Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Meng Model Šifra proizvoda: MNG-TS047 Težina 0.91 kg Ean: 4897038552603 Skala 1:35 Dodato je u katalog: 30.7.2020 Tagovi Jagdpanther The Jagdpanther was a German WWII tank destroyer. The first prototypes of the vehicle were created in 1943, and serial production continued in the period 1944-1945, ending with the production of 392 cars. The Jagdpanther was powered by a 700hp Maybach HL 230 P30 single engine. It was armed with 1 88mm PaK 43 L / 71 gun and 1 7.92mm MG34 machine gun. The Jagdpanther was created in response to the demand announced in August 1942 by the German army for a new tank destroyer. In response to this demand, the cooperating plants Krupp and Daimler-Benz developed a preliminary technical specification based on the chassis of the PzKpfw V Panther tank and models that were approved by the German army. The new tank destroyer had powerful armament, capable of destroying any enemy vehicle in the period 1944-1945, as well as well-profiled armor - especially at the front of the vehicle. The disadvantages were the complicated production process and high unit costs of the vehicle, which effectively slowed down serial production. Jagdpanther made his debut on the battlefield in the summer of 1944 in Normandy, then fought against the Western Allies in France and in the Ardennes operation at the turn of 1944-1945. It appeared on the Eastern Front in the fall of 1944, successfully fighting both the T-34 and the heavy IS-2. After World War II, Jagdpanther served in the French army until the 1960s! Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Asuka model Šifra proizvoda: ASU35-026 Težina 0.58 kg Ean: 4571229090753 Skala 1:35 Dodato je u katalog: 15.6.2018 Tagovi M32 The M32 was an American, tracked technical support and evacuation vehicle from the Second World War. The first prototypes of the car were built in 1943, and serial production was carried out in 1943-1945. The car remained in the line with the US armed forces until 1953. More than 1,500 vehicles of this type were created in the course of production. The car was powered by various drive units, e.g. Continental R-975 or General Motors 6046 engine. The total length of the wagon was 5.9 meters with a width of 2.7 meters. The armament consisted of an 81 mm mortar and two 7.62 and 12.7 mm machine guns. The beginnings of work on the M32 date back to 1942 and assumed the creation of an Armored Recovery Vehicle, which was used on the battlefield. Ultimately, the M32 was based on the M4 Sherman medium tank and used many of its elements, such as the chassis, suspension or the hull. Such a procedure shortened the time of research and development, accelerated production, but also allowed the use of the same spare parts. Several development versions of this tank were created in the course of production, including: M32B1 (the basic version of the vehicle, based on the M4A1 tank), M32B3 (version based on the M4A3 tank) or the M32A1B1 (vehicle with HVSS suspension). The M32 vehicles were used in combat on many fronts of World War II, for example in the Italian campaign (1943-1945) or during the fighting in Normandy and France (1944). The US Army also used them during the Korean War (1950-1953). Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač ET Model Šifra proizvoda: ETM-P35-041 Skala 1:35 Dodato je u katalog: 24.10.2023 Tagovi M32 3D Printed Parts * 25 The M32 was an American, tracked technical support and evacuation vehicle from the Second World War. The first prototypes of the car were built in 1943, and serial production was carried out in 1943-1945. The car remained in the line with the US armed forces until 1953. More than 1,500 vehicles of this type were created in the course of production. The car was powered by various drive units, e.g. Continental R-975 or General Motors 6046 engine. The total length of the wagon was 5.9 meters with a width of 2.7 meters. The armament consisted of an 81 mm mortar and two 7.62 and 12.7 mm machine guns. The beginnings of work on the M32 date back to 1942 and assumed the creation of an Armored Recovery Vehicle, which was used on the battlefield. Ultimately, the M32 was based on the M4 Sherman medium tank and used many of its elements, such as the chassis, suspension or the hull. Such a procedure shortened the time of research and development, accelerated production, but also allowed the use of the same spare parts. Several development versions of this tank were created in the course of production, including: M32B1 (the basic version of the vehicle, based on the M4A1 tank), M32B3 (version based on the M4A3 tank) or the M32A1B1 (vehicle with HVSS suspension). The M32 vehicles were used in combat on many fronts of World War II, for example in the Italian campaign (1943-1945) or during the fighting in Normandy and France (1944). The US Army also used them during the Korean War (1950-1953). Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Planet Models Šifra proizvoda: PLT209 Težina 1.05 kg Ean: 8595593115009 Skala 1:72 Dodato je u katalog: 20.7.2010 Tagovi Junkers-390 The Junkers Ju 390 was a German WWII prototype all-metal reconnaissance bomber and reconnaissance aircraft. The drive was provided by six engines BMW-801E with 1740 hp each. The flight of the prototype took place in 1943, and the production of this type of aircraft continued in the years 1943-1945. In total, only two Ju 390s were built. The deck armament consisted of three 13 mm MG 131 machine guns and five 20 mm MG 151 cannons. Design work on the Ju 390 began as early as 1942, when the need arose to create a bomber plane capable of reaching the United States from bases in France (the so-called Amerika Bomber), as well as a naval reconnaissance aircraft capable of operating over the entire Atlantic basin. Responding to this demand, the Junkers aviation company decided to expand the current structure of the Ju 290 by enlarging it (especially the wingspan!) And adding two additional engines. The flight of the prototype took place in 1943, and the only one used in combat entered the line in January 1944, which was making patrol flights over the Atlantic. Despite the fact that the Ju 390 turned out to be a generally successful machine that meets most of its requirements, it did not live up to large-scale production. Its lack was due to the enormous cost of a single plane, shortages of strategic resources in the declining period of the war, as well as reorientation of the Luftwaffe's priorities towards the production of fighters. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Świat z kartonu Šifra proizvoda: SZK009 Težina 0.05 kg Skala 1:25 Dodato je u katalog: 22.5.2012 Tagovi AEC-Dorchester The AEC Dorchester was a British armored command vehicle of the Second World War. The first prototypes were built in 1939, and serial production continued in the period 1941-1943. In total, about 410 examples of this vehicle were built. The AEC Dorchester was powered by an engine AEC A187 with 95 HP. The basic version of the vehicle was armed with a single 7.7mm Bren machine gun. At the end of the 1930s, the command of the British Army saw the need to provide officers of the middle and higher rank of mechanized and armored troops with the ability to command subordinate units in the field and to provide them with appropriate mobility command posts. The demanded answer was just that The AEC Dorchester, which was initially built on the Moris C9 / LAC truck chassis, and was finally mounted on the AEC Matador 4x4 truck chassis. This type of vehicle, due to its low failure rate, spacious interior and good working conditions, gained considerable recognition and popularity among British officers. One AEC Dorchester was captured by German troops in North Africa and was used by Erwin Rómml as a command vehicle. Two versions of the AEC Dorchester were created. The first (Mk. I) did not have a separate workplace for officers and was equipped with a 550 W power generator. The second version (Mk. II) had separate compartments for radio telegraphists and officers, and it was equipped with a power generator with a capacity of 1260 W. AEC Dorchester cars they served mainly during the fighting in North Africa (1940-1943), in Italy, France and West Germany in the period 1943-1945. They were also used by the Polish Armed Forces in the West (PES). Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Thunder Models Šifra proizvoda: THN35212 Težina 0.86 kg Skala 1:35 Dodato je u katalog: 1.6.2023 Tagovi Scammell-Pioneer The Scammell Pioneer is a British heavy truck of the Second World War. The first copies of this car were made in 1927, and serial production was carried out in 1927-1945. Approximately 3,400 examples of this vehicle were produced in its course. The drive was provided by a single Gardnem Diesel engine with 102 HP. The Scammell Pioneer was originally developed as the primary means of transport and artillery tractor for British troops stationed primarily in colonies. The vehicle was suitable for off-road use, it was characterized by high mobility, durable suspension and considerable towing capacity. Several versions of this car were created in the course of production. One of the more produced was the artillery tractor version (Pioneer R100) and the technical assistance vehicle (Pioneer SV1T and SV2S). There was also a tractor version for damaged tanks with a carrying capacity of 20 tons (Pioneer TRCU20) and 30 tons (Pioneer TRCU30). Scammell Pioneer trucks underwent their baptism of fire in 1940 during the campaign in France. Later, they also served, among others, in North Africa (1940-1943). Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Tamiya Šifra proizvoda: tam35378 Težina 0.56 kg Ean: 4950344353781 Skala 1:35 Dodato je u katalog: 2.8.2021 Tagovi PzKpfw-IV PzKpfw IV (Panzerkampfwagen IV) was a German medium tank from the Second World War. The first prototypes of the vehicle were created in 1936, and serial production continued in the period 1938-1945, ending with the production of about 8,600 vehicles. The D version of the tank was powered by a single Maybach HL 120 TRM engine with a capacity of 300 HP. It was armed with 1 75mm KwK 37 L / 24 gun and 2 7.92mm MG 34 machine guns. The PzKpfw IV was created as a result of a competition announced at the end of 1934 by the German Armaments Department for a medium tank weighing up to 18 tons and armed with a 75 mm gun. The competition was won by the Krupp company, whose vehicle was put into mass production - as it turned out, it was a vehicle that can be safely called the "workhorse" of German armored forces during World War II and one of the most intensively developed and modernized Wehrmacht tanks. Numerous variants of the PzKpfw IV were created in the course of production. Chronologically, the first was the A version, armed with a 75mm short-barreled gun and a 230hp engine. However, versions B and C appeared quickly, in which several significant changes were made: first of all, more powerful engines (265 HP in version B and Maybach HL 120 TRM with 300 HP in C version - which were installed in PzKpfw IV until 1945 year), and the armor of the entire car was improved. The F1 and F2 versions turned out to be a real revolution, in which the frontal armor was increased to 60 mm, and the main armament was changed to the great, long-barreled 75mm KwK 40 L / 43 cannon, which in 1942 and 1943 allowed them to fight any Allied or soviet. The most frequently produced versions of the PzKpfw IV were the G, H and J versions, which were very similar to the F1 and F2 versions. The main armament has not changed significantly (it was still the KwK 40 cannon), as well as the engine and chassis. On the other hand, the armor was slightly strengthened, and from the beginning of 1943 armored screens (Schurzen) were installed on them. Numerous other vehicles were built on the chassis of the PzKpfw IV, such as the StuG IV assault gun, the Nashorn tank destroyer or the Wirbelwind self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. PzKpfw IV tanks were used on almost all fronts of World War II - from the September campaign in 1939, through the campaign in France in 1940, the Barbarossa and Typhoon operations in 1941, the Battle of Kursk in 1943, to the last operations of the German army against The USSR and the Western Allies in 1944-1945. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Dragon Šifra proizvoda: dra6360 Težina 0.64 kg Ean: 089195863607 Skala 1:35 Dodato je u katalog: 2.7.2007 Tagovi PzKpfw-IV PzKpfw IV (Panzerkampfwagen IV) was a German medium tank from the Second World War. The first prototypes of the vehicle were created in 1936, and serial production continued in the period 1938-1945, ending with the production of about 8,600 vehicles. The D version of the tank was powered by a single Maybach HL 120 TRM engine with a capacity of 300 HP. It was armed with 1 75mm KwK 37 L / 24 gun and 2 7.92mm MG 34 machine guns. The PzKpfw IV was created as a result of a competition announced at the end of 1934 by the German Armaments Department for a medium tank weighing up to 18 tons and armed with a 75 mm gun. The competition was won by the Krupp company, whose vehicle was put into mass production - as it turned out, it was a vehicle that can be safely called the "workhorse" of German armored forces during World War II and one of the most intensively developed and modernized Wehrmacht tanks. Numerous variants of the PzKpfw IV were created in the course of production. Chronologically, the first was the A version, armed with a 75mm short-barreled gun and a 230hp engine. However, versions B and C appeared quickly, in which several significant changes were made: first of all, more powerful engines (265 HP in version B and Maybach HL 120 TRM with 300 HP in C version - which were installed in PzKpfw IV until 1945 year), and the armor of the entire car was improved. The F1 and F2 versions turned out to be a real revolution, in which the frontal armor was increased to 60 mm, and the main armament was changed to the great, long-barreled 75mm KwK 40 L / 43 cannon, which in 1942 and 1943 allowed them to fight any Allied or soviet. The most frequently produced versions of the PzKpfw IV were the G, H and J versions, which were very similar to the F1 and F2 versions. The main armament has not changed significantly (it was still the KwK 40 cannon), as well as the engine and chassis. On the other hand, the armor was slightly strengthened, and from the beginning of 1943 armored screens (Schurzen) were installed on them. Numerous other vehicles were built on the chassis of the PzKpfw IV, such as the StuG IV assault gun, the Nashorn tank destroyer or the Wirbelwind self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. PzKpfw IV tanks were used on almost all fronts of World War II - from the September campaign in 1939, through the campaign in France in 1940, the Barbarossa and Typhoon operations in 1941, the Battle of Kursk in 1943, to the last operations of the German army against The USSR and the Western Allies in 1944-1945. