCE), the widow of Chora Naga and of Kuda Tissa, was the first Queen of Lanka. She had many lovers who were poisoned by her and was killed by Kuttakanna Tissa. Vasabha (67–111 CE), named on the Vallipuram gold plate, fortified Anuradhapura and built eleven tanks as well as pronouncing many edicts. Gajabahu I (114–136) invaded the Chola kingdom and brought back captives as well as recovering the relic of the tooth of the Buddha. A Sangam Period classic, Manimekalai, attributes the origin of the first Pallava King from a liaison between the daughter of a Naga king of Manipallava named Pilli Valai (Pilivalai) with a Chola king, Killivalavan, out of which union was born a prince, who was lost in ship wreck and found with a twig (pallava) of Cephalandra Indica (Tondai) around his ankle and hence named Tondai-man. Another version states `Pallava` was born from the union of the Brahmin Ashvatthama with a Naga Princess also supposedly supported in the sixth verse of the Bahur plates which states `From Ashvatthama was born the king named Pallava`.[26] Sri Lankan imitations of 4th-century Roman coins, 4th to 8th centuries. Ambassador from Sri Lanka (獅子國 Shiziguo) to China (Liang dynasty), Wanghuitu (王会图), circa 650 CE There was intense Roman trade with the ancient Tamil country (present day Southern India) and Sri Lanka,[27] establishing trading settlements which remained long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.[28] It was in the first century AD where Saint Thomas the Apostle introduced Sri Lanka`s first monotheistic religion, Christianity, according to a local Christian tradition[29] During the reign of Mahasena (274–301) the Theravada (Maha Vihara) was persecuted and the Mahayanan branch of Buddhism appeared. Later the King returned to the Maha Vihara. Pandu (429) was the first of seven Pandiyan rulers, ending with Pithya in 455. Dhatusena (459–477) `Kalaweva` and his son Kashyapa (477–495) built the famous Sigiriya rock palace where some 700 rock graffiti give a glimpse of ancient Sinhala. Decline Main article: Chola occupation of Anuradhapura In 993, when Raja Raja Chola sent a large Chola army which conquered the Anuradhapura Kingdom, in the north, and added it to the sovereignty of the Chola Empire.[30] The whole island was subsequently conquered and incorporated as a province of the vast Chola empire during the reign of his son Rajendra Chola.[31][32][33][34] Polonnaruwa period (1056–1232)[edit] Main articles: Polonnaruwa period and Kingdom of Polonnaruwa The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa was the second major Sinhalese kingdom of Sri Lanka. It lasted from 1055 under Vijayabahu I to 1212 under the rule of Lilavati. The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa came into being after the Anuradhapura Kingdom was invaded by Chola forces under Rajaraja I and led to formation of the Kingdom of Ruhuna, where the Sinhalese Kings ruled during Chola occupation. Decline Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I invaded Sri Lanka in the 13th century and defeated Chandrabanu the usurper of the Jaffna Kingdom in northern Sri Lanka.[35] Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I forced Candrabhanu to submit to the Pandyan rule and to pay tributes to the Pandyan Dynasty. But later on when Candrabhanu became powerful enough he again invaded the Singhalese kingdom but he was defeated by the brother of Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I called Veera Pandyan I and Candrabhanu died.[35] Sri Lanka was invaded for the 3rd time by the Pandyan Dynasty under the leadership of Arya Cakravarti who established the Jaffna kingdom.[35] Transitional period (1232–1505)[edit] Ptolemic map of Ceylon (1482) Jaffna Kingdom[edit] Main article: Jaffna kingdom Also known as the Aryacakravarti dynasty, was a northern kingdom centred around the Jaffna Peninsula.[36] In 1247, the Malay kingdom of Tambralinga which was a vassal of the Srivijaya Empire led by their king Chandrabhanu[37] briefly invaded Sri Lanka especially the Jaffna Kingdom, from Insular Southeast Asia. They were then expelled by the South Indian Pandyan Dynasty.[38] However, this temporary invasion permanently introduced the presence of various Malayo-Polynesian merchant ethnic groups, from Sumatrans (Indonesia) to Lucoes (Philippines) into Sri Lanka.[39] Kingdom of Dambadeniya[edit] Main article: Kingdom of Dambadeniya After defeating Kalinga Magha, King Parakramabahu established his Kingdom in Dambadeniya. He built the Temple of The Sacred Tooth Relic in Dambadeniya. Kingdom of Gampola[edit] Main article: Kingdom of Gampola It was established by king Buwanekabahu IV, he is said to be the son of Sawulu Vijayabahu. During this time, a Muslim traveller and geographer named Ibn Battuta came to Sri Lanka and wrote a book about it. The Gadaladeniya Viharaya is the main building made in the Gampola Kingdom period. The Lankatilaka Viharaya is also a main building built in Gampola. Kingdom of Kotte[edit] Main article: Kingdom of Kotte After winning the battle, Parakramabahu VI sent an officer named Alagakkonar to check the new kingdom of Kotte. Kingdom of Sitawaka[edit] Main article: Kingdom of Sitawaka The kingdom of Sithawaka lasted for a short span of time during the Portuguese era. Vannimai[edit] Main article: Vanni Nadu Vannimai, also called Vanni Nadu, were feudal land divisions ruled by Vanniar chiefs south of the Jaffna peninsula in northern Sri Lanka. Pandara Vanniyan allied with the Kandy Nayakars led a rebellion against the British and Dutch colonial powers in Sri Lanka in 1802. He was able to liberate Mullaitivu and other parts of northern Vanni from Dutch rule. In 1803, Pandara Vanniyan was defeated by the British and Vanni came under British rule.