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Tehnika i tehnologija prerade gasa Ova knjiga se bavi prečišćavanjem i pripremom gasa za transport. U uvodnom delu date su definicije, klasifikacija ležišta i terminologija vezana za prirodni gas. Gas je fizički i hemijski definisan i dat je pregled rezervi potrošnje i eksploatacije po svetskim regionima. Objašnjeno je fazno ponašanje, data je podela rezervoara za gas i detalno su obrađeni zakoni i parametri koji određuju karakteristike idealnog gasa i realnog gasa. U glavnom poglavlju knjige dati su opisi pojedinih procesa vezanih za preradu gasa. Dati su opisi pojedinih procesa i opreme za adsorbciju i absorbciju u cilju uklanjanje kontaminanata.Sadržaj: 1. Gasovite petrobitumije – gasovi 21 1.1. Uvod 21 1.2. Razvoj istraživanja vezanih za prirodni gas 22 1.3. Šta je prirodni gas? 23 1.4. Sastav i fizička svojstva gasa 23 1.5. Prednosti i nedostaci naftnih gasova 25 1.6. Prednosti prirodnog gasa kao energenta: 26 1.7. Poreklo, geneza i tipovi ležišta PNG 26 1.8. Klasifikacija ležišta prirodnog naftnog gasa 27 1.9. Sastav i fizičko-hemijska svojstva prirodnih gasova 28 1.10. Nalazišta i proizvodnja (eksploatacija) prirodnog gasa 28 1.11. Obezbeđenje prirodnog gasa za potrošnju 29 1.12. Transport i distribucija prirodnog gasa 30 1.13. Podzemno skladište gasa 30 1.14. Terminologija 31 1.15. Osobine prirodnih naftnih gasova 32 1.16. Ugljovodonici u prirodnim naftnim gasovima 32 1.17. Neugljovodonici u prirodnim naftnim gasovima 33 1.18. Hemijski sastav PNG iz gasno-kondenzatnih ležišta 33 1.19. Hemijski sastav kaptažnih naftnih gasova 34 1.20. Poreklo i osobine neugljovodonika u PNG 34 1.21. Svetske rezerve, potrošnja i eksploatacija gasa 37 1.21.1. Lokacije super gigantskih gasnih polia 41 1.21.2. Države i regije sa najvećim rezervama gasa u periodu 1982/2018 42 1.21.3. Prognoze za otkrivanje novih rezervi PNG 42 1.21.4. Tokovi proizvodnje PNG u svetu 42 2. Fazno ponašanje 46 2.1. Faza 46 2.2. Sistem 47 2.3. Broj stepeni slobode višefaznog sistema 47 2.4. Fazni prelazi 47 2.5. Čiste supstance 48 2.5.1. Fazno ponašanje jednokomponentnog sistema fluida (čisti metan, etan) 48 2.5.2. Linija tačaka isparavanja 49 2.5.3. Dijagram pritiska i temperature za višekomponentne sisteme 49 2.6. Karakteristike faznog ponašanja višekomponentnog sistema 51 3. Fundamentalno ponašanje gasnih i naftnih rezervoara 52 3.1. Klasifikacija rezervoara i rezervoarskih fluida 52 3.2. Rezervoari za gas 52 3.2.1. Rezervoari sa gasnim kondenzatom 53 3.2.2. Gasni kondenzat u blizini kritične tačke 55 3.2.3. Rezervoar vlažnog gasa 56 3.2.4. Rezervoar suvog gasa 57 4. Zakonitosti i jednačine koje određuju karakteristike idealnih gasova 58 4.1. Boyleov zakon 58 4.2. Charles-ov zakon. 