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Gecko Models Šifra proizvoda: GEC35GM0004 Težina 0.93 kg Ean: 4892667350040 Skala 1:35 Dodato je u katalog: 29.3.2021 Tagovi Cruiser-Tank-A9 Cruiser Tank A9 (also known as: The Cruiser Tank Mark I) was a British high speed / pursuit tank from the interwar period and World War II. The first prototypes of the vehicle were built in 1934, and serial production continued in the years 1934-1941, ending with the production of about 125 copies. The wagon was 5.8 meters long, 2.5 meters wide and 2.65 meters high. The tank was powered by an engine AEC A179 with 150 hp . The basic armament of the vehicle consisted of a single 40mm 2-pounder cannon and three 7.7mm machine guns. The Cruiser Tank A9 was developed as the successor to the Vickers Medium Mark II. Compared to its predecessor, the new car got a completely different suspension, new main armament and a different power unit. A lot of emphasis was also placed on its maneuverability, which in turn had a disastrous effect on the thickness of its armor, which did not exceed 14 mm! Although the Cruiser Tank A9 was well armed (by the standards of the mid-1930s) and had a modern suspension, it turned out to be a not very successful or modern design. Despite this, the car was used in combat during the fighting in France in 1940, during the fighting in Greece in 1941 and in the initial period of the campaign in North Africa (1940-1943). Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Dragon Šifra proizvoda: dra6577 Težina 0.50 kg Ean: 089195865779 Skala 1:35 Dodato je u katalog: 3.2.2010 Tagovi Flakpanzer-I The Flakpanzer I was a German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun from the Second World War. Serial production lasted only in 1941 and resulted in the creation of 24 examples of this vehicle. The Flakpanzer I was powered by a single engine Krupp M 305 with a power of 57 HP. It was armed with a single 20mm Flak38 anti-aircraft gun. The idea of creating a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun appeared in Germany probably in 1940, during the campaign in France. However, in connection with the withdrawal in 1941 from the service of tanks Pz.Kpfw. And it was decided to use their chassis for just this purpose - i.e. to create a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. The chassis of the Pz.Kpfw cars were used. And Ausf. A, and the Alkett plants in Berlin were responsible for the conversion. The reconstruction involved the disassembly of the turret with machine guns and the adaptation of the middle and rear parts of the fuselage to the assembly of the Flak38 cannon. The only vessel equipped with carts The Flakpanzer I turned out to be the 614th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Squadron, stationed in Romania at the end of 1941, and with the start of the German offensive in the summer of 1942, marched east. He suffered huge losses during the Battle of Stalingrad (1942/1943), almost certainly losing all Flakpanzer I. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Das Werk Šifra proizvoda: DAS35030 Težina 0.65 kg Ean: 4260191520701 Skala 1:35 Dodato je u katalog: 10.11.2022 Tagovi Sd-Kfz-251 Sd.Kfz 251 was a German, medium, half-track armored transport from the Second World War. The first prototypes of the vehicle were made in 1935, and serial production continued in 1939-1945, ending with the production of about 14,500 units. The Sd.Kfz 251 was powered by a six-cylinder engine Maybach HL 42 TURKM with 100 hp . Sd.Kfz 251 was developed as a new, basic half-tracked transporter of the German armed forces. Its design was based on the Sd.Kfz.11 heavy tractor, with several elements changed in the adapted chassis: a new fuel tank was added, the location of the steering wheel, and the exhaust system was redesigned. In the course of serial production, four basic versions of the Sd.Kfz 251 (Ausf. A, B, C and D) were created, however, in terms of details related to the production process (especially the C version) and a slightly different arrangement of elements inside the fuselage. During World War II, more than 20 variants and versions of the Sd.Kfz 251 were created. The chronological first was the Sd.Kfz 251/1, which was the basic version, armed with two MG34 or MG42 machine guns and capable of carrying up to 10 landing troops. In 1941, a version of the Sd.Kfz 251/2 was developed, armed with an 80 mm mortar. There was also a version of the Sd.Kfz 251/3, which was a communication and radio communication vehicle with various sets of radio stations and antennas. In 1942, the Sd.Kfz 251/9 Stummel variant was developed, armed with a 75mm StuK 37 short-barrel gun. More interesting versions were the Sd.Kfz 251/16 with two flamethrowers or the Sd.Kfz 251/20 UHU equipped with an infrared radiation emitter and intended for targeting at night. Cars Sd.Kfz 251 of all versions served primarily in armored divisions and armored grenadiers on virtually all fronts of World War II: from the September campaign (1939), through the campaign in France (1940), fighting in the Balkans and North Africa (1941-1943) after fights on the Eastern (1941-1945) and Western (1944-1945) fronts. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Alpine Miniatures Šifra proizvoda: ALP-16030 Težina 0.10 kg Skala 1:16 Dodato je u katalog: 6.4.2018 Tagovi German-Feldernhalle-Division German-World-War-II-Panzergrenadier Panzergrenadier is a German term for a formation of panzer grenadiers, i.e. infantry units trained to fight in close cooperation with their own tanks. This term was officially used in 1942, when infantry divisions were renamed grenadier divisions and motorized infantry divisions into panzer grenadier divisions. It is worth adding that in the years 1937-1942, the Schützen Regiment was used to describe the infantry regiments serving in armored units. Theoretically, the basic equipment of armored grenadier divisions was to be armored half-tracked transporters, especially Sd.Kfz.251, but due to insufficient production, these infantry were often transported by trucks. As a standard, an armored grenadier division consisted of three infantry regiments, two battalions in each regiment and numerous support units, including anti-tank, anti-aircraft, sapper and communication units. Self-propelled guns, such as the StuG III, were often used in these formations. It is worth adding that the armored grenadier divisions were formed not only in the Wehrmacht, but also in the Waffen SS - for example the Totenkopf Division or the Hohenstaufen Division. Panzer Grenadier Division Feldherrnhalle (Ger. Panzer-Grenadier-Division Feldherrnhalle ) was formed in May 1943 in southern France. The unit was created primarily from the remnants of the 60th Infantry Division, which was almost completely destroyed during the fighting on the Eastern Front. Already in the fall of 1943, the division found its way to the Eastern Front, where it remained until the summer of 1944, fighting, among others, on the Narva, near Vitebsk and Orsza. During the operation, Bagration suffered significant losses and was therefore transferred to Hungary to replenish personnel and equipment. In November, the division was transformed into the Feldherrnhalle Armored Division, which fought with the Red Army in Hungary from November 1944 to February 1945. It did break out of the encircled Budapest, but it was smashed before it broke into the German lines. The division was recreated in Slovakia in March 1945. The unit finally capitulated east of Prague. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Aber Šifra proizvoda: abe16L-05 Težina 0.13 kg Skala 1:16 Dodato je u katalog: 21.9.2015 Tagovi Tiger-I The KwK36 (full designation: 8.8 cm KwK 36 L / 56) is a German 88 mm tank gun from the Second World War. The length of the gun barrel was 56 calibers, or 492.8 centimeters. The average rate of fire of this gun was 8-10 rounds per minute with a well-trained crew, and the maximum range was about 10,500 meters. The gun was developed and produced at the Krupp factories. The presented gun was developed as a de facto tank version of the 88 mm FlaK36 anti-aircraft gun, which performed great as an anti-tank weapon during the battles in France in 1940 or during the battles in North Africa (1941-1943). The main design changes involved the reduction of the castle chamber and its adaptation to the size of the tank turret. Of course, the great ballistic parameters of the FlaK36 cannon were kept as much as possible, which was also successful. Finally, a cannon with excellent accuracy and great firepower was created, which at the time of its introduction into service was able to destroy any Allied or Soviet tank, and maintained its considerable combat value until the end of the war. It is worth adding that the KwK36 cannon fired various types of projectiles, for example: Panzergranate (PzGr.) 39, PzGr. 40, but also Granate (Gr.) 39 and Sprgr. 45. It was the basic armament of a heavy tank: Pz.Kpfw. VI Tiger. 3_abe16L-05_instruction_sheet.pdf Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Alpine Miniatures Šifra proizvoda: ALP-16006 Težina 0.09 kg Skala 1:16 Dodato je u katalog: 6.4.2018 Tagovi German-World-War-II-Tank-Crew German-1st-SS-Division-LAH Initially, the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler unit was a unit of about 120 people of the German dictator's bodyguard, which was formed in March 1933 and was commanded by Joseph "Sepp" Dietrich. The unit quickly grew to a unit of about 800 people, and the admission criteria were very strict. Not only were the physical abilities of the candidates guided, but absurd criteria such as "racial purity" were applied at the time, and the genealogy of candidates was checked not infrequently up to several generations back! At the outbreak of World War II, the unit was already a motorized regiment and fought in the September campaign (1939), and later also in Belgium and France in 1940. In 1940, the unit was expanded to the size of a brigade, and in 1941 it was sent to the campaign in the Balkans, where it fought in Greece, among others. From June 1941, the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler unit took part in Operation Barbarossa. In the summer of 1942, she was transferred to France and renamed the Panzer Grenadier Division. From the beginning of 1943, the division fought on the Eastern Front, in the territory of Ukraine, and in the summer of the same year it took part in the battles on the Kursk Arch. For a short time (in 1943) it was transferred to Italy, and at the end of 1943 it returned to the Eastern Front again, as an armored division. At the beginning of the following year (1944), the division was sent to Belgium, where its manpower and machinery were rebuilt. From June 1944, it fought with the Western Allies in Normandy, suffering heavy losses in the course of these fights. As a result, it was withdrawn to Germany and rebuilt again - in December 1944 the unit took part in the offensive in the Ardennes, but in January 1945 it was transferred to Hungary. However, it was decimated there, and in April of the same year its survivors forced their way west to surrender to the Allied forces. The Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler unit was considered the most elite among the Waffen SS divisions and often proved its high combat value. However, it should be remembered that its soldiers committed many war crimes during World War II, including murdering prisoners (to mention the crime in Taganrog or Malmeda) or civilians. Many soldiers and officers of this unit were put on trial (after 1945) - often sentenced to death. The first tanks in the German army appeared at the end of World War I - these were the A7V machines. After the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, the German armed forces were forbidden to develop armored weapons, but the German side did not honor these restrictions and secretly developed armored weapons. However, after Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, this development became fully official, and in 1935 the 1st Armored Division was formed. In the period 1935-1939, further divisions were formed, and their main equipment was the Pz.Kpfw cars: I, II, III and IV. A single armored division at that time was composed of a tank brigade divided into two armored regiments, a motorized infantry brigade and support units, among others: reconnaissance, artillery, anti-aircraft and sappers. It consisted of about 300 tanks in full time. It is also worth adding that the German armored forces (German: Panzerwaffe) were trained and prepared to implement the doctrine of lightning war, and not - as in many armies of the time - to support infantry activities. Therefore, emphasis was put in training "pancerniaków" on the interchangeability of functions, independence in decision-making by officers and non-commissioned officers and the best technical mastery of the tanks owned. All this resulted in great successes of German armored weapons in Poland in 1939, but especially in Western Europe in 1940. Also in the course of the fighting in North Africa - especially in the period 1941-1942 - the German armored forces turned out to be a very difficult opponent. Before the invasion of the USSR, the number of German armored divisions almost doubled, but the number of tanks in these units decreased to about 150-200 vehicles. Also in the course of the fighting on the Eastern Front - especially in 1941-1942 - the German armored forces were superior in training and organization to their Soviet opponent. However, contact with such vehicles as the T-34 or KW-1 forced the introduction of the Pz.Kpfw V and VI tanks to the line in 1942 and 1943. Growing losses on the Eastern Front, as well as lost battles - at Stalingrad or Kursk - made the German Panzerwaffe weaken. Its structure included heavy tank battalions (with 3 tank companies), and in 1943, armored grenadier divisions were established. There was also an increasingly clear advantage of the Soviet side, and from 1944 - the need to simultaneously fight the Soviet troops in the east and the Allies in the west. It is also assumed that it was then (in the years 1944-1945) that the training of the German armored forces was weaker than in the previous period and did not constitute such a significant advantage on the German side than before. The last large-scale operations of the German Panzerwaffe were the offensives in the Ardennes (1944-1945) and in Hungary (1945). Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Alpine Miniatures Šifra proizvoda: ALP-16016 Težina 0.10 kg Skala 1:16 Dodato je u katalog: 9.4.2018 Tagovi German-3rd-SS-Division-Totenkopf German-World-War-II-Panzergrenadier The first paramilitary unit to have the abbreviation SS (German: Schutz Staffel) in its name was the personal protection of the dictator of the Third Reich called Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, which was officially formed in 1933. From 1934, the SS was an independent formation headed by Heinrich Himmler. With time, further SS units were formed, including the SS-Totenkopfverbände and the SS-Verfügungstruppe. It is worth adding that the latter was trained similarly to regular Wehrmacht infantry units. On a relatively small scale, SS units were used in combat during the fighting in Poland in 1939 and in the French campaign in 1940. The first units intended from the beginning to fight at the front were created in mid-1940, giving them the name of the Waffen SS. Initially, they were recruited on a voluntary basis, also among non-German people, but over time, compulsory recruitment began to apply. Within the Waffen-SS, many divisions of different combat value were formed. Nevertheless, a few of them (e.g. the 1st SS LAH Panzer Division, the 2nd SS Das Reich Panzer Division or the 12th SS Hitlerjugend Panzer Division) can be considered elite units, with very high combat value and often equipped with the best available equipment. They demonstrated their considerable advantages not only on the Eastern Front (1941-1945), especially during the battles near Kharkiv in 1943, but also during the battles in France in 1944. Another thing is that the quality of the commanding staff of these units was in many cases debatable, and many Waffen-SS soldiers committed war crimes during World War II. Panzergrenadier is a German term for a formation of panzer grenadiers, i.e. infantry units trained to fight in close cooperation with their own tanks. This term was officially used in 1942, when infantry divisions were renamed grenadier divisions and motorized infantry divisions into panzer grenadier divisions. It is worth adding that in the years 1937-1942, the Schützen Regiment was used to describe the infantry regiments serving in armored units. Theoretically, the basic equipment of armored grenadier divisions was to be armored half-tracked transporters, especially Sd.Kfz.251, but due to insufficient production, these infantry were often transported by trucks. As a standard, an armored grenadier division consisted of three infantry regiments, two battalions in each regiment and numerous support units, including anti-tank, anti-aircraft, sapper and communication units. Self-propelled guns, such as the StuG III, were often used in these formations. It is worth adding that the armored grenadier divisions were formed not only in the Wehrmacht, but also in the Waffen SS - for example the Totenkopf Division or the Hohenstaufen Division. The Third SS Panzer Division (bearing the nickname "Totenkopf" from 1942) was formed shortly after the September campaign in 1939, and its first commander was Theodore Eicke. It functioned then as a motorized division. It is worth noting that many of its members, at the time of the formation of the unit, previously performed duties in German concentration camps. The unit underwent its baptism of fire in the course of fighting in France in 1940, where it fought from May 16. The unit also took part in the fighting on the Eastern Front from June 1941, taking part, inter alia, in very heavy fighting in the cauldron near Demiańskie (February-April 1942). After these fights, she was transferred to France, where she was renamed the SS Panzer Grenadier Division "Totenkopf", and in 1943 became the 3rd SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf". In 1943 he took part in the battles near Kharkiv, Kursk and Belgorod. In 1944, he fights with the Soviet troops in Ukraine, and then in the Białystok region. In the last year of the war, the unit fought in Hungary, and later withdrew to Austria, where it capitulated. During World War II, the soldiers of the "Totenkopf" division committed numerous war crimes, including murdering civilians and prisoners. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Classy Hobby Šifra proizvoda: CLH16006 Težina 1.93 kg Ean: 2123416006003 Skala 1:16 Dodato je u katalog: 9.7.2020 Tagovi Stuart The M3 / M5 Stuart is an American light tank from the Second World War. The history of the M3 began in 1940, when the US Army saw the need to replace the old M2 with a more modern design. After several months of testing, the American Car and Foundry company released the first serial copy of the new tank, designated M3, in March 1941. The production of this successful tank lasted until 1945 and ended with the production of over 22,000 units! The M3 was powered by a Continental W-970-9A 7-cylinder engine with a capacity of 250 HP or a 9-cylinder Guilberson T-1020-4 diesel engine with a capacity of 210 HP. On the other hand, the M5 tank was powered by two coupled Cadillac V-8 engines with a capacity of 220 HP each. In total, several versions of the M3 tank were created. The first production series was marked M3, the next was M3A1, which min. was stripped of the watchtower and no longer had side machine guns. The M3A3 model entered production in 1943, with numerous improvements from the fighting in North Africa. Production of the M5 also began in March 1942, which was essentially a modification of the M3. The M5 tank was made in only two versions: M5 and M5A1. The latter had an elongated turret, an improved cannon mount and a new machine gun mount on the turret. The last modification was not used on all tanks of this version. The M8 self-propelled gun was also created on the basis of the M3 / M5 tank. The tanks were massively exported to Great Britain under the Lend and Lease Act program. In the American and British service, they served in North Africa, Italy, Normandy, and in the battles in France and Germany in 1944-1945. Tanks in the declining period of the war were replaced by the M24 Chaffe. The M3 / M5 Stuart is recognized as one of the best light tanks of World War II. Satisfactory range, speed and maneuverability all made him highly valued by his crews. Technical data (M3A3 version): length (with a barrel): 4.52m, width: 2.24m, height: 2.52m, engine power: 210-250KM, range: 217km, maximum speed (on the road): 58km / h, armament: 1 M6 37mm cannon, 2 7.62mm M1919 machine guns. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Classy Hobby Šifra proizvoda: CLH16007 Težina 1.90 kg Ean: 2123416007000 Skala 1:16 Dodato je u katalog: 18.2.2021 Tagovi Stuart The M3 / M5 Stuart is an American light tank from the Second World War. The history of the M3 began in 1940, when the US Army saw the need to replace the old M2 with a more modern design. After several months of testing, the American Car and Foundry company released the first serial copy of the new tank, designated M3, in March 1941. The production of this successful tank lasted until 1945 and ended with the production of over 22,000 units! The M3 was powered by a Continental W-970-9A 7-cylinder engine with a capacity of 250 HP or a 9-cylinder Guilberson T-1020-4 diesel engine with a capacity of 210 HP. On the other hand, the M5 tank was powered by two coupled Cadillac V-8 engines with a capacity of 220 HP each. In total, several versions of the M3 tank were created. The first production series was marked M3, the next was M3A1, which min. was stripped of the watchtower and no longer had side machine guns. The M3A3 model entered production in 1943, with numerous improvements from the fighting in North Africa. Production of the M5 also began in March 1942, which was essentially a modification of the M3. The M5 tank was made in only two versions: M5 and M5A1. The latter had an elongated turret, an improved cannon mount and a new machine gun mount on the turret. The last modification was not used on all tanks of this version. The M8 self-propelled gun was also created on the basis of the M3 / M5 tank. The tanks were massively exported to Great Britain under the Lend and Lease Act program. In the American and British service, they served in North Africa, Italy, Normandy, and in the battles in France and Germany in 1944-1945. Tanks in the declining period of the war were replaced by the M24 Chaffe. The M3 / M5 Stuart is recognized as one of the best light tanks of World War II. Satisfactory range, speed and maneuverability all made him highly valued by his crews. Technical data (M3A3 version): length (with a barrel): 4.52m, width: 2.24m, height: 2.52m, engine power: 210-250KM, range: 217km, maximum speed (on the road): 58km / h, armament: 1 M6 37mm cannon, 2 7.62mm M1919 machine guns. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Alpine Miniatures Šifra proizvoda: ALP-B001 Težina 0.02 kg Skala 1:16 Dodato je u katalog: 6.4.2018 Tagovi German-116th-Panzer-Division-Windhund German-World-War-II-Tank-Crew 116 Panzer Division "Windhund" (German 116. Panzer-Division ) was formed in March 1944 in France from the remnants of the 16th Panzer Division defeated in the course of the fighting on the Eastern Front and the units of the 179th Reserve Panzer Division. At the beginning of its existence, the unit was stationed in France, and more precisely in the Pas-de-Calais area. Interestingly, after the Western Allies landed in Normandy, it was not immediately transferred to the fighting area. She was sent there only in August 1944. In the course of the last fighting in Normandy and in the course of the retreat to the borders of Germany, it suffered significant losses. In September 1944, she was transferred to Aachen, where she received supplements. At the beginning of 1945, it joined the German 5th Panzer Army and took part in the fighting in the Ardennes. Then it withdrew to the Saar Basin, where it was stationed until April 1945. She capitulated to the Allied forces in the same month. The first tanks in the German army appeared at the end of World War I - these were the A7V machines. After the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, the German armed forces were forbidden to develop armored weapons, but the German side did not honor these restrictions and secretly developed armored weapons. However, after Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, this development became fully official, and in 1935 the 1st Armored Division was formed. In the period 1935-1939, further divisions were formed, and their main equipment was the Pz.Kpfw cars: I, II, III and IV. A single armored division at that time was composed of a tank brigade divided into two armored regiments, a motorized infantry brigade and support units, among others: reconnaissance, artillery, anti-aircraft and sappers. It consisted of about 300 tanks in full time. It is also worth adding that the German armored forces (German: Panzerwaffe) were trained and prepared to implement the doctrine of lightning war, and not - as in many armies of the time - to support infantry activities. Therefore, emphasis was put in training "pancerniaków" on the interchangeability of functions, independence in decision-making by officers and non-commissioned officers and the best technical mastery of the tanks owned. All this resulted in great successes of German armored weapons in Poland in 1939, but especially in Western Europe in 1940. Also in the course of the fighting in North Africa - especially in the period 1941-1942 - the German armored forces turned out to be a very difficult opponent. Before the invasion of the USSR, the number of German armored divisions almost doubled, but the number of tanks in these units decreased to about 150-200 vehicles. Also in the course of the fighting on the Eastern Front - especially in 1941-1942 - the German armored forces were superior in training and organization to their Soviet opponent. However, contact with such vehicles as the T-34 or KW-1 forced the introduction of the Pz.Kpfw V and VI tanks to the line in 1942 and 1943. Growing losses on the Eastern Front, as well as lost battles - at Stalingrad or Kursk - made the German Panzerwaffe weaken. Its structure included heavy tank battalions (with 3 tank companies), and in 1943, armored grenadier divisions were established. There was also an increasingly clear advantage of the Soviet side, and from 1944 - the need to simultaneously fight the Soviet troops in the east and the Allies in the west. It is also assumed that it was then (in the years 1944-1945) that the training of the German armored forces was weaker than in the previous period and did not constitute such a significant advantage on the German side than before. The last large-scale operations of the German Panzerwaffe were the offensives in the Ardennes (1944-1945) and in Hungary (1945). Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Planet Models Šifra proizvoda: PLT134 Težina 0.19 kg Ean: 8595593114392 Skala 1:48 Dodato je u katalog: 24.4.2013 Tagovi Supermarine-Seafire The Supermarine Seafire was a British WWII and post-WWII on-board fighter in an all-metal low wing structure. The drive provided - in the LF Mk. III - single engine Rolls-Royce Merlin 55M with a power of 1,585 hp. The flight of the prototype took place in January 1942, and shortly after that, serial production started, which resulted in the creation of about 2,650 aircraft of this type. On-board armament - in the Mk. III - consisted of two 20mm Hispano cannons and four 7.7mm machine guns. Plane Supermarine Seafire was a development version of the famous Spitfire fighter, but adapted to operate from aircraft carriers. The changes mainly concerned the reduction of the weight of the aircraft, the use of folding wings and a brake hook, as well as the strengthening of the entire structure. The power unit changed, although they were still Rolls-Royce engines. In the course of serial production, many development versions of this aircraft were created, for example: the Mk. IB (fighter version, one of the first production series, which was a rebuilt Spitfire Mk. V b), Mk. II C (hunting version with reinforced structure and modified on-board armament), Mk. III (version powered by the Merlin 55 engine). In 1946, the Mk. XV with the Griffon VI engine. Supermarine Seafire aircraft received their baptism of fire during Operation Torch in November 1942. They also fought during the landings in Sicily in 1943 and in Normandy in 1944. They also served in the Far East in 1944-1945. They also took a limited part in the initial phase of the Korean War (1950-1953). Airplanes of this type also served in the armed forces of France, Ireland and Canada. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Meng Model Šifra proizvoda: MNG-WWT005 Težina 0.21 kg Ean: 4897038558056 Skala n/a Dodato je u katalog: 30.3.2018 Tagovi PzKpfw-III The PzKpfw III (Panzerkampfwagen III) was a German medium tank from the Second World War. The first prototypes of the vehicle were made in 1936, and serial production continued in the period 1937-1943, ending with the production of about 5,800 vehicles. The tank in the E version was powered by a single Maybach HL 120 TRM engine with a capacity of 300 HP. It was armed with one 37mm KwK 35/36 cannon and two 7.92mm MG 34 machine guns. placed in the tower. PzKpfw III was the "workhorse" of the German armored forces during World War II and one of the most intensively developed and modernized Wehrmacht tanks. Its serial production started in 1936, and many variants of this tank were created in its course. Chronologically, the first version was the A version, armed with a 37mm gun and a 230hp engine. However, already in December 1938, the E version was created, which was the first version produced in large series. It had a new, significantly more powerful engine, a completely new suspension and stronger armor in the front part of the turret and hull. Later (from December 1940) it was also armed with a more powerful 50mm cannon. In March 1940, the G version began to be produced, in which the rear hull and turret armor was reinforced. Soon after, in October 1940, the production of the H version started, which from the very beginning was armed with the 50mm KwK 38 L / 42 gun and had reinforced frontal armor. One of the most produced was the J version, which had armor up to 50 mm thick (later reinforced with aplique plates), and after the experience gained from the clashes with the T-34 and KW-1 vehicles - it was intensively rearmed for the KwK 39 L / 60 cannon. cal. 50 mm. The last development version was the N version, which was to be a support tank for armored grenadiers and was armed with a 75mm KwK 37 L / 24 short-barreled cannon. Numerous other vehicles were built on the chassis of the PzKpfw III, such as the StuG III assault gun. PzKpfw III tanks were used on almost all fronts of World War II - from the September campaign in 1939, through the campaign in France in 1940, operations Barbarossa and Typhoon in 1941, the Battle of Kursk in 1943, to the last operations of the German army against The USSR and the Western Allies in 1944-1945. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Alpine Miniatures Šifra proizvoda: ALP-16028 Težina 0.10 kg Skala 1:16 Dodato je u katalog: 6.4.2018 Tagovi German-World-War-II-Tank-Crew The first paramilitary unit to have the abbreviation SS (German: Schutz Staffel) in its name was the personal protection of the dictator of the Third Reich called Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, which was officially formed in 1933. From 1934, the SS was an independent formation headed by Heinrich Himmler. With time, further SS units were formed, including the SS-Totenkopfverbände and the SS-Verfügungstruppe. It is worth adding that the latter was trained similarly to regular Wehrmacht infantry units. On a relatively small scale, SS units were used in combat during the fighting in Poland in 1939 and in the French campaign in 1940. The first units intended from the beginning to fight at the front were created in mid-1940, giving them the name of the Waffen SS. Initially, they were recruited on a voluntary basis, also among non-German people, but over time, compulsory recruitment began to apply. Within the Waffen-SS, many divisions of different combat value were formed. Nevertheless, a few of them (e.g. the 1st SS LAH Panzer Division, the 2nd SS Das Reich Panzer Division or the 12th SS Hitlerjugend Panzer Division) can be considered elite units, with very high combat value and often equipped with the best available equipment. They demonstrated their considerable advantages not only on the Eastern Front (1941-1945), especially during the battles near Kharkiv in 1943, but also during the battles in France in 1944. Another thing is that the quality of the commanding staff of these units was in many cases debatable, and many Waffen-SS soldiers committed war crimes during World War II. The first tanks in the German army appeared at the end of World War I - these were the A7V machines. After the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, the German armed forces were forbidden to develop armored weapons, but the German side did not honor these restrictions and secretly developed armored weapons. However, after Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, this development became fully official, and in 1935 the 1st Armored Division was formed. In the period 1935-1939, further divisions were formed, and their main equipment was the Pz.Kpfw cars: I, II, III and IV. A single armored division at that time was composed of a tank brigade divided into two armored regiments, a motorized infantry brigade and support units, among others: reconnaissance, artillery, anti-aircraft and sappers. It consisted of about 300 tanks in full time. It is also worth adding that the German armored forces (German: Panzerwaffe) were trained and prepared to implement the doctrine of lightning war, and not - as in many armies of the time - to support infantry activities. Therefore, emphasis was put in training "pancerniaków" on the interchangeability of functions, independence in decision-making by officers and non-commissioned officers and the best technical mastery of the tanks owned. All this resulted in great successes of German armored weapons in Poland in 1939, but especially in Western Europe in 1940. Also in the course of the fighting in North Africa - especially in the period 1941-1942 - the German armored forces turned out to be a very difficult opponent. Before the invasion of the USSR, the number of German armored divisions almost doubled, but the number of tanks in these units decreased to about 150-200 vehicles. Also in the course of the fighting on the Eastern Front - especially in 1941-1942 - the German armored forces were superior in training and organization to their Soviet opponent. However, contact with such vehicles as the T-34 or KW-1 forced the introduction of the Pz.Kpfw V and VI tanks to the line in 1942 and 1943. Growing losses on the Eastern Front, as well as lost battles - at Stalingrad or Kursk - made the German Panzerwaffe weaken. Its structure included heavy tank battalions (with 3 tank companies), and in 1943, armored grenadier divisions were established. There was also an increasingly clear advantage of the Soviet side, and from 1944 - the need to simultaneously fight the Soviet troops in the east and the Allies in the west. It is also assumed that it was then (in the years 1944-1945) that the training of the German armored forces was weaker than in the previous period and did not constitute such a significant advantage on the German side than before. The last large-scale operations of the German Panzerwaffe were the offensives in the Ardennes (1944-1945) and in Hungary (1945). Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Eduard Šifra proizvoda: edu11172 Težina 0.85 kg Ean: 8591437577989 Skala 1:48 Dodato je u katalog: 21.3.2023 Tagovi Supermarine-Spitfire Kit of British WWII fighter aircraft Spitfire Mk.Vb and Vc. From the kit you can build Spitfires fighting in the defence of the island Malta. - plastic parts:Eduard - marking options: 12 - decals: Eduard - PE parts, Mask Supermarine Spitfire is probably the most famous British fighter from the Second World War. It was an all-metal machine with a low wing configuration, characteristic elliptical wings, a classic tail and a retractable landing gear. The prototype flight took place on March 5, 1936. The Spitfire proved to be the RAF's staple of the war, which continued to do well after the war, remaining in production for 10 years. The history of the Spitfire began on the drawing desk of RJ Mitchell, Supermarine's lead designer. The first machines went to RAF units in 1938, but when the Battle of Britain began in the summer of 1940, there were already 19 squadrons of modern fighters at the airfields - together with the slightly older Hurricanes of the Islands, 600 aircraft were defending. With the expansion of hostilities, the Spitfire served wherever the RAF operated in the Far East, North Africa and Italy, during the Normandy landings and fighting in France, and finally during the operation in Germany in 1945. For many Britons, he became a symbol of victory in World War II. This wonderful machine has at least a dozen production versions. The most important of them are, among others the first mass-produced Spitfire Mk.I powered by a 1030hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II engine. It was above all this machine that made such an excellent contribution to the Battle of Britain. Many versions of this model have been developed, including PR Mk IA (reconnaissance version) or PR.IG (armed reconnaissance version). Another interesting version was the Spitfire Mk.V with a Rolls-Royce Merlin 45 engine with 1440HP. Later, Merlin 50 engines were also assembled. Serial production of this version started in 1941 and was the RAF's response to the appearance of the Messerschmitt Bf-109F. Another very successful version is the Spitfire Mk.IX, powered by a Merlin 61 engine with a 4-blade propeller. It was created as an opponent to the Focke-Wulf Fw-190 and was put into production at the end of 1941. This version was modified many times and, for example, in 1944 it got a new gyro sight, an enlarged rudder or a different wing system. Another major version is the Spitfire Mk.XIV with a Rolls-Royce Griffon 61 engine and a five-bladed propeller. Serial production started in October 1943. One of the last series produced was the Mk.21 version. This version had a Griffon 61 engine, a strongly reinforced structure and sheathing, the wings were extended, increasing their flying surface. Mass production started in March 1945. Technical data (Mk.XIV version): length: 9.14m, wingspan: 11.23m, height: 3.05m, maximum speed: 717km / h, rate of climb: 18.5m / s, practical ceiling: 13,200m, range maximum: 1815 km, armament: fixed - 4 7.7mm machine guns and 2 20mm Hispano Mk II cannons, suspended - up to 225 kg of bombs. 3_edu11172_instruction_sheet.pdf Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Eduard Šifra proizvoda: edu11149 Težina 0.86 kg Ean: 8591437560929 Skala 1:48 Dodato je u katalog: 23.6.2021 Tagovi Supermarine-Spitfire Kit of British WWII fighter aircraft Spitfire MkVb and Mk.Vc. plastic parts:Eduard - marking options: 12 -decals: Eduard, PE parts: yes, pre-painted, painting mask: yes, resin parts: no Supermarine Spitfire is probably the most famous British fighter from the Second World War. It was an all-metal machine with a low wing configuration, characteristic elliptical wings, a classic tail and a retractable landing gear. The prototype flight took place on March 5, 1936. The Spitfire proved to be the RAF's staple of the war, which continued to do well after the war, remaining in production for 10 years. The history of the Spitfire began on the drawing desk of RJ Mitchell, Supermarine's lead designer. The first machines went to RAF units in 1938, but when the Battle of Britain began in the summer of 1940, there were already 19 squadrons of modern fighters at the airfields - together with the slightly older Hurricanes of the Islands, 600 aircraft were defending. With the expansion of hostilities, the Spitfire served wherever the RAF operated in the Far East, North Africa and Italy, during the Normandy landings and fighting in France, and finally during the operation in Germany in 1945. For many Britons, he became a symbol of victory in World War II. This wonderful machine has at least a dozen production versions. The most important of them are, among others the first mass-produced Spitfire Mk.I powered by a 1030hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II engine. It was above all this machine that made such an excellent contribution to the Battle of Britain. Many versions of this model have been developed, including PR Mk IA (reconnaissance version) or PR.IG (armed reconnaissance version). Another interesting version was the Spitfire Mk.V with a Rolls-Royce Merlin 45 engine with 1440HP. Later, Merlin 50 engines were also assembled. Serial production of this version started in 1941 and was the RAF's response to the appearance of the Messerschmitt Bf-109F. Another very successful version is the Spitfire Mk.IX, powered by a Merlin 61 engine with a 4-blade propeller. It was created as an opponent to the Focke-Wulf Fw-190 and was put into production at the end of 1941. This version was modified many times and, for example, in 1944 it got a new gyro sight, an enlarged rudder or a different wing system. Another major version is the Spitfire Mk.XIV with a Rolls-Royce Griffon 61 engine and a five-bladed propeller. Serial production started in October 1943. One of the last series produced was the Mk.21 version. This version had a Griffon 61 engine, a strongly reinforced structure and sheathing, the wings were extended, increasing their flying surface. Mass production started in March 1945. Technical data (Mk.XIV version): length: 9.14m, wingspan: 11.23m, height: 3.05m, maximum speed: 717km / h, rate of climb: 18.5m / s, practical ceiling: 13,200m, range maximum: 1815 km, armament: fixed - 4 7.7mm machine guns and 2 20mm Hispano Mk II cannons, suspended - up to 225 kg of bombs. 3_edu11149_instruction_sheet.pdf Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem

Kao na slikama Nolit, 1978 Tvrd povez sa omotom, 7 knjiga. Komplet je lepo očuvan, zaštitni omoti kao na slikama 1. Proces/ 253 strane 2. Zamak/ 401 strana 3. Amerika/ 297 strana 4. Pripovetke/ 546 strana 5. Dnevnici 1910-1913/ 317 strana 6. Dnevnici 1914-1923/ 387 strana 7. Pisma/ 301 strana Franc Kafka (nem. Franz Kafka, češ. František Kafka; Prag, 3. jul 1883 — Klosternojburg, 3. jun 1924) je nemački pisac[1][2] jevrejsko-češkoga porekla kojeg kritika danas smatra jednim od najvećih autora XX veka. Kafka je govorio i svoja dela pisao na nemačkom jeziku.[3] Dobro je znao i češki jezik. Stilom pisanja, Kafka je pripadao avangardi, pravcu iz srednje faze modernizma, ali je svojim delovanjem uveliko uticao na brojne stilove kasnog modernizma, uključujući i egzistencijalizam. Njegova najznačajnija dela, pripovetka Preobražaj, te romani Proces i Dvorac prepuni su tematike koja predstavlja arhetipove otuđenosti, psihofizičke brutalnosti, sukoba na relaciji roditelji-deca, likova na zastrašujućim putovanjima i mističnih transformacija. Kafka je rođen u jevrejskoj porodici srednje klase u Pragu, tada u Austrougarskoj monarhiji, koja je govorila nemački jezik, a školovao se za pravnika. Po završetku pravnih studija, Kafka se zaposlio u osiguravajućem društvu. U slobodno vreme je počeo pisati kratke priče te je ostatak života proveo žaleći se kako nema dovoljno vremena da se posveti onome što je smatrao svojim pravim pozivom. Takođe je žalio što je toliko vremena morao posvetiti svom Brotberufu (nem.: `Posao koji donosi hleb`; dnevni posao). Zbog nedostatka slobodnog vremena i društvenog života, Kafka je preferirao komunikaciju preko pisama, ostavivši iza sebe stotine pisama među kojima su i ona pisana ocu, zaručnici Felis Bauer te najmlađoj sestri Otli. Kafka je imao problematičan odnos sa svojim autoritativnim ocem koji će uveliko uticati na njegovo pisanje, kao i interni konflikt sa vlastitim jevrejstvom, za koje je smatrao kako nema velike poveznice s njim. Tokom njegovog života, samo je mali broj Kafkinih dela izašao iz štampe: zbirke kratkih priča Razmatranje i Seoski lekar, te neke individualne pripovetke (Preobražaj) izdavane u časopisima. Iako je zbirku Umetnik u gladovanju pripremio za štampu, ona nije izašla do nakon njegove smrti. Kafkina nedovršena dela, uključujući i romane Proces, Zamak i Amerika, nisu štampana do nakon njegove smrti, a većinu ih je izdao njegov prijatelj Maks Brod, ignorišući tako Kafiknu želju da mu se dela unište nakon smrti. Alber Kami i Žan Pol Sartr predvode listu pisaca na koje je uticalo Kafkino delo, a termin „Kafkijanska atmosfera“ ušao je u teoriju književnosti, kako bi se opisale nadrealne situacije kao u Kafkinim delima. Biografija[uredi | uredi izvor] Porodica[uredi | uredi izvor] Franc Kafka, 1888. godine. Kafkine sestre (sleva nadesno): Vali, Eli i Otla. Kafkini roditelji, Herman i Julija Kafka. Franc Kafka rođen je 3. jula 1883. u jevrejskoj porodici srednje klase, koja je govorila nemačkim jezikom, u Pragu, tada delu Austrougarske. Njegovog oca, Hermana Kafku (1852—1931), biograf Stanli Korngold opisao je kao `glomaznog, sebičnog i oholog biznismena`,[4] a samog Kafku kao `pravog Kafku, snažnog, zdravog, gladnog, glasnog, elokventnog, samodostatnog, dominantnog, izdržljivog, koncentrisanog i izvrsnog poznavatelja ljudske naravi.`[5] Herman je bio četvrto dete Jakoba Kafke,[6][7] obrednog mesara (hebrejski: shochet) koji je u Prag došao iz Oseka, češkog sela u blizini mesta Strakonjice sa brojnom jevrejskom populacijom.[8] Nakon što je radio kao trgovački putnik, vremenom je postao trgovac neobičnim dobrima i odećom, koji je zapošljavao i do 15 radnika, a kao logo svog posla koristio je sliku čavke, koja se na češkom zove kavka.[9] Kafkina majka, Julija (1856—1934), bila je kćerka Jakoba Lovija, uspešnog trgovca na malo iz banjskog mesta Podjebradi,[10] koja je bila obrazovanija od svog supruga.[6] Kafkini su roditelji verovatno govorili varijantom nemačkog pod uticajem jidiša koji se, ponekad, pežorativno naziva Mauscheldeutsch, ali kako se nemački smatrao osnovnim sredstvom društvenog uspona, verovatno su decu podsticali da govore književnim nemačkim.[11] Plaketa koja označava rodnom mesto Franca Kafke u Pragu, koji su dizajnirali Karel Hladik i Jan Kaplicki, 1966 Kafkina rodna kuća nalazi se u blizini trga Staromjestske namjesti u Pragu, a u porodici sa šestoro dece, Franc je bio najstariji.[12] Njegova braća, Georg i Hajnrih, umrli su kao deca, još pre Francove sedme godine; sestre su mu se zvale Gabriele (`Eli`) (1889—1944), Valeri (`Vali`) (1890—1944) i Otili (`Otla`) (1892—1943). Tokom radnih dana, oba roditelja nisu bila kod kuće. Majka Julija je radila i do 12 sati dnevno kako bi pomogla u vođenju Hermanovog posla. Kao rezultat toga, Kafkino je detinjstvo bilo prilično samotno,[13] a decu su mahom odgajale brojne guvernante i sluškinje. Kafkin problematičan odnos s ocem pomno je dokumentovan u njegovom pismu ocu (Brief an den Vater), na preko 100 stranica na kojima piše kako je očev autoritativan stav uveliko uticao na njega.[14] S druge strane, majka mu je bila tiha i sramežljiva.[15] Upravo je očeva dominantna ličnost uveliko uticala na njegovo pisanje.[16] Obrazovanje[uredi | uredi izvor] Palata Kinski, gde je Kafka išao u gimnaziju, na Starom gradskom trgu u Pragu. U razdoblju od 1889. do 1893, Kafka se školovao u Deutsche Knabenschule (Nemačka osnovna škola za dečake) u današnjoj Ulici Masna (tada Masný trh/Fleischmarkt). Mada je govorio češki, Kafka je školovan u nemačkim školama na insistiranje njegovog autoritativnog oca. Njegovo jevrejsko obrazovanje završeno je njegovom bar micvom u uzrastu od 13 godina. Sam Kafka nije uživao u odlascima u sinagogu te je išao samo praznicima, s ocem, četiri puta godišnje.[5][17][18] Po završetku osnovne škole 1893. godine, Kafka je primljen u strogu, klasično-orijentisanu nemačku gimnaziju Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, na Starom gradskom trgu, u sklopu palate Kinski. I ovde se nastava odvijala na nemačkom, ali Kafka je znao i pisati i govoriti češki;[19][20] potonji je učio u gimnaziji punih osam godina, postigavši dobar uspeh.[21] Mada je dobijao samo komplimente za svoj češki, nikada se nije smatrao fluentnim.[22] Maturske ispite položio je 1901. godine.[23] Nakon maturiranja, Kafka je upisao Karl-Ferdinands-Universität u Pragu, ali se nakon samo dve nedelje studiranja hemije prebacio na pravo.[24] Mada ova struka nije previše zanimala Kafku, otvarala mu je široku lepezu poslova koji su zadovoljavali njegovog oca. Uz sve to, studije prava su trajale znatno duže, što je Kafki omogućilo da istovremeno pohađa predavanja iz nemačkih studija i istorije umetnosti.[25] Takođe se pridružio i studentskom klubu, Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (nem. Čitalački i nastavni klub nemačkih studenata), koji je organizovao književna događanja, čitanja i slične aktivnosti.[26] Među Kafkinim prijateljima bili su novinar Feliks Veltš, koji je studirao filozofiju, glumac Yitzchak Lowy, koji je dolazio iz varšavske hasidističke porodice, te pisci Oskar Baum i Franc Verfel.[27] Pred kraj prve godine, Kafka je upoznao kolegu Maksa Broda, koji će mu ubrzo postati doživotni prijatelj.[26] Brod je ubrzo primetio da su, iako je Kafka bio sramežljiv i retko je pričao, stvari koje je rekao izrazito duboke.[28] Kafka je tokom celog života bio strastven čitalac;[29] zajedno s Brodom, pročitao je Platonovog Protagoru na izvornom grčkom, na Brodovu inicijativu, te Floberova dela Sentimentalno vaspitanje i Iskušenje svetog Antonija na francuskom, na Kafkin predlog.[30] Kafka je Fjodora Dostojevskog, Gistava Flobera, Franca Grilparzera i Hajnriha fon Klajsta smatrao `istinskom braćom po krvi`.[31] Uz navedene, Kafka je bio zainteresovan i za češku književnost[19][20] te dela Johana Volfganga Getea.[32] Kafka je 18. jula 1906. godine[a] stekao titulu doktora pravnih nauka te je odradio godinu dana besplatnog stažiranja kao sudski pripravnik na građanskim i kaznenim sudovima.[34][35] Posao[uredi | uredi izvor] Kafka se bojao da će ga ljudi smatrati fizički i psihički odbojnim. Ipak, oni koji su ga upoznali (...) takođe su [ga] smatrali dečački zgodnim, ali mu je pojava bila oštra.[36] Dana 1. novembra 1907, Franc Kafka je dobio posao u kompaniji Assicurazioni Generali, italijanskoj osiguravajućoj kući za koju je radio gotovo godinu dana. Njegova pisma iz tog razdoblja upućuju kako je bio nezadovoljan radnim vremenom - od 08:00 do 18:00[37][38] - koje mu je onemogućavalo da se posveti pisanju, koje mu je postajalo sve važnije. U tom je razdoblju mogao pisati isključivo noću, a noćno pisanje bilo je izrazito iscrpno s obzirom na radno vreme. Dana 15. jula 1908. dao je otkaz, a za dve nedelje je našao posao u Institutu za radničko osiguranje od ozleda Kraljevine Češke koji mu je omogućio više vremena za pisanje. Opis posla bilo mu je istraživanje i procena kompenzacija za osobne ozlede industrijskih radnika; incidenti kao izgubljeni prsti ili udovi bili su česti u to vreme. Profesor menadžmenta Peter Druker kreditira Kafku kao tvorca prve civilne zaštitne kacige, ali to ne potvrđuje nijedan dokument Kafkinog poslodavca.[39][40] Njegov je otac često njegov posao u osiguravajućem društvu nazivao Brotberuf, posao koji radi samo kako bi plaćao račune; sam Kafka je nekoliko puta izjavio kako ga prezire. Kafka je jako brzo napredovao te su njegovi zadaci uključivali procesovanje i istraživanje zahteva za naknadom, pisanje izvještaja i rešavanje apela raznih biznismena koji su smatrali kako im je kompanija stavljena u kategoriju previsokog rizika, što im je povećavalo premije za osiguranje.[41] Takođe, tokom nekoliko godina rada u društvu, zadatak mu je bio sastavljanje godišnjeg izvještaja o osiguranju. Njegovi nadređeni su jako dobro primali te izvještaje.[42] Radno vreme uglavnom mu je završavalo oko 14:00, što mu je davalo dovoljno vremena za pisanje, kojemu je bio posvećen.[43] U kasnijim godinama, bolest ga je često sprečavala u odlasku na posao, ali i pisanju. Mnogo godina kasnije, Brod je skovao termin Der enge Prager Kreis (nem. Uski praški krug), kako bi objedinio grupu pisaca kojima su pripadali Kafka, Feliks Veltš i on.[44][45] Krajem 1911. Kafka i Karl Herman, suprug njegove sestre Eli, postaju partneri u prvoj fabrici azbesta u Pragu, znanoj kao Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., otvorenoj uz pomoć miraznog novca, koji je dao Herman Kafka. Iako je isprva pokazivao entuzijazam i velik deo slobodnog vremena posvećivao poslu, Kafka je ubrzo zamrzeo fabriku, jer mu je previše vremena oduzimala od pisanja.[46] U ovom razdoblju se zainteresovao za jevrejsko pozorište na jidišu, uprkos bojazni prijatelja kao što je Brod, koji su ga svejedno podržavali u njegovim interesovanjima. Nakon što je u novembru 1911. prisustvovao pozorišnoj predstavi, Kafka je sledećih šest meseci proveo intenzivno se baveći jidišom i jevrejskom književnošću.[47] Ta preokupacija poslužila mu je i kao temelj za njegovu rastuću povezanost sa jevrejstvom.[48] Otprilike u ovom razdoblju postao je i vegetarijanac.[49] Negde tokom 1915. godine, Kafka je dobio poziv za vojsku kako bi služio u Prvom svetskom ratu, ali su njegovi poslodavci sredili otpust, jer se njegov posao smatrao esencijalnim za državu. Kasnije je ipak pokušao da se pridruži vojsci, ali su ga u tome sprečili zdravstveni problemi. Naime, tuberkuloza[50] mu je dijagnostikovana 1917. godine.[51] Privatni život[uredi | uredi izvor] Franc Kafka 1917. godine. Prema Brodu, Kafku je konstantno `mučila` seksualna požuda.[52] Kao odrasla osoba, često je posvećivao bordele,[53][54][55] a zanimala ga je i pornografija.[52] Uz sve to, tokom života je spavao s mnogo žena. Dana 13. avgusta 1912. Kafka je upoznao Felis Bauer, Brodovu rođaku, koja je radila u Berlinu kao predstavnica jedne diktafonske kompanije. Nedelju dana nakon upoznavanja u domu Brodovih, Kafka je napisao u svoj dnevnik: Gospođica FB. Kod Broda sam stigao 13. avgusta, ona je sedela za stolom. Nisam uopšte bio željan saznati ko je ona, već sam je odmah uzeo zdravo za gotovo. Koščato, prazno lice koje je otvoreno pokazivalo svoju praznoću. Goli vrat. Nabačena bluza. Izgledala je jako domicilno u svojoj haljini iako, kako se ispostavilo, uopšte nije bila takva. (Posmatrajući je ovako detaljno, pomalo se otuđujem od nje ...) Skoro slomljen nos. Plava, nekako ravna, neatraktivna kosa, snažna brada. Kada sam sedao, dobro sam je pogledao po prvi put, dok sam seo, već sam imao nesalomljivo mišljenje o njoj.