[40] Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (1505–1594)[edit] Portuguese intervention[edit] Main articles: Portuguese Ceylon and Sinhalese–Portuguese War A Portuguese (later Dutch) fort in Batticaloa, Eastern Province built in the 16th century. The first Europeans to visit Sri Lanka in modern times were the Portuguese: Lourenço de Almeida arrived in 1505 and found that the island, divided into seven warring kingdoms, was unable to fend off intruders. The Portuguese founded a fort at the port city of Colombo in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas. In 1592, the Sinhalese moved their capital to the inland city of Kandy, a location more secure against attack from invaders. Intermittent warfare continued through the 16th century. Many lowland Sinhalese converted to Christianity due to missionary campaigns by the Portuguese while the coastal Moors were religiously persecuted and forced to retreat to the Central highlands. The Buddhist majority disliked the Portuguese occupation and its influences, welcoming any power who might rescue them. When the Dutch captain Joris van Spilbergen landed in 1602, the king of Kandy appealed to him for help.[41] Dutch intervention[edit] Main article: Dutch Ceylon Rajasinghe II, the king of Kandy, made a treaty with the Dutch in 1638 to get rid of the Portuguese who ruled most of the coastal areas of the island. The main conditions of the treaty were that the Dutch were to hand over the coastal areas they had captured to the Kandyan king in return for a Dutch trade monopoly over the island. The agreement was breached by both parties. The Dutch captured Colombo in 1656 and the last Portuguese strongholds near Jaffnapatnam in 1658. By 1660 they controlled the whole island except the land-locked kingdom of Kandy. The Dutch (Protestants) persecuted the Catholics and the remaining Portuguese settlers but left Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims alone. The Dutch levied far heavier taxes on the people than the Portuguese had done.[41] Kandyan period (1594–1815)[edit] Main article: Kingdom of Kandy On the top: illustration from Delineatio characterum quorundam incognitorum, quos in insula Ceylano spectandos praebet tumulus quidam sepulchralis published in Acta Eruditorum, 1733 After the invasion of the Portuguese, Konappu Bandara (King Vimaladharmasuriya) intelligently won the battle and became the first king of the kingdom of Kandy. He built The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic. The monarch ended with the death of the last king, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha in 1832.[42] Colonial Sri Lanka (1815–1948)[edit] Main articles: History of British Ceylon and British Ceylon Late 19th-century German map of Ceylon. During the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain, fearing that French control of the Netherlands might deliver Sri Lanka to the French, occupied the coastal areas of the island (which they called Ceylon) with little difficulty in 1796. In 1802, the Treaty of Amiens formally ceded the Dutch part of the island to Britain and it became a crown colony. In 1803, the British invaded the Kingdom of Kandy in the first Kandyan War, but were repulsed. In 1815 Kandy was annexed in the second Kandyan War, finally ending Sri Lankan independence. Following the suppression of the Uva Rebellion the Kandyan peasantry were stripped of their lands by the Crown Lands (Encroachments) Ordinance No. 12 of 1840 (sometimes called the Crown Lands Ordinance or the Waste Lands Ordinance),[43] a modern enclosure movement, and reduced to penury. The British found that the uplands of Sri Lanka were very suitable for coffee, tea and rubber cultivation. By the mid-19th century, Ceylon tea had become a staple of the British market bringing great wealth to a small number of European tea planters. The planters imported large numbers of Tamil workers as indentured labourers from south India to work the estates, who soon made up 10% of the island`s population.[44] The British colonial administration favoured the semi-European Burghers, certain high-caste Sinhalese and the Tamils who were mainly concentrated to the north of the country. Nevertheless, the British also introduced democratic elements to Sri Lanka for the first time in its history and the Burghers were given degree of self-government as early as 1833. It was not until 1909 that constitutional development began, with a partly elected assembly, and not until 1920 that elected members outnumbered official appointees. Universal suffrage was introduced in 1931 over the protests of the Sinhalese, Tamil and Burgher elite who objected to the common people being allowed to vote.