58 4.3. Gay-Lussacov - Amontonov zakon 59 4.4. Avogadrov zakon 60 4.5. Zakon idealnog gasa, kombinovana jednačina 60 4.6. Jednačina idealnog gasnog stanja 61 4.7. Opšta i individualna gasna konstanta 61 5. Prirodni naftni gas 63 5.1. Fizičke-hemijske osobine prirodnih naftnih gasova 63 5.2. Korekcije za realne gasove 63 5.3. Van der Waalsova jednačina stanja 64 5.4. Faktor kompresibilnosti 64 5.5. Jednačina stanja realnog gasa (JS, engl. compressibility real gas equation) 65 5.6. Zakon (načelo) korespondentnih stanja (ZKS) 65 5.7. Kritični parametri naftnih gasova 66 5.8. Generalizovana korelacija za određivanje Z-faktora smeše 67 5.8.1. Izotermska kompresibilnost 70 5.9. Karakteristike realnih gasova 71 5.9.1. Zapreminski faktor realnog gasa (Bg) 71 5.9.2. Gustina prirodnog naftnog gasa 72 5.9.3. Viskozitet realnog gasa 74 5.9.4. Toplota sagorevanja naftnih gasova 76 5.9.5. Vlažnost prirodnog naftnog gasa 76 5.9.6. Tačka rose 77 5.9.7. Faktor rastvorljivosti gasa u nafti (Rs) 77 5.9.7.1. Određivanje faktora rastvorljivosti 80 5.9.8. Dvofazni zapreminski faktor nafte (Bto) 82 5.9.9. Zapreminski faktor realnog gasa (Bg). 83 5.9.10. Faktor isparljivosti nafte iz gasa (Rv) 84 5.9.11. Dvofazni zapreminski faktor stvaranja gasa (Btg) 86 5.9.12. Pritisak zasićenja (pritisak u mehurićima), Pb 87 5.9.13. Koeficijent degazacije 91 5.9.14. Fazna ravnoteža 92 5.9.15. Pritisak zasićenje naftnog gasa 93 6. Kubne jednačine stanja realnih gasova 94 6.1. Van der Waalsova jednačina stanja 94 6.2. Parametri kubne jednačine stanja 95 6.3. Rešenja Van der Waalsove jednačine 96 6.4. Pravila mešanja 97 6.5. Druge poznate kubne jednačine stanja 98 6.5.1. Jednačina stanja Redlicha i Kwonga 98 6.5.2. Soave-Redlich-Kwongova jednačina 98 6.5.3. Jednačina stanja Penga i Robinsona 99 7. Postrojenja 100 7.1. Osnovni koncept prerade prirodnog gasa 100 7.1.1. Uvod 100 7.2. Procesni moduli 101 7.2.1. Grejanje 103 7.2.2. Separacija 103 7.2.2.1.Princip separacije 104 7.2.2.2. Podela separatora 105 7.2.2.3. Vodoravni separatori 106 7.2.2.4. Nedostaci vodoravnih separatora 106 7.2.2.5. Uspravni separatori 107 7.2.2.5.1. Dvofazni vertikalni separatori 107 7.2.2.5.2 Trofazni vertikalni separatori 108 7.2.2.6. Nedostaci vertikalnih separatora 110 7.2.3. Hlađenje 110 7.2.4. Stabilizacija 110 7.2.4.1. Zašto je potrebna stabilizacija kondenzata? 111 7.2.4.2. Parcijalni pritisak 111 7.2.4.3. Konvencionalna dvostepena separacija 112 7.2.4.3.1. Opis procesnog toka 112 7.2.4.4. Višestepena flash stabilizacija kondenzata 113 7.2.4.4.1. Princip višestepene flash stabilizacije 114 7.2.4.4.2. Opis postupka višestepene flash separacije 114 7.2.4.5. Višestepena flash stabilizacija kondenzata na konstantnom pritisku i uz povećanje temperature 115 7.2.4.6. Stabilizator kondenzata, stabilizacija frakcionisanjem 116 7.2.4.6.1. Opis procesa 117 7.2.4.6.2. Napredna kontrola procesa 118 7.2.4.7. Postrojenja za stabilizaciju kondenzata sa ulaskom hladne sirovine 119 7.2.4.7.1. Opis procesa 119 7.2.4.7.2. Princip rada rektifikacione