[56][57] Nedugo nakon ovoga, Kafka je u samo jednoj noći napisao priču `Пресуда`, a u plodnom periodu je radio na svom romanu Amerika i na pripovetki `Preobražaj`. Kafka i Felis Bauer su, tokom sledećih pet godina, komunicirali uglavnom preko pisama, povremeno su se viđali i dva su se puta verili.[58] Drugu veridbu, Kafka je raskinuo 1917. kada je oboleo od tuberkuloze. Kafkina opsežna pisma izdata su kao zbirka Pisma Felisi; njena pisma se nisu sačuvala.[56][59][60] Biografi Rehner Stah i Džejms Haves tvrde kako je Kafka, oko 1920. bio veren i treći put, Julijom Vohrizek, siromašnom i neobrazovanom hotelskom sobaricom.[58][61] Stah i Brod takođe navode kako je Kafka, dok je poznavao Felis Bauer, imao aferu sa njenom prijateljicom, Margaretom `Gretom` Bloh,[62] Jevrejkom iz Berlina. Brod takođe tvrdi kako je Blohova rodila Kafkinog sina, iako ovaj nikada nije saznao za dete. Dečak, čije je ime nepoznato, rođen je ili 1914. ili 1915. te je umro u Minhenu 1921. godine.[63][64] Ipak, Kafkin biograf Peter-Andre Alt tvrdi da, iako Blohova jeste imala sina, Kafka nije otac, jer par nikada nije bio intiman.[65][66] Stah takođe tvrdi kako Kafka nije imao dece.[67] Berlin je odigrao veliku ulogu u Kafkinom privatnom životu. Iz Berlina su bile Felis Bauer i Margareta Bloh, a sam Kafka je tamo krako živeo dok je bio u vezi sa Dorom Dijamant. Na slici je poznati bulevar Unter den Linden, prikaz iz 1900. godine. U avgustu 1917. Kafki je dijagnostikovana tuberkuloza, nakon čega je nekoliko meseci boravio u selu Siržem (češ. Siřem, nem. Zürau), gde je njegova sestra Otla radila na farmi sa svojim šurakom Hermanom. Boravak tamo mu je veoma prijao, te je kasnije taj period opisao kao verovatno najbolji u svom životu, verovatno zato što nije imao nikakvih obaveza. Pisao je dnevnike i oktave. Iz tih je beleški Kafka uspeo izvući 109 numerisanih komada teksta na Zetelu, komadu papira bez nekog reda. Oni su izdati kao zbirka Razmišljanja o Grehu, Nadi, Patnji i Pravom putu (na nemačkom izdato kao Die Zürauer Aphorismen oder Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg).[68] Godine 1920,, Kafka je započeo vezu s češkom novinarkom i književnicom, Milenom Jesenskom. Kafkina pisma njoj kasnije su izdata kao Pisma Mileni.[69] Tokom odmora u julu 1923, koji je proveo u mestu Gral-Miric na Baltiku, Kafka je upoznao Doru Dijamant, dvadesetpetogodišnju odgajateljicu iz ortodoksne jevrejske porodice. Kafka se, u nadi da će se tako osloboditi porodičnog uticaja i moći pisati, nakratko preselio u Berlin, gde je živeo sa Dorom. Postala mu je ljubavnica i zainteresovala ga za Talmud.[70] U tom je periodu radio na četiri priče, koje je trebalo da budu štampane pod naslovom Umetnik u gladovanju.[69] Ličnost[uredi | uredi izvor] Kafka se bojao da će ga ljudi smatrati fizički i psihički odbojnim. Ipak, oni koji su ga upoznali uvideli su kako je tih i staložen, kako poseduje očitu inteligenciju i suh smisao za humor; takođe su ga smatrali dečački zgodnim, ali mu je pojava bila oštra.[36] Brod ga je uporedio s Hajnrihom fon Klajstom, primetivši kako su oba pisca imala sposobnost jasnog i realističkog opisivanja situacije do u detalje.[71] Kafka je bio jedna od najzabavnijih osoba koje je Brod upoznao; uživao je u šalama i zabavljanju s prijateljima, ali im je i davao dobre savete u problematičnim situacijama.[72] Takođe, prema Brodu, Kafka je bio strastven recitator koji je mogao govoriti kao da peva.[73] Brod je smatrao kako su `apsolutna istinoljubivost` i `precizna savesnost` dve Kafkine najznačajnije osobine.[74][75] Istraživao bi detalj, ono neprimetno, temeljito s tolikom ljubavlju i preciznošću da su se počele pojavljivati stvari, koje su dotad bile neviđene, ali su bile ništa doli istinite.[76] Iako kao dete nije negovao vežbanje, u kasnijem je dobu pokazivao interes za igre i fizičku aktivnost,[29] postavši dobar biciklista, plivač i ronilac.[74] Vikendima, Kafka bi s prijateljima išao na duge šetnje, koje bi najčešće predložio on sam.[77] Među ostalim interesima bili su alternativna medicina, novi obrazovni sastavi kao metoda Montesori[74] te tehnički noviteti kao što su avioni i film.[78] Samo pisanje bilo mu je toliko bitno da ga je smatrao `vrstom molitve`.[79] Bio je i jako osetljiv na zvuk tako da je voleo tišinu prilikom pisanja.[80] Autor Perez-Alvarez sugerirao je kako je Kafka možda bolovao od šizoidnog poremećaja ličnosti.[81] Njegov stil, ne samo u `Preobražaju` već i u drugim delima, sadrži određene šizoidne karakteristike koje objašnjavaju dobar deo iznenađenja u njegovim delima.[82] Njegova muka vidljiva je u dnevničkom zapisu od 21. jula 1913.:[83] Veliki je svet što ga nosim u glavi. Ali kako osloboditi sebe i njih a da se ne rastrgnem. I hiljadu puta radije plačem u sebi. Radi toga sam tu, toliko mi je jasno.[84] Kao i u Zürau Aphorism, broj 50: Čovek ne može živeti bez permanentnog verovanja u nešto neuništivo u sebi samom, mada mu i to nešto neuništivo i vera u to mogu biti trajno skriveni.[85] Mada se nikada nije ženio, Kafka je brak i decu izrazito cenio. Iako je imao nekoliko devojaka,[86] neki su autori spekulisali o njegovoj seksualnosti; drugi su, pak, sugerisali kako je imao nekakav poremećaj hranjenja. Doktor M. M. Fihter s Psihijatrijske klinike Univerziteta u Minhenu u svom radu iz 1988. predstavlja „dokaze za hipotezu da je pisac Franc Kafka bolovao od atipičnog oblika anoreksije nervoze.“[87] U svojoj knjizi Franc Kafka, jevrejski pacijent iz 1995, Sander Gilman je istražio `zašto bi jednog Jevrejina smatrali `hipohondrom` ili `homoseksualcem` te kako Kafka inkorporira aspekte tih načina shvatanja jevrejskog muškarca u svoju vlastitu sliku i delo.`[88] Isto tako, Kafka je barem jednom razmišljao o samoubistvu, pred kraj 1912. godine.[89] Politički stavovi[uredi | uredi izvor] Kako tvrdi njegov školski kolega Hugo Bergman, Kafka je u školu nosio crveni karanfil kako bi pokazao svoje simpatije prema socijalizmu. Pre početka Prvog svetskog rata,[90] Kafka je bio na nekoliko sastanaka Kluba Mladih, češke anarhističke, antimilitarističke i anitikleričke organizacije.[91] Hugo Bergman, koji je pohađao istu osnovnu i srednju školu kao i Kafka, razišao se s Kafkom tokom njihove poslednje akademske godine (1900/1901) jer su `[Kafkin] socijalizam i moj cionizam bili previše stridentni`.[92][93] `Franc je postao socijalista, ja sam postao cionista 1898. Sinteza cionizma i socijalizma tada još nije postojala.`[93] Bergman tvrdi kako je Kafka u školu nosio crveni karanfil kao znak podrške socijalizmu.[93] U jednom dnevničkom zapisu, Kafka je referirao na anarhističkog filozofa, Pjotra Kropotkina: `Ne zaboravi Kropotkina!`[94] Kasnije je, o češkim anarhistima, rekao: `Oni su svi bezahvalno hteli shvatiti ljudsku sreću. Ja sam ih razumio. Ali... nisam mogao predugo marširati uz njih.`[95] Tokom komunističkog razdoblja, ostavština Kafkinog dela za socijalizam Istočnog bloka je bila vruća tema. Mišljenja su sezala od toga da je satirizirao birokratiju raspadajuće Austrougarske do toga da je utelovio uspon socijalizma.[96] Još jedna bitna tačka bila je alijenacija; dok je konzervativno stajalište glasilo da Kafkini prikazi alijenacije više nisu relevantni za društvo koje je navodno eliminisalo alijenaciju, konferencija održana u čehoslovačkom mestu Liblice 1963. godine, povodom autorovog osamdesetog rođendana, naglasila je trajnu važnost Kafkinog prikaza birokratskog društva.[97] Ipak, pitanje je li Kafka bio politički autor ili nije je još uvek predmet debate.[98] Judaizam i cionizam[uredi | uredi izvor] Odrastajući, Kafka je bio Jevrejin koji je govorio nemački u Pragu, gradu u kojim je dominirao češki jezik.[99] Bio je duboko fasciniran Jevrejima iz istočne Evrope, za koje je smatrao da poseduju intenzitet duhovnog života koji je nedostajao Jevrejima na Zapadu. Njegov dnevnik je pun referenci na jevrejske pisce.[100] Ipak, neretko je bio otuđen kako od Jevreja tako i od judaizma: `Šta ja imam zajedničko sa Jevrejima? Jedva da imam nešto zajedničko sa samim sobom i bolje mi je da stojim tiho u uglu, zadovoljan što mogu disati.`[101] Hejvs sugerira da Kafka, makar izuzetno svestan svog jevrejstva, nije inkorporisao te elemente u svojim delima, kojima, prema Hejvsu, nedostaju jevrejski likova, scena ili tema.[102][103][104] Prema mišljenju književnog kritičara Harolda Bluma, Kafka je, iako mu je vlastito jevrejstvo bilo strano, bio suštinski jevrejski pisac.[105] Lotar Kan je jednako jasan: `Prisutnost jevrejstva u Kafkinom delu sada je nesumnjiva.`[106] Pavel Ejsner, prvi prevodilac Kafkinih dela, tumači Proces kao utelovljenje `trostruke dimenzije postojanja Jevreja u Pragu... njegov protagonista, Jozef K. je (simbolično) uhapšen od strane Nemca (Rabensteiner), Čeha (Kullich) i Židova (Kaminer). On predstavlja `neskrivljenu krivicu` koja prožima jednog Jevrejina u savremenom svetu, iako nema dokaza da je i on sam Jevrejin.`[107] U svom eseju Tuga u Palestini?!, izraelski pisac Dan Miron istražuje Kafkin odnos prema cionizmu: `Čini se da su i oni koji smatraju da takva veza postoji i da je cionizam odigrao centralnu ulogu u njegovom životu i delu, kao i oni koji negiraju takvu vezu u celosti ili joj ne pridaju važnosti, svi u krivu. Istina se nalazi na vrlo nejasnom mestu koje se nalazi između ova dva pojednostavljena pola.`[100] Kafka je razmišljao da se, prvo s Felis Bauer, a onda i s Dorom Dijamant, preseli u Palestinu. Dok je boravio u Berlinu učio je hebrejski, unajmivši Brodovog prijatelja iz Palestine, po imenu Pua Bat-Tovim, da ga podučava[100] i odlazeći na časove rabina Julijusa Gutmana[b] na berlinskom Fakultetu za jevrejske studije.[108] Livija Rotkirhen naziva Kafku `simboličnim figurom svoga vremena`.[107] Njegovi savremenici bili su mnogi nemački, češki i jevrejski pisci, koji su bili osetljivi na nemačku, austrijsku, češku i jevrejsku kulturu. Prema Rotkirhenovoj, `ta situacija dala je njihovim delima širok, kosmopolitski izgled i kvalitet egzaltacije koja je graničila s transcedentnom metafizičkom kontemplacijom. Najbolji primer je Franc Kafka.`[107] Smrt[uredi | uredi izvor] Grob Franca Kafke i njegovih roditelja na groblju u četvrti Žižkov. Kafkina tuberkuloza grkljana pogoršala se u martu 1924. godine te se morao vratiti iz Berlina u Prag,[58] gde su ga negovali članovi porodice, posebno sestra Otla. Dana 10. aprila 1924. otišao je u sanatorijum doktora Hofmana u Kierlingu, pokraj Beča,[69] gde je i umro 3. juna 1924. godine. Čini se kako je uzrok smrti bilo gladovanje - bol u grlu bila je, očito, toliko snažna da Kafka nije mogao jesti, a kako tada još uvek nisu postojale druge metode hranjenja, nije postojao način da konzumira hranu.[109][110] Telo mu je preneto nazad u Prag, gde je sahranjen 11. juna 1924. na Novom jevrejskom groblju u četvrti Žižkov.[54] Kafka je tokom života bio anoniman, i slavu je smatrao nebitnom. Ipak, stekao je slavu ubrzo nakon smrti.[79] Delo[uredi | uredi izvor] Prva stranica Pisma ocu. Sva izdata dela Franca Kafke, osim nekoliko pisama Čehinji Mileni Jesenskoj, pisana su na nemačkom jeziku. Ono malo što je izdato tokom autorovog života, privuklo je oskudnu pažnju, što se ne može reći za njegova posthumno izdata dela. Kafka nije dovršio nijedan svoj roman, a spalio je gotovo 90% svega što je napisao,[111][112] posebno dok je živeo u Berlinu, gde mu je Dora Dijamant pomogla u paljenju skica za dela.[113] U ranoj stvaralačkoj fazi, uzor mu je bio nemački pisac Hajnrih fon Klajst koga je, u jednom pismu Felisi Bauer, opisao kao zastrašujućeg i za koga je smatrao da mu je bliži nego sopstvena porodica.[114] Priče[uredi | uredi izvor] Kafka je bio plodan pisac kratkih priča i pripovetki. Neke njegove izdate priče nazivane su Erzählung (nemački: priče), a neke Geschichte (nemački: pripovijetke). Neke od njih su relativno duge (`Preobražaj`, `U kažnjeničkoj koloniji`, `Presuda`), dok su druge bile samo paragraf duge (gotovo kao aforizmi; na primer `Odustani!`, `Prometej`, `Mala basna` ili `Istina o Sanču Panzi`). Najstarija sačuvana Kafkina priča je |`Der Unredliche in seinem Herzen`. Ona nikada nije štampana, ali je bila deo pisma prijatelju Oskaru Polaku iz 1902. godine. Kafkina prva izdana dela su osam priča koje su se 1908. godine pojavile u prvom izdanju časopisa Hyperion pod zbirnim naslovom Razmišljanje. U razdoblju od 1904. do 1909. radio je na priči `Opis jedne borbe`. Kada ju je pokazao Brodu, ovaj ga je savetovao da nastavi raditi i pošalje je Hyperionu. Jedan odlomak priče izdao je 1908,[115] a dva u proleće 1909, sve u Minhenu.[116] U kreativnom naletu u noći 22. septembra 1912, Kafka je napisao priču `Presuda`, koju je posvetio Felisi Bauer. Brod je uočio sličnost u imenima glavnog lika i njegove fiktivne zaručnice, Georga Bendemanna i Friede Brandenfeld, s imenima Franca Kafke i Felise Bauer.[117] Ova priča se uglavnom smatra za delo koje je stvorilo Kafku kao pisca. Priča se bavi problematičnim odnosom sina i njegovog dominantnog oca, koji dobija novu dimenziju nakon što se sin zaruči.[118][119] Kafka je kasnije rekao kako je pisao s `potpunim otkrivanjem svoje duše i tela`[120] tu priču koja se `razvila kao pravo rođenje, prekrivena prljavštinom i muljem.`[121] Rukopis priče Kafka je poslao i Felisi (u pismu od 2. juna 1913), dodavši neobičnu tvrdnju: `Nalaziš li u Presudi ikakav smisao, hoću reći određen, koherentno izražen, shvatljiv smisao? Ja ga ne nalazim i nisam u stanju išta tumačiti?`[122] Priča je prvi put štampana u Lajpcigu 1912. godine uz posvetu `Gospođici Felisi Bauer`, koja je u kasnijim izdanjima promenjena `za F`.[69] Godine 1912,, Franc Kafka je napisao pripovetku `Preobražaj`,[123] izdanu 1915. godine u Lajpcigu. Radi se o neobičnoj, gotovo nadrealnoj priči koja je verovatno jedan od najboljih i najreprezentativnijih primera Kafkinog magijskog realizma. Priča započinje in medias res, prvom rečenicom Kad se Gregor Samsa jednoga jutra probudio iz nemirnih snova, nađe se u svom krevetu preobražen u golemog insekta. Nemački izvornik koristi termin ungeheuren Ungeziefer, koji se doslovno može prevesti kao monstruozno čudovište, s tim da reč Ungeziefer generalno označava neželjene i prljave životinje. Bubašvaba, u koju se Gregor Samsa pretvorio, bio je upravo to. Pripovetka dalje prati život (ili životarenje) i propadanje bubašvabe Gregora Samse i njegovu postepenu alijenaciju, prvo od spoljnog sveta, a onda i od porodice i vlastitog života. Kritičari ovo delo, koje je prepuno simbolike i metafora, smatraju jednim od temeljnih dela 20. veka.