[44] Sorting tea in Ceylon in the 1880s Independence movement[edit] Main article: Sri Lankan independence movement Ceylon National Congress (CNC) was founded to agitate for greater autonomy, although the party was soon split along ethnic and caste lines. Historian K. M. de Silva has stated that the refusal of the Ceylon Tamils to accept minority status is one of the main causes of the break up of the Ceylon National congress. The CNC did not seek independence (or `Swaraj`). What may be called the independence movement broke into two streams: the `constitutionalists`, who sought independence by gradual modification of the status of Ceylon; and the more radical groups associated with the Colombo Youth League, Labour movement of Goonasinghe, and the Jaffna Youth Congress. These organizations were the first to raise the cry of `Swaraj` (`outright independence`) following the Indian example when Jawaharlal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu and other Indian leaders visited Ceylon in 1926.[45] The efforts of the constitutionalists led to the arrival of the Donoughmore Commission reforms in 1931 and the Soulbury Commission recommendations, which essentially upheld the 1944 draft constitution of the Board of ministers headed by D. S. Senanayake.[45] The Marxist Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP), which grew out of the Youth Leagues in 1935, made the demand for outright independence a cornerstone of their policy.[46] Its deputies in the State Council, N.M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena, were aided in this struggle by other less radical members like Colvin R. De Silva, Leslie Goonewardene, Vivienne Goonewardene, Edmund Samarkody and Natesa Iyer. They also demanded the replacement of English as the official language by Sinhala and Tamil. The Marxist groups were a tiny minority and yet their movement was viewed with great interest by the British administration. The ineffective attempts to rouse the public against the British Raj in revolt would have led to certain bloodshed and a delay in independence. British state papers released in the 1950s show that the Marxist movement had a very negative impact on the policy makers at the Colonial office.[44] The Soulbury Commission was the most important result of the agitation for constitutional reform in the 1930s. The Tamil organization was by then led by G. G. Ponnambalam, who had rejected the `Ceylonese identity`.[47] Ponnamblam had declared himself a `proud Dravidian` and proclaimed an independent identity for the Tamils. He attacked the Sinhalese and criticized their historical chronicle known as the Mahavamsa. The first Sinhalese-Tamil riot came in 1939.[45][48] Ponnambalam opposed universal franchise, supported the caste system, and claimed that the protection of minority rights requires that minorities (35% of the population in 1931) having an equal number of seats in parliament to that of the Sinhalese (65% of the population). This `50-50` or `balanced representation` policy became the hall mark of Tamil politics of the time. Ponnambalam also accused the British of having established colonization in `traditional Tamil areas`, and having favoured the Buddhists by the Buddhist temporalities act. The Soulbury Commission rejected the submissions by Ponnambalam and even criticized what they described as their unacceptable communal character. Sinhalese writers pointed to the large immigration of Tamils to the southern urban centres, especially after the opening of the Jaffna-Colombo railway. Meanwhile, Senanayake, Baron Jayatilleke, Oliver Gunatilleke and others lobbied the Soulbury Commission without confronting them officially. The unofficial submissions contained what was to later become the draft constitution of 1944.[45] The close collaboration of the D. S. Senanayake government with the war-time British administration led to the support of Lord Louis Mountbatten. His dispatches and a telegram to the Colonial office supporting Independence for Ceylon have been cited by historians as having helped the Senanayake government to secure the independence of Sri Lanka. The shrewd cooperation with the British as well as diverting the needs of the war market to Ceylonese markets as a supply point, managed by Oliver Goonatilleke, also led to a very favourable fiscal situation for the newly independent government.[44] The Second World War[edit] Main article: Ceylon in World War II Sri Lanka was a front-line British base against the Japanese during World War II. Sri Lankan opposition to the war led by the Marxist organizations and the leaders of the LSSP pro-independence group were arrested by the Colonial authorities. On 5 April 1942, the Indian Ocean raid saw the Japanese Navy bomb Colombo. The Japanese attack led to the flight of Indian merchants, dominant in the Colombo commercial sector, which removed a major political problem facing the Senanayake government.[45] Marxist leaders also escaped to India where they participated in the independence struggle there. The movement in Ceylon was minuscule, limited to the English-educated intelligentsia and trade unions, mainly in the urban centres. These groups were led by Robert Gunawardena, Philip`s brother. In stark contrast to this `heroic` but ineffective approach to the war, the Senanayake government took advantage to further its rapport with the commanding elite. Ceylon became crucial to the British Empire in the war, with Lord Louis Mountbatten using Colombo as his headquarters for the Eastern Theatre. Oliver Goonatilleka successfully exploited the markets for the country`s rubber and other agricultural products to replenish the treasury. Nonetheless, the Sinhalese continued to push for independence and the Sinhalese sovereignty, using the opportunities offered by the war, pushed to establish a special relationship with Britain.