kolone 120 7.2.4.8. Postrojenja za stabilizaciju kondenzata sa refluksom 122 7.2.4.9. Ključne komponente 123 7.2.4.10. Napon pare po Reid-u 123 7.2.4.11. Prinos komponenti 124 7.2.4.12. Ograničenja kolone Constraints 124 7.2.4.13. Razmatranje konstrukcije kolone za stabilizaciju 124 7.2.4.14. Opis opreme za stabilizaciju 129 7.2.4.15. Podovi 130 7.2.4.15.1. Rešetkasti podovi, perforirani, sita 130 7.2.4.15.2. Ventilski podovi 131 7.2.4.15.3. Podovi sa `zvonima` (Bubble Cap Trays) 132 7.2.4.15.4. Podovi visokog kapaciteta/visoke efikasnosti 132 7.2.4.15.5. Podovi sa ventilima u odnosu na podove sa zvonima 132 7.2.4.15.6. Efikasnost podova i visina kolone 133 7.2.4.16. Pakovanje 133 7.2.4.16.1. Nasumično pakovanje 133 7.2.4.16.2. Strukturno pakovanje 134 7.2.4.17. Podovi ili pakovanje 135 7.2.4.18. Izbor i održavanje kolone za destilaciju 136 7.2.4.19. Rad kolone za stripovanje 136 7.2.4.20. Rebojler stabilizacione kolone 136 7.2.4.21. Hladnjak produkta dna stabilizacione kolone (Stabilizator Bottom Product Cooler) 137 7.2.4.22. Refluksni sistem stabilizatora (Stabilizer Reflux System) 137 7.2.4.23. Hladnjak sirovine stabilizatora (Stabilizer Feed Cooler) 138 7.2.4.24. Grejač sirovine za stabilizer (Stabilizer Feed Heater) 138 7.2.5. Dehidracija 138 7.2.5.1. Adsorbcija 139 7.2.5.1.1. Uvod 139 7.2.5.1.2. Principi adsorpcije 140 7.2.5.1.3. Reverzibilni proces 140 7.2.5.1.4. Zona prenosa mase 140 7.2.5.2. Principi rada 141 7.2.5.2.1. Uvod 141 7.2.5.2.2. Komponente sistema 142 7.2.5.2.3. Ciklus sušenja / reaktivacije 142 7.2.5.3. Performanse 143 7.2.5.3.1. Kvalitet ulaznog gasa 144 7.2.5.3.2. Temperatura 144 7.2.5.3.3. Pritisak 145 7.2.5.3.4. Vreme ciklusa 146 7.2.5.3.5. Brzina gasa 146 7.2.5.4. Izvor gasa za regeneraciju 147 7.2.5.5. Pravac protoka gasa 148 7.2.5.6. Izbor sredstva za sušenje 149 7.2.5.6.1. Molekulska sita 150 7.2.5.6.2. Silika gel i alumina 150 7.2.5.6.3. Silica Gel 150 7.2.5.7. Poželjne karakteristike čvrstih sredstva za sušenje 150 7.2.5.8. Oprema 150 7.2.5.8.1. Oprema za prečišćavanje ulaznog gasa 150 7.2.5.9. Adsorbciona kolona 151 7.2.5.9.1. Opšte napomene 151 7.2.5.9.2. Loša distribucija gasa 152 7.2.5.9.3. Neadekvatna izolacija 152 7.2.5.9.4. Neodgovarajući nosač sloja 152 7.2.5.9.5. Presurizacija 153 7.2.5.9.6. Izmenjivači regeneracionog gasa, grejači i hladnjaci 154 7.2.5.9.7. Separator regeneracionog gasa 154 7.2.5.9.8. Regulacioni ventili 154 7.2.5.10. Absorbcija 155 7.2.5.10.1. Uvod 155 7.2.5.10.2. Principi absorbcije 155 7.2.5.10.3. Raoulov i Daltonov zakon 155 7.2.5.10.4. Ravnoteža glikol-voda 156 7.2.5.11. Dehidratacija glikolom 157 7.2.5.11.1. Princip rada 157 7.2.5.12. Gasni sistem 158 7.2.5.12.1. Gas-glikol kontaktor 158 7.2.5.13. Glikolni sistem 160 7.2.5.13.1. Izmenjivač toplote glikol/gas 160 7.2.5.13.2. Kontaktor Glikol/gas 160 7.2.5.13.3. Refluks kondenzator 161 7.2.5.13.4. Grejač glikol-glikol 