[124][125][126] Priča `U kažnjeničkoj koloniji`, koja govori o razrađenom uređaju za mučenje i smaknuće, napisana je u oktobru 1914,[69] revizirana 1918. te izdata u Lajpcigu tokom oktobra 1919. godine. Priča `Umetnik u gladovanju`, izdata u časopisu Die neue Rundschau`` 1924. godine, opisuje glavni lik, žrtvu, koji doživljava pad razumevanja za njegovu čudnu veštinu izgladnjivanja samog sebe na određene periode.[127] Njegova poslednja priča, `Pevačica Žosefina, ili puk miševa` takođe se bavi odnosom umetnika i njegove publike.[128] Romani[uredi | uredi izvor] Naslovne strane nemačkih izdanja Kafkina tri romana (odozgo nadole): Proces (1925), Dvorac (1926), Amerika (1927) Kafka nije dovršio nijedan svoj roman, a spalio je gotovo 90% vlastitog opusa. Prvi roman počeo je pisati 1912. godine,[129] a prvo poglavlje istog danas je poznato kao kratka priča pod naslovom `Ložač`. Kafka je to delo, koje je ostalo nedovršeno, nazvao Der Verschollene, ali kada ga je Brod posthumno štampao, odabrao je naslov Amerika.[130] Iako osetno humorističniji i realističniji od ostalih Kafkinih dela, ovaj roman, koji prati lutanja evropskog emigranta Karla Rosmana po Americi, deli iste motive opresivnog i nedodirljivog sistema koji protagonistu stavlja u razne bizarne situacije.[131] Roman inkorporira mnoge detalje iz iskustava Kafkinih rođaka koji su emigrirali u Ameriku[132] te ostaje jedino delo za koje Kafka nije odabrao optimističan završetak.[133] Tokom 1914. Kafka je započeo rad na romanu Proces,[116] svom verovatno najuticajnijem romanu.[v] Proces govori o Jozefu K., bankovnom službeniku koji jednog jutra biva uhvaćen i optužen od strane daleke i nepoznate vlasti zbog zločina koji je nepoznat kako njemu tako i čitaocu. Jozef K. upada u niz bizarnih i nejasnih situacija, bori se protiv u potpunosti dehumanizirane birokratije i dobija pomoć od niza grotesknih likova koji su, u suštini, potpuno beskorisni (uz izuzetak tajanstvenog zatvorskog kapelana) sve do samoga kraja, kada realizuje snagu tog birokratskog mehanizma te mu se ultimatno prepušta. Ipak, za razliku od Amerike, prozorsko svetlo na samom kraju romana ostavlja nadu, koja je jedan od ključnih motiva u Kafkinim delima. No, roman je, uprkos tome što je Kafka napisao poslednje poglavlje, ostao nedovršen. Ipak, novija izdanja romana u sebi sadrže i nedovršena ili neuklopljena poglavlja (iako su ona izdvojena od glavnog romana). Prema nobelovcu Elijasu Kanetiju, Felisa je ključna za radnju Procesa, a sam je Kafka rekao kako je to `njena priča`.[134][135] Kaneti je svoju knjigu o Kafkinim pismima Felisi nazvao Der andere Prozess (Kafkin drugi proces), u čast vezi između romana i pisama.[135] Mitiko Kakutani, u kritici Njujork tajmsa, piše da Kafkina pisma sadrže `temeljne znakove njegove fikcije - onu istu nervoznu pažnju posvećenu minucioznim detaljima; onu istu paranoidnu svest o promenljivim balansima moći; istu atmosferu emocionalnog gušenja - kombinovanu, na opšte iznenađenje, s trenucima dečačkog žara i oduševljenja.`[135] Prema vlastitom dnevniku, Kafka je već do 11. juna 1914. godine planirao roman Zamak, ali je počeo da ga piše tek 27. januara 1922.[116] Protagonista ovog romana je Landvermesser (nem. zemljomer, geodeta, geometar) po imenu K., koji se iz nepoznatih razloga bori kako bi dobio pristup misterioznim upraviteljima dvorca koji upravljaju selom. Kafkina namera bila je da vlasti u dvorcu obaveste K.-a na trenutku samrti kako njegova „zakonska osnova da živi u selu nije važeća, ali je, s obzirom na brojne sporedne činjenice, imao dozvolu da živi i radi u selu.“[136] Mračan i na momente nadrealan, roman se fokusira na alijenaciji, birokratiji, naizgled beskrajnim frustracijama ljudskih pokušaja u borbi s vlašću i beskorisnim i beznadežnim traganjem za nedostižnim ciljem. Hartmut M. Rastalski je u svojoj disertaciji napisao sledeće: `Kao i snovi, njegova dela kombinuju precizne, `realistične` detalje s apsurdnim, pažljivo posmatranje i rezonovanje protagoniste s neobjašnjivom glupošću i nemarom.`[137] Istorija izdavanja[uredi | uredi izvor] Kafkine priče su izvorno izlazile u književnim časopisima. Prvih osam izdato je 1908. u prvom izdanju dvomesečnika Hyperion.[138] Franc Blej je 1914. izdao dva dijaloga koja će postati `Opis jedne borbe`.[138] Fragment priče `Avioni u Breši`, napisane tokom puta za Italiju brodom, izdat je 28. septembra 1909. u dnevniku Bohemija.[138][139] Dana 27. jula 1910, nekoliko priča koje će kasnije postati deo Razmišljanja, izdano je u uskršnjem izdanju dnevnika Bohemija.[138][140] U Lajpcigu, tokom 1913, Brod je s izdavačem Kurtom Volfom izdao priču `Das Urteil. Eine Geschichte von Franz Kafka` (nem. `Presuda, priča Franca Kafke`) u književnom godišnjaku za umetničku poeziju Arkadija. Priča `Pred zakonom` izdata je 1915. u novogodišnjem izdanju nezavisnog židovskog nedeljnika Selbstwehr; priča je ponovo izdata 1919. u sklopu zbirke Seoski lekar te je postala deo romana Proces. Ostale priče izlazile su po raznim časopisima, među kojima su Brodov Der Jude, novine Prager Tagblatt te magazini Die neue Rundschau, Genius i Prager Presse.[138] Kafkina prva izdata knjiga bila je zbirka Razmišljanje, koja sadrži 18 priča napisanih od 1904. do 1912. Tokom letnjeg putovanja u Vajmar, Brod je inicirao susret između Kafke i Kurta Volfa;[141] Volf je Razmišljanje izdao u kući Rowohlt Verlag krajem 1912. godine (mada je godina izdanja navedena kao 1913).[142] Kafka je zbirku posvetio Brodu (`Für M.B.`), da bi u ličnoj kopiji koju je dao prijatelju dodao: „So wie es hier schon gedruckt ist, für meinen liebsten Max — Franz K.“ (nem. „Kako je ovdje već napisano, za mog najdražeg Maksa - Franc. K.“).[143] Kafkina priča „Preobražaj“ prvi put je odštampana u oktobru 1915. u mesečniku Die Weißen Blätter, ekspresionističkom časopisu čiji je urednik bio René Schickele.[142] Drugu zbirku, s naslovom Seoski lekar, izdao je 1919. Kurt Volf,[142] a posvećena je Kafkinom ocu.[144] Posljednju zbirku, od četiri priče, koju je Kafka pripremio za štampanje, zbirku Umetnik u gladovanju, izdala je avangardna izdavačka kuća Verlag Die Schmiede 1924. godine nakon autorove smrti. Dana 20. aprila 1924, Berliner Börsen-Courier izdaje Kafkin esej o piscu Adalbertu Stifteru.[145] Maks Brod[uredi | uredi izvor] „So wie es hier schon gedruckt ist, für meinen liebsten Max — Franz K.“ Kafka je svoje delo, kako izdano tako i neizdano, ostavio svom najboljem prijatelju Maksu Brodu, s jasnim instrukcijama da ih ovaj uništi nakon piščeve smrti. Kafka mu je napisao: `Najdraži Maks, moj poslednji zahtev: Sve što ostavim za sobom... u obliku dnevnika, rukopisa, pisama (mojih i tuđih), skica i tako dalje, ima da bude spaljeno i nepročitano.`[146][147] Brod je odlučio da ignoriše ovaj zahtev te je romane i zbirke izdao u razdoblju od 1925. do 1935. Mnoge papire, koji su ostali neizdani, poneo je sa sobom u Palestinu u jednom kovčegu kada je tamo pobegao 1939.[148] Kafkina poslednja ljubav, Dora Dijamant (kasnije Dijaman-Lask), takođe je ignorisala njegove želje, tajno sačuvašvi 20 beležnica i 35 pisama. Njih je 1933. konfiskovao Gestapo, ali ih biografi i danas traže.[149] Kako je Brod izdao sve ono što je bilo u njegovom posedu,[35] Kafkin je opus počeo privlačiti sve više pažnje. Brodu je bilo teško da hronološki poređa Kafkine beleške. Jedan od problema bio je u tome što je Kafka često počinjao pisati u različitim delovima knjige - nekad u sredini, nekad počevši od kraja prema početku.[150][151] Ipak, Brod je dovršio dobar deo Kafkinih nezavršenih dela kako bi ih mogao predati za štampanje. Na primer, Kafka je Proces ostavio s nedovršenim i nenumeriranim poglavljima, a Dvorac pun nedovršenih rečenica s dvojakim značenjem [151]- Brod je sredio poglavlja, uredio tekst i dodao interpunkciju. Proces je izdat 1925. od strane kuće Verlag Die Schmiede. Kurt Volf je izdao druga dva romana, Dvorac 1926. i Ameriku 1927. godine. Godine 1931,, Brod je kao urednik izdao zbirku proze i nedovršenih priča pod naslovom Veliki kineski zid, koja je uključivala i istoimenu priču. Knjigu je izdala izvavačka kuća Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag. Savremena izdanja[uredi | uredi izvor] Godine 1961. Malkom Pajsli uspeo je da dobije većinu Kafkinih originalnih rukopisa za zbirku oksfordske biblioteke Bodlejan.[152][153] Rukopis Procesa kasnije je prodan na aukciji te se danas nalazi u Nemačkom književnom arhivu u mestu Marbah na Nekaru.[153][154] Kasnije je Pejsli vodio tim (u kom su bili Gerhad Njuman, Jost Šilemejt i Jirgen Born) koji je rekonstruirao romane na nemačkom; reizdao ih je S. Fischer Verlag.[155] Pejsli je bio urednik Dvorca, izdatog 1982. godine, i Procesa, izdatog 1990. godine. Jost Šilemejt je bio urednik Amerike, izdane 1983. godine. Ova izdanja nazivaju se `Kritičarska izdanja` ili `Fišerova izdanja`.[156] Neizdani papiri[uredi | uredi izvor] Kada je Brod umro 1968. godine, Kafkine je neizdane papire, kojih verovatno ima na hiljade, ostavio svojoj sekretarici Ester Hofe.[157] Deo je objavila i prodala, ali je većinu ostavila svojim kćerima, Evi i Rut, koje su takođe odbile da objave papire. Godine 2008. započela je sudska bitka između sestara i Nacionalne biblioteke Izraela, koja smatra da su ti papiri postali vlasništvo države Izrael kada je Brod 1939. emigrirao u Palestinu. Ester Hofe je 1988. prodala originalni rukopis Procesa Nemačkim književnim arhivima za $2,000,000.[111][158] Godine 2012. živa je bila samo Eva.[159] Presuda Porodičnog suda u Tel Avivu iz 2010. obavezala je sestre Hof na izdavanje papira. Deo njih je izdat, uključujući i dotad nepoznatu priču, ali pravna bitka se nastavila.[160] Hofeovi tvrde kako su papiri njihovo privatno vlasništvo, dok NBI tvrdi kako su to `kulturna dobra koja pripadaju jevrejskom narodu`.[160] NBI takođe sugeriše kako je Brod upravo njima ostavio papire u svojoj oporuci. U presudi iz oktobra 2012. Porodični sud u Tel Avivu presudio je da su papiri vlasništvo Nacionalne biblioteke.[161] Kritička analiza[uredi | uredi izvor] Mnogi su kritičari hvalili Kafkina dela. Pesnik Vistan Hju Oden nazvao je Kafku „Danteom 20. veka“,[162] dok ga je pisac Vladimir Nabokov svrstao među najbolje pisce XX veka.[163] Gabrijel Garsija Markes je rekao kako mu je upravo čitanje Kafkinog `Preobražaja` pokazalo `da je moguće pisati na drugačiji način`.[101][164] Alber Kami je u svom delu Nade i apsurd u delu Franca Kafke rekao kako `cela Kafkina umetnost leži u tome što prisiljava čitaoce da nanovo čitaju njegova dela.`[165] Ključna tema Kafkinog dela, uspostavljena u priči „Presuda“,[166] je konflikt na nivou otac-sin: krivnja indukovana u sinu je razrešena preko patnje i pokajanja.[14][166] Ostale česte teme i arhetipovi su alijenacija, psihofizička brutalnost, likovi na zastrašujućim putovanjima i mistična preobrazba.[167] Kafkin stil upoređen je s onim fon Klijesta još 1916. godine, u analizi `Preobražaja` i `Žarača` koju je za Berliner Beiträge napravio Oscar Valzel.[168] Priroda Kafkine proze omogućava različite interpretacije i kritičari su njegov opus svrstavali u različite književne pravce.[98] Marksisti su, na primer, bili veoma nesložni po pitanju interpretacije Kafkinih dela.[91][98] Jedni su ga optužili kako uništava realnost dok su drugi tvrdili kako kritikuje kapitalizam.[98] Beznađe i apsurd, koji su česti u njegovim delima, smatraju se znakovima egzistencijalizma.[169] Neka su Kafkina dela nastala pod uticajem ekspresionizma, dok većinu opusa ipak karakteriše eksperimentalni modernistički žanr. Kafka se takođe bavio temom ljudskog sukoba s birokracijom. Vilijam Barovs tvrdi kako su ta dela koncentrirana na koncepte borbe, bola, samoće i potrebe za vezama.[170] Drugi, među kojima i Tomas Man, smatraju Kafkina dela alegorijama: potragom, metafizičke prirode, za Bogom.[171][172] Skulptura pred ulazom u Muzej Franca Kafke u Pragu. Ipak, Žil Delez i Feliks Gvatari, tvrde kako su teme alijenacije i progona, iako prisutne u Kafkinim delima, prenaglašavane od strane kritičara. Tvrde kako su Kafkina dela znatno više namerna i subverzivna - čak i vesela - nego što se čini na prvu ruku. Ističu kako čitanje njegovih dela fokusirajući se na beznađe borbi njegovih likova otkriva Kafkinu igru s humorom; on ne komentira nužno vlastite probleme, već naglašava kako su ljudi skloni izmišljaju problema. U svojim delima, Kafka je često stvarao zlokobne, apsurdne svetove.[173][174] Kafka je nacrte svojih dela čitao svojim prijateljima, uglavnom se koncentrirajući na svoju humorističnu prozu. Pisac Milan Kundera sugeriše kako bi Kafkin nadrealni humor mogao biti inverzija Dostojevskog, koji je pisao o likovima koji su kažnjeni zbog zločina. U Kafkinom delu, lik će biti kažnjen iako zločin nije počinjen. Kundera veruje kako je Kafka inspiracije za svoje karakteristične situacije vukao iz odrastanja u patrijarhalnom domu i u totalitarnoj državi.[175] Teodor Adorno, u svom delu Aufzeichungen zu Kafka (1953), upravo naglašava realno-nadrealno kontrast u Kafkinim delima. Naime, polazeći od toga da se Kafkina proza tačno definiše kao parabola, on tvrdi kako ona predstavlja plodno tlo za interpretaciju (Svaka nam rečenica govori: tumači me), ali je sam autor onemogućuje svojim stilom. Naglašava kako pokušaj interpretacije stvara začarani krug u kojem se čitalac zapita odakle mu je situacija poznata, stvara se perpetualni déjà vu. Adorno takođe navodi kako Kafka napušta bilo kakvu estetsku distanciju prilikom tumačenja. On stvara takve likove i atmosferu koji ukidaju odnos između čitaoca i čitanog, između čitaoca kao promatrača i likova kao žrtava sistema. Takva blizina nužno izaziva strah kod čitaoca, strah koji onemogućuje čitaocu da se poistoveti s likovima romana, što zbog same atmosfere što zbog straha da čitalac upravo jeste jedan takav lik. Adorno upravo to navodi kao glavni element nadrealnog u Kafkinom delu.