[44] Meanwhile, the Marxists, identifying the war as an imperialist sideshow and desiring a proletarian revolution, chose a path of agitation disproportionate to their negligible combat strength and diametrically opposed to the `constitutionalist` approach of Senanayake and other ethnic Sinhalese leaders. A small garrison on the Cocos Islands manned by Ceylonese mutinied against British rule. It has been claimed that the LSSP had some hand in the action, though this is far from clear. Three of the participants were the only British colony subjects to be shot for mutiny during World War II.[49] Two members of the Governing Party, Junius Richard Jayawardene and Dudley Senanayake, held discussions with the Japanese to collaborate in fighting the British. Sri Lankans in Singapore and Malaysia formed the `Lanka Regiment` of the anti-British Indian National Army.[44] The constitutionalists led by D. S. Senanayake succeeded in winning independence. The Soulbury constitution was essentially what Senanayake`s board of ministers had drafted in 1944. The promise of Dominion status and independence itself had been given by the Colonial Office. Independence[edit] The Sinhalese leader Don Stephen Senanayake left the CNC on the issue of independence, disagreeing with the revised aim of `the achieving of freedom`, although his real reasons were more subtle.[50] He subsequently formed the United National Party (UNP) in 1946,[51] when a new constitution was agreed on, based on the behind-the-curtain lobbying of the Soulbury commission. At the elections of 1947, the UNP won a minority of seats in parliament, but cobbled together a coalition with the Sinhala Maha Sabha party of Solomon Bandaranaike and the Tamil Congress of G.G. Ponnambalam. The successful inclusions of the Tamil-communalist leader Ponnambalam, and his Sinhalese counterpart Bandaranaike were a remarkable political balancing act by Senanayake. The vacuum in Tamil Nationalist politics, created by Ponnamblam`s transition to a moderate, opened the field for the Tamil Arasu Kachchi (`Federal party`), a Tamil sovereignty party led by S. J. V. Chelvanaykam who was the lawyer son of a Christian minister.[44] Tags: sri lanka hinduizam budizam cedomil veljačić kulture istoka

Esther McCoy - Richard Neutra Masters of the world architecture George Braziller INC, New York, 1960. Mek povez, 128 strana, ilustrovano. Ex libris (pecat) i potpis bivseg vlasnika RETKO! Rihard Nojtra Рихард Јозеф Нојтра (нем. Richard Joseph Neutra;[1] Беч, 8. април 1892 — Вупертал, 16. април 1970) је био значајан аустријско-амерички архитект, пре свега активан у јужној Калифорнији у САД, а важи за једног од најзначајнијих представника модерне архитектуре.[2][3] Живот и дело Зграда Treetops, коју је започео Рихард Нојтра а 1980. завршио његов син Дион Кућа Кауфманових у Палм Спрингсу у Калифорнији Рихард Нојтра студирао је на Високој техничкој школи у Бечу као ђак Адолф Лоса и био је под утицајем Ото Вагнера. Године 1917. дипломирао је на овој школи и отишао у Берлин где је сарађивао са архитектом Ерих Менделсоном. На свом првом већем путовању у иностранство које је предузео са млађим сином Зигмунд Фројда упознао је жену свога живота, певачицу Целестин Дион Нидерман. Био је фасциниран архитектуром у САД а нарочито делима Френка Лојда Рајта и одлучио је се пресели у САД. Прво је отишао у Чикаго, затим у Таљезин да би се сусрео са Рајтом, али је видео плакат „California Call You!“, који је на њега оставио јак утисак, тако да се одлучује за југ Калифорније. Године 1929. добио је и америчко држављанство. У Лос Анђелесу је важио за представника интернационалног стила у архитектури у САД. Градио је виле и приватне куће које је уклапао у околину и пејзаж. Нојтра се заинтересовао за пејзажну архитектуру и у току студија је упознао пејзажног архитекту за хортикултуру Густава Амана с којим се спријатељио. Када је пројектовао виле у Швајцарској 1960-их година, радио је са пејзажним архитектом Ернстом Крамером који је био ученик Густава Амана. Међу значајне Нојтрине ране радове спада кућа за породицу Лавел; то је чиста скелетна конструкција у стилу европске традиције чији је утемељивач био Адолф Лос. Од 1949. до 1964. пројектовао је, у сарадњи са Роберт Александром, школске зграде, цркве, пословне зграде и музеје. Од 1960. је започео сарадњу са сином Дионом Нојтром. У пројекте школа са заобљеним основама Нојтра је укључивао и пејзаж. За њега је карактеристично да о архитектури говори као о примењеној физиологији. У избору материјала одлучивао се за природне, а најчешће је користио дрво. Намештај за седење је прилагођавао облицима људског тела као и Алвар Алто, Елијел Саринен и други напредни архитекти.