161 7.2.5.13.5. Filter od mikrovlakana (mikrofibera) 161 7.2.5.13.6. Ugljeni filter 162 7.2.5.13.7. Glikol-glikol izmenjivač toplote 162 7.2.5.13.8. Destilaciona kolona sa `pakovanjem` 162 7.2.5.13.9. Reconcentrator 163 7.2.5.13.10. Stripovanje gasom 164 7.2.6. Uklanjanje sumpora i ugljen dioksida 164 7.2.6.1. Fizički efekti dejstva H2S i CO2 164 7.2.6.2. H2S i CO2 limiti u gasu 165 7.2.6.3. Parcijalni pritisak 165 7.2.6.4. Postrojenja za `slađenje` gasa 167 7.2.7. Procesi sa čvrstim slojem 168 7.2.7.1. Opis procesa 168 7.2.7.2. Procesi sa metalnom sunđerastom mrežicom 169 7.2.7.2.1. Primena 169 7.2.7.2.2. Regeneracija 171 7.2.7.2.3. Problemi vezani za stvaranje hidrata 172 7.2.7.3. Procedura projektovanja postrojenja sa gvozdenom sunđerastom mrežicom 172 7.2.7.3.1. Opšta razmatranja 172 7.2.7.3.2. Razmatranja dizajna 173 7.2.7.4. Sulfa-Treat Proces 176 7.2.7.4.1. Opis procesa 176 7.2.7.5. Procesi sa molekulskim sitima 176 7.2.7.5.1. Regeneracija 176 7.2.7.5.2. Mehanička degradacija 177 7.2.7.5.3. Primena 177 7.2.7.6. Cink oksid procesi 177 7.2.7.6.1. Proces 177 7.2.7.6.2. Razmatranje parametara vezanih za sloj 177 7.2.7.6.3. Primena 177 7.2.8. Procesi sa hemijskim rastvaračem 177 7.2.8.1. Opšti opis procesa 177 7.2.8.1.1. Regeneracija 177 7.2.8.1.2. Najčešće korišćeni hemijski rastvarači 178 7.2.8.2. Aminski procesi 178 7.2.8.2.1. Razmatranja vezana za korišćenje amina 178 7.2.8.2.2. Opis procesa 178 7.2.8.3. Metildietanolamin 179 7.2.8.4. Monoetanolaminski sistemi 179 7.2.8.4.1. Opšta diskusija 179 7.2.8.4.2. Regeneracija 179 7.2.8.4.3. Nedostaci 180 7.2.8.4.4. Reklejmer (povratnik) 180 7.2.8.4.5. Koncentracija i uvođenje rastvora 180 7.2.8.4.6. Razmatranja o koroziji 180 7.2.8.4.7. Razmatranje penjenja 180 7.2.8.4.8. Separator sa filterom od mikrofibera 181 7.2.8.4.9. Sistem za blanketiranje 181 7.2.8.4.10. MEA gubici 181 7.2.8.4.11. Rezime 181 7.2.8.5. DEA sistemi 181 7.2.8.5.1. Opšta diskusija 181 7.2.8.5.2. Reklejmer 181 7.2.8.5.3. Koncentracija i uvođenje rastvora 181 7.2.8.5.4. Gubici amina 182 7.2.8.6. Di-glikol-aminski sistemi 182 7.2.8.6.1. Opšta diskusija 182 7.2.8.6.2. Koncentracija i uvođenje rastvora 182 7.2.8.6.3. Prednosti 182 7.2.8.7. Diizopropanolaminski sistemi 182 7.2.8.7.1. Opšta diskusija 182 7.2.8.7.2. Prednosti 182 7.2.8.8. MDEA sistemi 182 7.2.8.8.1. Opšta diskusija 182 7.2.8.8.2. Odnos CO2 / H2S 182 7.2.8.8.3. Koncentracija i uvođenje rastvora 183 7.2.8.8.4. Prednosti 183 7.2.8.9. Inhibirani aminski sistemi 183 7.2.8.9.1. Opšta diskusija 183 7.2.8.10. Aminski sistem 183 7.2.8.10.1. Opšta razmatranja 183 7.2.8.10.2. Aminski absorberi 183 7.2.8.10.3. Recirkulacioni odnos amina 184 7.2.8.10.4. Toplota reakcije 186 7.2.8.10.5. Flash posuda 187 7.2.8.10.6. Aminski rebojler 188 7.2.8.10.7. Aminski striper 190 7.2.8.10.8. Vršni kondenzator i akumulaciona posuda sa refluksom 191 7.2.8.10.9. Izmenjivači bogatih/siromašnih