[176] Viktor Žmegač navodi, između ostalog, dve odlike u Kafkinom opusu. Mada Kafku danas poznajemo i po romanima i po kratkoj prozi, on bi, čak i da nema tih romana, nesumnjivo bio svrstan među majstore kratke proze, zajedno s Poem, Čehovim i Borhesom. Ipak, s obzirom da njegova kratka proza ne prelazi pedesetak stranica, Žmegač ističe kako je upravo ta lakonska, koncentrirana kratkoća izraza jedna od temeljnih odrednica njegovog stila. Drugu stvar što Žmegač naglašava je Kafkina nesklonost kritičkoj prozi. Navodi Tomasa Mana, Roberta Muzila, Hermana Broha, Andrea Žida, Virdžiniju Vulf, Džordža Bernarda Šoa i Luiđija Pirandela, kao i ekspresioniste i futuriste kao kontraprimere autora koji su, u istom razdoblju kao i Kafka, stvarali dela koja obiluju poetološkim programom ili esejističkim komentarom, što je Kafka svesrdno izbegavao. Upravo u tome leži još jedan element Kafkine zagonetnosti, s obzirom da on krši napisano pravilno ranomodernističke književnosti - odsutnost kritičkoumetničkog tumačenja u njegovim delima upravo zbunjuje čitaoca koji je navikao na te elemente u modernističkoj književnosti.[177] Bilo je i pokušaja da se identifikuje uticaj Kafkine pravničke pozadine i uloga prava u njegovom delu.[178][179] Većina interpretacija smatra kako su pojmovi zakona i zakonitosti važni za njegova dela,[180] u kojima je pravosudni sistem uglavnom opresivan.[181] Zakon se u Kafkinim delima ne smatra utelovljenjem nekog određenog političkog ili pravosudnog entiteta, već skupom anonimnih i neshvatljivih sila. Te su sile skrivene od individualca, ali kontrolišu život ljudi, koji su nedužne žrtve sistema izvan njihove kontrole.[180] Kritičari koji podržavaju ovakvu apsurdnu koncepciju citiraju situacije u kojima je sam Kafka opisivao svoj konflikt s apsurdnim svemirom, kao što je ova iz njegova dnevnika: Zatvoren u vlastita četiri zida, osećam se kao imigrant zatvoren u stranoj zemlji... Svoju sam porodicu video kao čudne vanzemaljce sa stranim mi običajima, posvetama i vrlo apsurdnom komunikacijom... iako to nisam hteo, prisilili su me da sudelujem u njihovim bizarnim obredima... nisam se mogao odupreti.[182] Ipak, Džejms Hejvs tvrdi kako je većina opisa sudskih postupaka u Procesu - koliko god oni bili metafizički, apsurdni, konfuzni i košmarni - utemeljena na tačnim opisima nemačkih i austrijskih kaznenih postupaka tog doba, koji su više bili inkvizitorni nego akuzatorni.[183] Iako je radio u osiguranju, kao školovani advokat, Kafka je bio `jako svestan pravnih debata svog doba`.[179][184] U jednoj publikaciji s početka XXI. veka, koja polazi od Kafkinih uredskih spisa,[185] Pothik Goš tvrdi kako za Kafku, zakon `nije imao nikakvo značenje izvan činjenice da on čista sila dominacije i determinacije.`[186] Ostavština[uredi | uredi izvor] Bronzana statua Franca Kafke u Pragu koju je izradio Jaroslav Rona. Ovaj kip se nalazi u Ulici Dušni, u staroj židovskoj četvrti, a inspirian je Kafkinom pričom `Opis jedne borbe`. `Kafkijanska atmosfera`[uredi | uredi izvor] Kafkin opus uveo je, u teoriju književnosti, termin `kafkijanska atmosfera`, kojim se označavaju neobične situacije slične onima iz njegovih dela, posebno Procesa i `Preobražaja`. Primeri takve atmosfere su situacije u kojima birokratija nadvlada pojedinca, često u nadrealnom, košmarnim miljeu koji izaziva osećaje beznađa, bespomoćnosti i izgubljenosti. Likovi u takvoj atmosferi najčešće nemaju jasnu viziju kako bi iz nje izašli. Kafkijanski elementi često se pojavljuju u egzistencijalističkim delima, ali termin je nadišao čisto književnu interpretaciju te se danas koristi kako bi se označili svakodnevni događaji i situacije koje su neshvatljivo kompleksne, bizarne ili nelogične.[187][188][189][190] Komemoracija[uredi | uredi izvor] Muzej Franca Kafke u Pragu posvećen je autorovom životu i delu. Važna komponenta muzeja je izložba Grad K. Franc Kafka i Prag, koja je prvi put izložena u Barseloni 1999. godine, zatim se preselila u Židovski muzej u Njujorku da bi 2005. postala stalni eksponat u Pragu, u četvrti Mala Strana, uz Vltavu. Muzej svoju zbirku originalnih fotografija i dokumenata naziva Město K. Franz Kafka a Praha, a za cilj ima uvesti posetioca u svet u kojem je Kafka živeo i o kojem je pisao.[191] Nagrada Franc Kafka je godišnja književna nagrada koju su 2001. utemeljili Grad Prag i Društvo Franca Kafke. Nagrada komemorira književni trud kao `humanističkog karaktera i doprinos kulturnoj, nacionalnoj, jezičnoj i verskoj toleranciji, njezin egzistencijalni, bezvremenski karakter, njenu generalnu, ljudsku vrednost i njenu sposobnost da bude svedok naših vremena.`[192] Izborni komitet i dobitnici dolaze iz celoga sveta, ali su ograničeni na žive autore čije je barem jedno delo izdano na češkom jeziku.[192] Nagrada se sastoji od iznosa od 10,000, američkih dolara diplome i bronzanog kipa koji se dodeljuju u Pragu krajem oktobra.[192] San Dijego državni univerzitet (SDSU) predvodi tzv. Kafkin projekat, započet 1998. s ciljem pronalaska Kafkinih posljednjih zapisa. Četveromesečna potraga vladinih arhiva u Berlinu 1998. rezultirala je otkrićem Gestapove naredbe o konfiskaciji i nekoliko drugih važnih dokumenata. Godine 2003,, u sklopu projekta su pronađena tri originalna Kafkina pisma, datirana 1923. godine. Književni i kulturološki uticaj[uredi | uredi izvor] Za razliku od drugih poznatih pisaca, Kafka nije često citiran od strane drugih autora. Umesto toga, počast u se odaje zbog njegovih ideja i perspektiva.[193] Profesor i pisac Šimon Sandbank smatra kako su Horhe Luis Borhes, Alber Kami, Ežen Jonesko i Žan Pol Sartr neki od pisaca na koje je Kafka uticao.[194] Književni kritičar novina Fajnenšl tajms smatra kako je Kafka uticao i na portugalskog nobelovca Žozea Saramaga,[195] dok urednik Al Silverman tvrdi kako je i J. D. Selindžer voleo da čita Kafkina dela.[196] Godine 1999,, grupa od 99 pisaca, naučnika i kritičara proglasila je romane Proces i Dvorac drugim, odnosno devetim najznačajnijim romanom na nemačkom jeziku u XX veku.[197] Kritičar Šimon Sandbank smatra da, uprkos Kafkinoj sveprisutnosti, njegov enigmatični stil još treba doseći.[194] Nil Pejges, profesor koji se posebno bavi Kafkom, smatra kako Kafkin uticaj nadilazi književnost i nauku o književnosti - on utiče na vizuelnu umetnost, muziku i pop-kulturu.[198] Hari Steinhauer, profesor nemačke i židovske književnost, tvrdi da je Kafka `ostavio veći uticaj na pismeno društvo od bilo kojeg drugog pisca XX veka.`[187] Brod je jednom rekao da će 20. vek biti poznat kao „Kafkin vek“.[187] Mišel-Andre Bosi piše kako je Kafka stvorio rigidno nefleksibilno i sterilno birokratsko društvo. Kafka je pisao na rezerviran način pun pravne i naučne terminologije. Ipak, njegov je ozbiljni univerzum imao i humor, sve s ciljem isticanja „iracionalnosti u korenu navodno racionalnog svjeta“.[167] Njegovi su likovi zarobljeni, zbunjeni, puno krivnje, frustrirani i ne mogu shvatiti svoj nadrealni svet. Jako puno post-kafkijanske književnosti, posebno naučne fantastike, sledi teme Kafkinih dela. Upečatljiv primer za to je podžanr sajberpanka, koji kombinuje antiutopističke elemente s tehnički superiornim, ali depersonalizovanim svetom. Neki od tih elemenata vidljivi su u delima Džordža Orvela i Reja Bredberija.[167] Ovde se nalazi kratak spisak raznoraznih umetničkih ostvarenja koji su, na ovaj ili onaj način, povezani s Kafkom: Naslov Godina Medijum Beleške Reference `A Friend of Kafka` 1962. kratka priča nobelovca Isaka Baševisa Singera, o židovskom glumcu po imenu Žak Kohn koji je rekao da je poznavao Franca Kafku; u ovoj priči, prema Žaku Konu, Kafka je verovao u Golema, legendarno biće iz židovskog folklora [199] The Trial 1962. film u režiji Orsona Velsa, koji je rekao: `Možete reći što hoćete, ali Proces je moje najveće delo, veće i od Građanina Kanea.` Josefa K. u filmu tumači Anthoni Perkins, a od značajnih glumica pojavljuju se Žana Moro, Romi Šnajder i sam Vels; film je delomično sniman i u Jugoslaviji (lokacije u Zagrebu i Dubrovniku) [188][200] Watermelon Man 1970. film delomično inspirisan `Preobražajem`, u kojem se belac budi kao crnac [201] `Kafka-Fragmente, Op. 24` 1985. muzika mađarskog kompozitora Đerđa Kurtaga za sopran i violinu, koristeći fragmente Kafkinih dnevnika i pisama [202] Kafka`s Dick 1986. drama autora Alana Beneta, u kojoj se duhovi Kafkr, njegova oca Hermana i Broda nalaze u kući engleskog osiguravatelja i njegove žene [203] Kafka 1991. film u kojem Džeremi Ajrons glumi pisca iz naslova; scenario je napisao Lem Dobs, a film režirao Stiven Soderberg; film meša njegov život i delo stvarajući tako polubiografsku reprezentaciju autorovog života; Kafka istražuje nestanak jednog od svojih radnih kolega, što ga vodi kroz brojna njegova dela, među kojima se ističu Dvorac i Proces [204] Franz Kafka`s It`s a Wonderful Life 1993. film kratka komedija rađena za BBC Scotland, dobitnica Oskara; režiju i scenario potpisuje Piter Kapaldi, a glavnu ulogu (Kafke) tumači Ričard E. Grant [205] The Trial 1993. film BBC-jev film u režiji Davida Džonsa u kojem Josefa K. tumači Kajl Maklaklan; scenario za film potpisuje nobelovac Harold Pinter, a u nastupima se pojavljuju mnogi poznati glumci među kojima Entoni Hopkins, Džulijet Stivenson, Alfred Molina, Dejvid Tjulis i Majkl Kitčen [206] `Bad Mojo` 1996. video igra temeljena na `Preobražaju`, u kojoj su glavni likovi Franc i Roxer Sams, što je aluzija na Gregora Samsu [207] Umibe no Kafka 2002. roman japanskog pisca Harukija Murakamija, stavljena na popis 10 najboljih knjiga 2005. godine Njujork tajmsa, dobitnica nagrade World Fantasy Award [208] Proces Kafka 2005. opera danskog kompozitora Poula Rudersa, temeljena na istoimenom romanu i autorovom životu; praizvedena 2005, danas dostupna kao CD [209] Kafka`s Soup 2005. knjiga autora Marka Krika, književni pastiš u formi kuvara, s receptima pisanim u stilu slavnog autora [210] `Kafka the Musical` 2011. radio drama koju je napravio BBC Radio 3; Kafku je tumačio David Tenant [211] `Sound Interpretations — Dedication To Franz Kafka` 2012. muzika HAZE Netlabel je izdao muzičku kompilaciju Sound Interpretations — Dedication To Franz Kafka [212] Preobrazba 2012. drama drama Hrvatskog narodnog pozorišta u Splitu praizvedena 28. marta 2012. na Sceni 55; dramatizaciju i režiju potpisuje Ivan Plazibat, a ulogu Gregora Samse tumači Nikša Arčanin, dok se ulozi njegovog šefa pojavljuje Nenad Srdelić; radi se o rediteljskog viziji priče, čija je radnja proširena za scenu tako da su dodati novi elementi kojih u priči nema; takođe, za preobražaj Samse nije korišten kostim ili posebni efekt, već je preobrazba prikazana glumačkom mimikom [213][214] Dela[uredi | uredi izvor] Romani Proces (ISBN 978-86-7609-340-3) Замак (ISBN 978-86-85063-60-2) Америка (ISBN 978-86-84971-03-8.) (negde Nestala osoba[215]) Pripovetke Preobražaj (ISBN 978-86-331-3246-6) U kažnjeničkoj koloniji Jazbina Seoski lekar Umetnik u gladovanju Ložač Mala žena Celokupne pripovetke (ISBN 978-86-83503-23-0.) FRANC KAFKA komplet 1-7 FRANC KAFKA Izabrana dela FRANC KAFKA Odabrana dela Franc Kafka SABRANA DELA

Osnovne informacije Proizvođač Trumpeter Šifra proizvoda: tru02425 Težina 1.91 kg Ean: 9580208024257 Skala 1:24 Dodato je u katalog: 26.4.2019 Tagovi Junkers-87 The Junkers Ju-87 Stuka (short for German Sturzkampfflugzeug, meaning dive bomber) is a German single-engine dive bomber with a classic tail, wings in an inverted gull-wing configuration and all-metal construction. The Ju-87 is one of the most famous Luftwaffe aircraft, a symbol of its power next to the Me-109. At the beginning of the war (1939-1941) it became a symbol of the Blitzkrieg, often causing panic among enemy soldiers by installing acoustic sirens (the so-called jerychońskie trunks), causing a specific sound during a diving flight. The creator of the machine was Hermann Pohlmann, and the Ju-87 first flew into the air in 1935, and went into production two years later. During the civil war in Spain, without encountering any serious enemy in the air, he could prove effective in the missions for which he was created. Thanks to the possibility of a very steep diving, while maintaining a relatively low speed, it achieved a very high bombing efficiency. Stuka's fame was confirmed during his activities in Poland, the Netherlands, France, Greece and Crete. However, during the Battle of Britain, slow Stukas with a permanently mounted landing gear were simply massacred by RAF planes, and as a result they were delegated to attack less defended targets. On the Eastern Front, the Ju-87 played a role primarily as a close support aircraft and an excellent tank destroyer. Hans Ulrich Rudel - the Luftwaffe pilot, honored with the greatest number of awards, had 519 destroyed Soviet tanks on his account. During the war, the production of the Ju-87 was suspended many times, but it always turned out that it should be restarted because there was no other aircraft that could worthily replace it. During the war, a dozen or so versions and versions of the Ju-87 were created. The first mass-produced was the Ju-87 B (Berta). It was driven by two versions of the Jumo 211 engine with 1000KM or 1200KM. It served as a land-based dive bomber. In turn, the Ju-87R (Richard) was launched into attacks on naval targets. It had a greater range than the B version, but was a bit slower. The D (Dora) version was the most widely produced and most frequently modified. They had new versions of the Jumo 211 engine with 1420 and 1500HP. The Ju-87D featured better armor than its predecessors. The last large-scale version of the Ju 87 was the Model G (Gustav), an attack aircraft and "tank destroyer", which entered the line units in early 1943. The main weapons of this version were the two 37mm Bordkanone BK 3.7 cannons mounted in the trays under the wings. The Ju-87G also had improved armor. During the entire war, approximately 5,900 units of all versions of the Ju-87 were manufactured. Technical data (version Ju-87B): length: 11m, wingspan: 13.8m, height: 4.23m, maximum speed: 390km / h, maximum range: 500km, maximum ceiling 8200m, armament: fixed - 3 machine guns cal .7.92mm, suspended - up to 450 kg of bombs. Greška u opisu? Prijavi problem