[4] У својим радовима Нојтра је показао да је усвојио модеран калифорнијски стил специјализујући се на уклапање објеката у пејзаж и баште и инспирисао се нарочито контрастом геометријских форми и природе и створио утисак који је нарочито био изражен на фотографијама његових изведених објеката које је фотографисао Јулијус Шулман. У пројектима како Рајта тако и Нојтре значајну улогу има водена површина. Његове представе су се уклапали у захтеве његових инвеститора. Једна од најпознатијих Нојтриних зграда је зграда за Едгара Кауфмана („Kaufmann Desert House“) из 1946. која је уклопљена у пејзаже у близину Палм Спрингса у Калифорнији. Године 1952. пројектовао је „Moore House“ у Охаи („Ојаи“) у коме доминира рефлектујући мали рибњак и по речима његовог сина Диона зграда плива на воденој башти. Рихард Нојтра је преминуо 1970. у Вупелталу. Његов рад наставио је његов син Дион, поготово у 1990- тим годинама. Нојтра је почасни грађанин Беча и у делу града који се назива Леополдау постоји улица са његовим именом. Избор из његових дела Lovell House, Лос Анђелес, 1927 — 1929. Neutra House, Лос Ангелес, 1933. (преградња 1964. ) Школа „Corona School“, Бел Калифорнија, 1935. Desert House, Колорадо, 1946. „Case studies“, Калифорнија, 1946—1950. Kaufmann House, Палм Спрингс, Калифорнија, 1947. Методистичка црква Rivera Methodist Curch, Редондо Бич, Калифорнија, 1958. Музеј Lincoln Memorial Museum, Гетисбург, Пенсилванија, 1963. Основна школаGrundschule, Лемуре, Калифорниен, 1964. Насеље Neutra Siedlung, Morfelden- Valdorf, Немачка, 1964. Haus Rentsch, Бернер Оберланд, Швајцарска, 1965.- хортикултура Ернст Крамер Haus Bucerius, Тессин, Швајцарска, 1965.- хортикултура Ернст Крамер Наслеђе Нојтрин син Дион је држао канцеларије у Сребрном језеру које је дизајнирао и изградио његов отац отворене као „Richard and Dion Neutra Architecture” у Лос Анђелесу. Пословна зграда Нојтра је наведена у Националном регистру историјских места.[5] Године 1980, Нојтрина удовица је донирала Ван дер Лиув зграду (VDL истраживачка кућа), тада процењену на 207.500 долара, Државном политехничком универзитету Калифорније, Помона (Кал Поли Помона) да је користе професори и студенти универзитетског Колеџа за дизајн животне средине.[6][7] Године 2011, Крониш (1954) на 9439 Сансет булевару на Беверли Хилсу израђена по Нојтрином дизајну продата је за 12,8 милиона долара.[8] Године 2009, изложба „Ричард Нојтра, архитекта: скице и цртежи“ у Централној библиотеци Лос Анђелеса представљала је избор Нојтриних путописних скица, цртежа фигура и приказа зграда. Изложбу о раду архитекте у Европи између 1960. и 1979. године поставила је MARTa Херфорд, Немачка. Кауфманову пустињску кућу је обновила агенција Marmol Radziner + Associates средином 1990-их.[9] Фамилија слова Нојтрафејс, коју је дизајнирао Кристијан Шварц за House Industries, заснована је на архитектури и принципима дизајна Ричарда Нојтре. Године 1977, постхумно је награђен AIA златном медаљом, а 2015. награђен је Златном палмином звездом на Стази звезда у Палм Спрингсу у Калифорнији.[10] Richard Joseph Neutra (/ˈnɔɪtrə/ NOI-tra;[1] April 8, 1892 – April 16, 1970) was an Austrian-American architect. Living and building for most of his career in Southern California, he came to be considered a prominent and important modernist architect.[2][3] His most notable works include the Kaufmann Desert House, in Palm Springs, California. Biography Neutra was born in Leopoldstadt, the second district of Vienna, Austria Hungary, on April 8, 1892, into a wealthy Jewish family. His Jewish-Hungarian father Samuel Neutra (1844–1920),[4][5] was a proprietor of a metal foundry, and his mother, Elizabeth `Betty` Glaser[6] Neutra (1851–1905) was a member of the IKG Wien. Richard had two brothers, who also emigrated to the United States, and a sister, Josephine Theresia `Pepi` Weixlgärtner, an artist who married the Austrian art historian Arpad Weixlgärtner and who later emigrated to Sweden. Her work can be seen at the Modern Art Museum in Stockholm.[7] Neutra attended the Sophiengymnasium in Vienna until 1910. He studied under Max Fabiani and Karl Mayreder at the Vienna University of Technology (1910–18) and also attended the private architecture school of Adolf Loos. In 1912, he undertook a study trip to Italy and the Balkans with Ernst Ludwig Freud (son of Sigmund Freud).[citation needed] In June 1914, Neutra`s studies were interrupted when he was ordered to Trebinje, where he served as an lieutenant in the artillery until the end of World War I. Dione Neutra recalled her husband Richard`s hatred of the retribution against the Serbs in an interview conducted in 1978 after his death: `He talked about the people he met [i.e. in Trebinje] … how his commander was a sadist, who was able to play out his sadistic tendencies…. He was just a small town clerk in Vienna, but then he became his commander.`[8] Neutra took a leave in 1917 to return to the Technische Hochschule to take his final examinations.[9] After World War I, Neutra moved to Switzerland, where he worked with the landscape architect Gustav Ammann. In 1921, he served briefly as city architect in the German town of Luckenwalde, and later in the same year he joined the office of Erich Mendelsohn in Berlin. Neutra contributed to the firm`s competition entry for a new commercial center for Haifa, Palestine (1922), and to the Zehlendorf housing project in Berlin (1923).