amina 193 7.2.8.10.10. Aminski hladnjak 194 7.2.8.10.11. Prečišćavanje rastvora amina 194 7.2.8.10.12. Pumpe za rastvor amina 195 7.2.8.10.13. Procedura za određivanje veličine aminskog sistema 195 7.2.8.11. Sistemi vrućeg kalijum karbonata 196 7.2.8.11.1. Opšta diskusija 196 7.2.8.11.2. Opis procesa 196 7.2.8.11.3. Performanse 197 7.2.8.11.4. Razmatranja mrtvih tačaka u sistemu 197 7.2.8.11.5. Razmatranja o koroziji 197 7.2.8.12. Licencirani karbonatni sistemi 197 7.2.8.13. Grupa procesa sa specijalnim hemijskim rastvaračima 197 7.2.8.13.1. Opšta diskusija 197 7.2.8.13.2. Opis procesa 198 7.2.8.13.3. Performanse 198 7.2.8.13.4. Sulfa-Check 198 7.2.8.13.5. Razmatranje koncentracije 198 7.2.8.13.6. Protok mehurića 198 7.2.8.13.7. Odlaganje oksidacionog rastvora 198 7.2.9. Fizički procesi 198 7.2.9.1. Opšti opis procesa 198 7.2.9.2. Procesi sa flornim rastvorom 200 7.2.9.3. Sulfinol® postupak 200 7.2.9.3.1. Ulaz kiselog gasa 201 7.2.9.3.2. Karakteristike 201 7.2.9.3.3. Razmatranja vezana za dizajn 201 7.2.9.3.4. Razmatranje vezano za penjenje 201 7.2.9.3.5. Faktori koje treba uzeti u obzir pre izbora postupka za tretiranje 201 7.2.9.4. Proces Selexol® 201 7.2.9.5. Rectisol postupak 201 7.2.10. Procesi za direktnu konverziju 202 7.2.10.1. Opšti opis procesa 202 7.2.10.2. Stretford proces 202 7.2.10.2.1. Opšta diskusija 202 7.2.10.2.2. Opis procesa 202 7.2.10.3. IFP postupak 203 7.2.10.3.1. Opšta diskusija 203 7.2.10.3.2. Opis procesa 204 7.2.10.3.3. Odnos H2S prema SO2 204 7.2.10.4. LO-CAT® 204 7.2.10.4.1. Opšta diskusija 204 7.2.10.4.2. Opis procesa 204 7.2.10.4.3. Razmatranja vezana za tehnologiju 205 7.2.10.5. Sulferox® 205 7.2.10.6. Claus 205 7.2.10.6.1. Opšta diskusija 205 7.2.10.6.2. Opis procesa 205 7.2.10.7. Obrada otpadnog gasa 206 7.2.10.7.1. Opšta diskusija 206 7.2.10.8. Sulfa-Check proces 207 7.2.10.8.1. Opšta diskusija 207 7.2.11. Procesi destilacije 207 7.2.11.1. Proces destilacije Rian-Holmesa 207 7.2.11.1.1. Opšta diskusija 207 7.2.11.1.2. Opis procesa 207 7.2.12. Procesi zasnovani na propusnosti (permeation) gasa 208 7.2.12.1. Membrane 208 7.2.12.1.1. Definicija 208 7.2.12.1.2. Aplikacije 208 7.2.12.1.3. Propusnost membrane 208 7.2.12.1.4. Važni parametri pri izboru membrane 209 7.2.12.2. Asimetrična struktura membrane 210 7.2.12.3. Kompozitna membranska struktura 210 7.2.12.4. Membranski elementi 211 7.2.12.4.1. Membrana u obliku ravnog lista 211 7.2.12.4.2. Permeatni gas 212 7.2.12.4.3. Optimizacija sistema 212 7.2.12.4.4. Šuplja vlakna 212 7.2.12.4.5. Spiralno uvijeni membranski elementi u odnosu na šuplja vlakna 213 7.2.12.4.6. Spiralno uvijeni membranski elementi 213 7.2.12.4.7. Šuplja vlakna 213 7.2.12.4.8. Membranski moduli 214 7.2.12.4.9. Glavni dobavljači 214 7.2.12.5. Membranski skidovi (klizači) 214 7.2.12.6. Razmatranja dizajna 214 7.2.12.6.1. Protok 214 7.2.12.6.2. Radna temperatura 215 7.2.12.6.3. Pritisak