[10] He married Dione Niedermann, the daughter of an architect, in 1922. They had three sons, Frank L (1924–2008), Dion (1926–2019), who became an architect and his father`s partner, and Raymond Richard Neutra (1939–), a physician and environmental epidemiologist. Richard Neutra moved to the United States by 1923 and became a naturalized citizen in 1929. He worked briefly for Frank Lloyd Wright before accepting an invitation from Rudolf Schindler, a close friend from his university days, to work and live communally in Schindler`s Kings Road House in California. Neutra`s first works in California were both in the realm of landscape architecture: namely, the grounds of the Lovell Beach House (1922–25), in Newport Beach, which Schindler had designed for Philip Lovell; and a pergola and wading pool for the complex that Wright and Schindler had designed for Aline Barnsdall on Olive Hill (1925), in Hollywood. Schindler and Neutra would go on to collaborate on an entry for the League of Nations Competition (1926–27); in the same year, they formed a firm with the planner Carol Aronovici (1881–1957), called the Architectural Group for Industry and Commerce (AGIC). Neuatra subsequently developed his own practice and went on to design numerous buildings embodying the International Style, 12 of which are designated as Historic Cultural Monuments (HCM), including the Lovell Health House (HCM #123; 1929), for the same client as the Lovell Beach House, and the Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Research House (HCM #640; 1966).[10] In California, he became celebrated for rigorously geometric but airy structures that epitomized a West Coast version of mid-century modern residential design. His clients included Edgar J. Kaufmann, (who had commissioned Wright to design Fallingwater, in Pennsylvania), Galka Scheyer, and Walter Conrad Arensberg. In the early 1930s, Neutra`s Los Angeles practice trained several young architects who went on to independent success, including Gregory Ain, Harwell Hamilton Harris, and Raphael Soriano. In 1932, he tried to move to the Soviet Union, to help design workers` housing that could be easily constructed, as a means of helping with the housing shortage.[11] In 1932, Neutra was included in the seminal MoMA exhibition on modern architecture, curated by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock. From 1943 to 1944, Neutra served as a visiting professor of design at Bennington College in Bennington, Vermont. In 1949 Neutra formed a partnership with Robert E. Alexander that lasted until 1958, which finally gave him the opportunity to design larger commercial and institutional buildings. In 1955, the United States Department of State commissioned Neutra to design a new embassy in Karachi. Neutra`s appointment was part of an ambitious program of architectural commissions to renowned architects, which included embassies by Walter Gropius in Athens, Edward Durrell Stone in New Delhi, Marcel Breuer in The Hague, Josep Lluis Sert in Baghdad, and Eero Saarinen in London. In 1965, Neutra formed a partnership with his son Dion Neutra.[10] Between 1960 and 1970, Neutra created eight villas in Europe, four in Switzerland, three in Germany, and one in France. Prominent clients in this period included Gerd Bucerius, publisher of Die Zeit, as well as figures from commerce and science. His work was also part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.[12] Richard Joseph Neutra died on April 16, 1970, at the age of 78.[13] Architectural style He was known for the attention he gave to defining the real needs of his clients, regardless of the size of the project, in contrast to other architects eager to impose their artistic vision on a client. Neutra sometimes used detailed questionnaires to discover his client`s needs, much to their surprise. His domestic architecture was a blend of art, landscape, and practical comfort.[citation needed] In a 1947 article for the Los Angeles Times, `The Changing House,` Neutra emphasizes the `ready-for-anything` plan – stressing an open, multifunctional plan for living spaces that are flexible, adaptable and easily modified for any type of life or event.[14] Neutra had a sharp sense of irony. In his autobiography, Life and Shape, he included a playful anecdote about an anonymous movie producer-client who electrified the moat around the house that Neutra designed for him and had his Persian butler fish out the bodies in the morning and dispose of them in a specially designed incinerator. This was a much-embellished account of an actual client, Josef von Sternberg, who indeed had a moated house but not an electrified one.[citation needed] The novelist/philosopher Ayn Rand was the second owner of the Von Sternberg House in the San Fernando Valley (now destroyed). A photo of Neutra and Rand at the home was taken by Julius Shulman.[citation needed] Neutra`s early watercolors and drawings, most of them of places he traveled (particularly his trips to the Balkans in WWI) and portrait sketches, showed influence from artists such as Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele etc. Neutra`s sister Josefine, who could draw, is cited as developing Neutra`s inclination towards drawing.[citation needed] Legacy Neutra`s son Dion has kept the Silver Lake offices designed and built by his father open as `Richard and Dion Neutra Architecture` in Los Angeles. The Neutra Office Building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[14] In 1980, Neutra`s widow donated the Van der Leeuw House (VDL Research House), then valued at $207,500, to California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona) to be used by the university`s College of Environmental Design faculty and students.[15][16] In 2011, the Neutra-designed Kronish House (1954) at 9439 Sunset Boulevard in Beverly Hills sold for $12.8 million.[17] In 2009, the exhibition `Richard Neutra, Architect: Sketches and Drawings` at the Los Angeles Central Library featured a selection of Neutra`s travel sketches, figure drawings and building renderings. An exhibition on the architect`s work in Europe between 1960 and 1979 was mounted by the MARTa Herford, Germany.[citation needed] The Kaufmann Desert House was restored by Marmol Radziner + Associates in the mid-1990s.[18] The typeface family Neutraface, designed by Christian Schwartz for House Industries, was based on Richard Neutra`s architecture and design principles.[citation needed] In 1977, he was posthumously awarded the AIA Gold Medal, and in 2015, he was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Walk of Stars in Palm Springs, California.[19] Lost works Neutra`s 14,000 sqf `Windshield` house built on Fishers Island, NY for John Nicholas Brown II burned down on New Year`s Eve 1973 and was not rebuilt.[20] The 1935 Von Sternberg House in Northridge, California was demolished in 1972.[21] Neutra`s 1960 Fine Arts Building at California State University, Northridge was demolished in 1997, three years after suffering severe damage in the 1994 Northridge earthquake.[22][23] The 1962 Maslon House in Rancho Mirage, California, was demolished in 2002.[24] Neutra`s Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg was demolished by the National Park Service in March 2013.[25] The Slavin House (1956) in Santa Barbara, California was destroyed in a fire in 2001.[26] Selected works See also: Category:Richard Neutra buildings Miller House, Palm Springs Jardinette Apartments, 1928, 5128 Marathon Street, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California Lovell House, 1929, Los Angeles, California Van der Leeuw House (VDL Research House), 1932, Los Angeles, California Mosk House, 1933, 2742 Hollyridge Drive, Hollywood, California Nathan and Malve Koblick House, 1933, 98 Fairview Avenue, Atherton, California Universal-International Building (Laemmle Building), 1933, 6300 Hollywood Boulevard, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California Scheyer House, 1934, 1880 Blue Heights Drive, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California William and Melba Beard House (with Gregory Ain), 1935, 1981 Meadowbrook, Altadena California Military Academy, 1935, Culver City, California Corona Avenue Elementary School, 1935, 3835 Bell Avenue, Bell, California Largent House, 1935, 49 Hopkins Avenue at the corner of Burnett Avenue, San Francisco. Building was demolished by new owners and as of 2018, they have been ordered to rebuild an exact replica.[27][28] Von Sternberg House, 1935, San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles Sten and Frenke House (Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #647), 1934, 126 Mabery Road, Santa Monica The Neutra House Project, 1935, Restoration of the Neutra `Orchard House` in Los Altos, California Josef Kun House, 1936, 7960 Fareholm Drive, Nichols Canyon, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California[29] Darling House,[30] 1937, 90 Woodland Avenue, San Francisco, California George Kraigher House, 1937, 525 Paredes Line Road, Brownsville, Texas Landfair Apartments, 1937, Westwood, Los Angeles, California Strathmore Apartments, 1937, Westwood, Los Angeles, California Aquino Duplex, 1937, 2430 Leavenworth Street, San Francisco Leon Barsha House (with P. Pfisterer), 1937, 302 Mesa Road, Pacific Palisades, California Miller House,[31] 1937, Palm Springs, California Windshield House,[32] 1938, Fisher`s Island, New York Albert Lewin House, 1938, 512-514 Palisades Beach Road, Santa Monica, Los Angeles Emerson Junior High School, 1938, 1650 Selby Avenue, West Los Angeles, California Ward-Berger House, 1939, 3156 North Lake Hollywood Drive, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California Kelton Apartments, Westwood, Los Angeles Sidney Kahn House, 1940, Telegraph Hill, San Francisco Beckstrand House, 1940, 1400 Via Montemar, Palos Verdes Estates, Los Angeles County Bonnet House, 1941, 2256 El Contento Drive, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California Neutra/Maxwell House, 1941, 475 N. Bowling Green Way, Brentwood, Los Angeles (Moved to Angelino Heights in 2008.) Van Cleef Residence, 1942, 651 Warner Avenue, Westwood, Los Angeles Geza Rethy House, 1942, 2101 Santa Anita Avenue, Sierra Madre, California Channel Heights Housing Projects, 1942, San Pedro, California John Nesbitt House, 1942, 414 Avondale, Brentwood, Los Angeles Kaufmann Desert House,[33][34][35] 1946, Palm Springs, California Stuart Bailey House, 1948, Pacific Palisades, California (Case Study 20A) Case Study Houses #6, #13, #20A, #21A Schmidt House, 1948, 1460 Chamberlain Road, Linda Vista, Pasadena, California Joseph Tuta House, 1948, 1800 Via Visalia, Palos Verdes, California Holiday House Motel, 1948, 27400 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, California