u dovodu 216 7.2.12.6.4. Permeatni pritisak 216 7.2.12.6.5. Uklanjanje CO2 217 7.2.12.7. Ostala razmatranja vezana za dizajn 218 7.2.12.7.1. Uslovi procesa 218 7.2.12.7.2. Propisi vezani za životnu sredinu 218 7.2.12.7.3. Lokacija 218 7.2.12.8. Procesne sheme 219 7.2.12.8.1. Jednostepeni membranski proces (Slika 7.65) 219 7.2.12.8.2. Višestepeni membranski proces 219 7.2.12.9. Predobrada kod membranskih procesa 221 7.2.12.9.1. Opšta razmatranja 221 7.2.12.9.2. Razmatranja sistema predobrade 221 7.2.12.9.3. Tradicionalna prethodna obrada 222 7.2.12.9.4. Dodatna oprema koja se koristi prilikom predhodne obrade 222 7.2.12.9.5. Hladnjak (Chiller) 222 7.2.12.9.6. Turbo-ekspander 222 7.2.12.9.7. Glikolna jedinica 222 7.2.12.10. Poboljšanja prethodne obrade 223 7.2.12.10.1. Potreba za poboljšanjima vezanim za predobradu 223 7.2.12.10.2. Potpuno uklanjanje teških ugljovodonika 224 7.2.12.10.3. Regenerativni sistem 224 7.2.12.10.4. Sposobnost obrade sirovina sa različitim sastavom 224 7.2.12.10.5. Pouzdanost 224 7.2.12.10.6. Efikasnost 225 7.2.12.11. Prednosti membranskih sistema 225 7.2.12.11.1. Niži kapitalni troškovi (CAPEX) 225 7.2.12.11.2. Operativni troškovi (OPEX) 225 7.2.12.11.3. Odložena kapitalna ulaganja 225 7.2.12.11.4. Visok odnos maksimalnog i minimalnog kapaciteta (high turndown) 225 7.2.12.11.5. Operativna jednostavnost i visoka pouzdanost 226 7.2.12.11.6. Mala težina i efikasnost korišćenja prostora 226 7.2.12.11.7. Prilagodljivost 226 7.2.12.11.8. Ekološki aspekti korišćenja membranskog procesa 227 7.2.12.11.9. Efikasnost dizajna 227 7.2.12.11.10. Proizvodnja energije 227 7.2.12.11.11. Idealno za uklanjanje uskih grla (De-bottlenecking) 227 7.2.12.11.12. Idealna solucija za udaljene lokacije 227 7.2.12.12. Izbor procesa 227 7.2.12.12.1. Analiza ulaznog gasa 227 7.2.12.12.2. Opšta razmatranja 228 7.2.12.12.3. Uklanjanje H2S da bi se postiglo kvalitet za cevovodni transport (4 ppm) 228 7.2.12.12.4. Selekcione šeme 229

JEDINO ORIGINALNO IZDANJE, KUPLJENO OD IZDAVACA-KAO NOVA STANJE(5+)! Višnja ISBN:86-83979-03-2 Kategorija:POLJOPRIVREDA Izdavač: Srpski izdavač Naslov: Višnja Autor:-Prof.dr Evica Mratinić Izdavač: `Vizartis`,2002.god.Beograd Mesto: Beograd Godina: 2002. Broj strana: 174 Format: 14,5x20,5cm Pismo: Latinica Ilustracija:Da - u koloru Povez:Broš-meki-ilustracije u koloru Ostali naslovi koji sadrže ključne reči: Voćarstvo , Višnja Ostali naslovi iz oblasti: Poljoprivreda Postojbina višnje je Južna Evropa i Zapadna Azija – područje od Balkanskog poluostrva do Kaspijskog jezera. Višnja, koja je redovan pratilac trešnje, spada takođe u najstarije voćke koje je čovek koristio. To potvrđuju i koštice otkrivene u peščarama Amerike, kao i na Skandinavskom poluostrvu. Prve pisane podatke o gajenju višnje daje nam Plinije Stariji (I vek pre nove ere), koji Lucijusu Lukulusu pripisuje kao zaslugu donošenje višnje sa pribrežja Crnog mora u Rim. Odatle se vremenom širila i u druge zemlje Evrope i sveta. Danas se višnja gaji na svim kontinentima u umereno prohladnoj klimi. Plod višnje je visoke biološke vrednosti. On sadrži: 12,-22% suve materije, 10-,13% šećera, 1,02-2,40% organskih kiselina, oko 0,2% taninskih materija, oko 0,3% pektinskih materija, od 0,7do 1,9% belančevina, oko 0,5% mineralnih materija, oko 15 mg vitamina C, velike količine bojenih materija antocijana (činioca vida), kao i drugih korisnih supstanci. Plod višnje je velike tehnološke vrednosti i predstavlja izuzetno pogodnu sirovinu za industriju prerade u sokove, kompote, slatka i rakiju, kao i za zamrzavanje, sušenje i konditorske proizvode. Plod nekih sorti višnje može da se koristi i kao stono voće. Autor: Prof. dr Evica Mratinić Literatura 1. UVOD 2. PRPOIZVODNJA VIŠNJE U SVETU Proizvodnja višnje u SR Jugoslaviji 3. MORFOLOGIJA VIŠNJE Koren Korenov vrat Stablo Deblo Kruna Grane i grančice Rodne grančice višnje List Pupoljci Cvet Plod Seme 4. EKOLOGIJA VIŠNJE Klima-podneblje Temperatura Padavine Svetlost Vetar 5. FIZIOLOGIJA VIŠNJE Periodičnost u životnom ciklusu višnje Periodičnost u godišnjem ciklusu višnje Period zimskog mirovanja Period vegetacije višnje Cvetanje višnje Oprašivanje višnje Oplođenje višnje Razvitak ploda i semena Formiranje cvetnih pupoljaka SORTE VIŠNJE 6. PODLOGE ZA VIŠNJU Generativne podloge Vegetativne podloge 7. PODIZANJE ZASADA VIŠNJE Priprema zemljišta Neposredna priprema zemljišta za sadnju Razmeštaj sorti višnje u zasadu Sadni materijal 8. NEGA MLADOG ZASADA VIŠNJE Formiranje oblika krune 9. NEGA VIŠNJE U RODU (TEHNOLOGIJA GAJENJA) Rezidba višnje Osobenosti rezidbe u osnovnim periodima života višnje Rezidba višnje po nameni Vreme izvođenja rezidbe višnje 9. NEGA MLADOG ZASADA VIŠNJE Formiranje oblika krune 10. NEGA VIŠNJE U RODU (TEHNOLOGIJA GAJENJA) Rezidba višnje Osobenosti rezidbe u osnovnim periodima života višnje Rezidba višnje po nameni Vreme izvođenja rezidbe višnje Alat, pribor i mašine za izvođenje rezidbe višnje Rezidba višnje u uzgojnom periodu Rezidba višnje na rod Održavanje i iskorišćavanje zemljišta u višnjicima Đubrenje Makroelementi i njihova uloga Mikroelementi i njihova uloga Vrste đubriva Navodnjavanje višnje Zaštita višnje od prouzrokovača bolesti i štetočina Zaštita višnje od niskih temperatura Mehanizacija u proizvodnji višnje 11. BERBA VIŠNJE Određivanje vremena berbe Način berbe 12. ČUVANJE PLODOVA VIŠNJE 13. HRANLJIVA I UPOTREBNA VREDNOST PLODOVA VIŠNJE 14. PRINOS I RENTABILNOST GAJENJA VIŠNJE 15. LITERATURA Čuvanje plodova višnje Iako je trajnost višnje ograničena, njeni plodovi se retko čuvaju u hlađenom skladištu. Razlog tome je činjenica da se oni teško mogu održati u dobrom stanju više od 2 nedelje, čak i u optimalnim uslovima hlađenja. Čuvanje plodova višnje ima smisla samo u slučajevima kada je zagušenost tržišta voćem takva