Elkay Apartments, 1948, 638-642 Kelton Avenue, Westwood, Los Angeles Gordon Wilkins House, 1949, 528 South Hermosa Place, South Pasadena, California[36][37] Alpha Wirin House, 1949, 2622 Glendower Avenue, Los Feliz, Los Angeles Hines House, 1949, 760 Via Somonte, Palos Verdes, California Atwell House, 1950, 1411 Atwell Road, El Cerrito, California Nick Helburn House, 1950, Sourdough Road, Bozeman, Montana Neutra Office Building — Neutra`s design studio from 1950 to 1970 Kester Avenue Elementary School, 5353 Kester Avenue, Los Angeles (with Dion Neutra), 1951, Sherman Oaks, California Everist House, 1951, 200 W. 45th Street, Sioux City, Iowa[38] Moore House, 1952, Ojai, California (received AIA award) Perkins House, 1952–55, 1540 Poppypeak Drive, Pasadena, California Schaarman House, 1953, 7850 Torreyson Drive, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California Olan G. and Aida T. Hafley House, 1953, 5561 East La Pasada Street, Long Beach[39] Brown House, 1955, 10801 Chalon Road, Bel Air, Los Angeles Kronish House, 1955, Beverly Hills, California[40] Sidney R. Troxell House,[41] 1956, 766 Paseo Miramar, Pacific Palisades, California Chuey House, 1956, 2460 Sunset Plaza Drive, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California[42][43] Clark House, 1957, Pasadena, California Airman`s Memorial Chapel, 1957, 5702 Bauer Road, Miramar, California Sorrell`s House, 1957, Old State Highway 127, Shoshone, California[44] Ferro Chemical Company Building, 1957, Cleveland, Ohio The Lew House, 1958, 1456 Sunset Plaza Drive, Los Angeles Connell House, 1958, Pebble Beach, California Mellon Hall and Francis Scott Key Auditorium, 1958, St. John`s College, Annapolis, Maryland Riviera United Methodist Church, 1958, 375 Palos Verdes Boulevard, Redondo Beach Loring House, 1959, 2456 Astral Drive, Los Angeles (addition by Escher GuneWardena Architecture, 2006 Singleton House, 1959, 15000 Mulholland Drive, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California Oyler House, 1959 Lone Pine, California UCLA Lab School, 1959 (with Robert Alexander)[45] Garden Grove Community Church, Community Church, 1959 (Fellowship Hall and Offices), 1961 (Sanctuary), 1968 (Tower of Hope), Garden Grove, California Three senior officer`s quarters on Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, 1959 Julian Bond House, 1960, 4449 Yerba Santa, San Diego, California R.J. Neutra Elementary School, 1960, Naval Air Station Lemoore, in Lemoore, California (designed in 1929) Buena Park Swim Stadium and Recreation Center, 1960, 7225 El Dorado Drive, Buena Park, California[46] Palos Verdes High School, 1961, 600 Cloyden Road, Palos Verdes, California Haus Rang, 1961, Königstein im Taunus, Germany Hans Grelling House/Casa Tuia on Monte Verità, 1961, Strada del Roccolo 11, Ascona, Tessin, Switzerland Los Angeles County Hall of Records, 1962, Los Angeles, California. Gettysburg Cyclorama, 1962, Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania Gonzales Gorrondona House, 1962, Avenida la Linea 65, Sabana Grande, Caracas, Venezuela Bewobau Residences, 1963, Quickborn near Hamburg, Germany Mariners Medical Arts, 1963, Newport Beach, California Painted Desert Visitor Center, 1963, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona United States Embassy, (later US Consulate General until 2011), 1959, Abdullaha Haroon Road, Karachi, Pakistan[47] Swirbul Library, 1963, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York Kuhns House, 1964, Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California Rice House (National Register of Historic Places), 1964, 1000 Old Locke Lane, Richmond, Virginia VDL II Research House,[48][49][50] 1964, (rebuilt with son Dion Neutra) Los Angeles, California Rentsch House, 1965, Wengen near Berne in Switzerland; Landscape architect: Ernst Cramer Ebelin Bucerius House, 1962–1965, Brione sopra Minusio in Switzerland; Landscape architect: Ernst Cramer Roberson Memorial Center, 1965, Binghamton, New York Haus Kemper, 1965, Wuppertal, Germany Sports and Congress Center, 1965, Reno, Nevada Delcourt House, 1968–69, Croix, Nord, France Haus Pescher, 1969, Wuppertal, Germany Haus Jürgen Tillmanns, 1970, Stettfurt, Thurgau, Switzerland Publications 1927: Wie Baut Amerika? (How America Builds) (Julius Hoffman) 1930: Amerika: Die Stilbildung des neuen Bauens in den Vereinigten Staaten (Anton Schroll Verlag). New Ways of Building in the World [series], vol. 2. Edited by El Lissitzky. 1935: `New Elementary Schools for America`. Architectural Forum. 65 (1): 25–36. January 1935. 1948: Architecture of Social Concern in Regions of Mild Climate (Gerth Todtman) 1951: Mystery and Realities of the Site (Morgan & Morgan) 1954: Survival Through Design (Oxford University Press) 1956: Life and Human Habitat (Alexander Koch Verlag). 1961: Welt und Wohnung (Alexander Kock Verlag) 1962: Life and Shape: an Autobiography (Appleton-Century-Crofts), reprinted 2009 (Atara Press) 1962: Auftrag für morgen (Claassen Verlag) 1962: World and Dwelling (Universe Books) 1970: Naturnahes Bauen (Alexander Koch Verlag) 1971: Building With Nature (Universe Books) 1974: Wasser Steine Licht (Parey Verlag) 1977: Bauen und die Sinneswelt (Verlag der Kunst) 1989: Nature Near: The Late Essays of Richard Neutra (Capra Press)