da nema potražnje za stonim sortama. isti je slučaj i sa sortama za preradu (koje kod višnje dominiraju). Kada su prerađivački kapaciteti iskorišćeni do maksimuma, da se plodovi višnje ne bi kvarili, stavljaju se u hladne komore i drže 3-5 dana, dok se stvore uslovi da uđu u liniju prerade. U razvijenim industrijskim zemljama, gde je voćarstvo visokointenzivno, plodovi višnje za preradu se odmah po berbi stavljaju u kontejnere sa hladnom vodom radi brzog spuštanja temperature plodova, što poboljšava ne samo čvrstinu ploda za dalju preradu već i olakšava čuvanje. Plodovi višnje se mogu čuvati u običnoj (NA) hladnjači 10-14 dana, pri temperaturi od 1 do 1°C i relativnoj vlažnosti vazduha od 90-92%. Prema Gvozdenoviću i sar. (1995), vlažnost ne bi smela biti veća od 95%. Održavanje ovog režima vlažnosti veoma je značajno, jer pri nižoj vlažnosti može nastupiti smežuravanje i sušenje peteljke, a zatim njihovo otpadanje, što čini plodove neupotrebljivom za stonu upotrebu. Time se čini i ekonomska šteta, jer se plodovi moraju realizovati za preradu po znatno nižoj ceni, a moraju se takođe nadoknaditi i troškovi za čuvanje u hlađenom prostoru. Isti autori navode da se i višnja bolje čuva u CA hladnjači u kontrolisanoj atmosferi, sa 1-2% CO2 i 2,5-3,0% O2. Uspeh i kvalitet čuvanja plodova stonih sorti višnje umnogome zavisi od stepena zrelosti pri kojoj su obrani plodovi. Kod zrelijih plodova gubici mase mogu biti i preko 10%, a pojava gljivičnih oboljenja (koje izazivaju gljivice iz rodova Monilia, Botrytis, Penicillium i dr.) mnogo brža i intenzivnija. To znatno smanjuje dužinu čuvanja (na svega par dana) kao i kvalitet ploda, jer je povećano smežuravanje i trulež, potamnela peteljka i dr. Ovakve posledice se mogu desiti i čuvanjem višnje na višim temperaturama. Čuvanjem plodova višnje u kontrolisanoj atmosferi, gde je uspostavljen povoljan odnos CO2 i O2, postižu se dvostruki efekti: produžava se vreme čuvanja (na više od 3 nedelje) i kvalitet plodova višnje, jer se sprečava trulež, održava se sjajna privlačna boja pokožice i peteljka ostaje sveža. Poseban i najčešće primenjivan način čuvanja višnje je duboko zamrzavanje. Plodovi višnje se mogu čuvati više od godinu dana ako se odmah nakon berbe brzo duboko zamrznu, na temperaturi od -25 do -20°C. Brzo zamrznuti plodovi čuvaju se u hladnjači do upotrebe na temperaturi od -18°C. Na ovaj način plodovi višnje veoma dobro zadržavaju svoju prirodnu strukturu, boju i posebno ukus i aromu, te se posle odmrzavanja mogu upotrebiti za voćne salate ili za razne vidove prerade. Hranljiva i upotrebna vrednost plodova višnje Plod višnje je sitan, naoko privlačan, atraktivno sjajno crvene boje, sočan, ukusa kiselkasto-slatkog. Od ukupne mase ploda, koja se kreće u proseku od 3 do 6 g, na jestivi deo otpada 85-90%, što zavisi od sorte. U hemijskom pogledu plod višnje je biološki visokovredan, jer sadrži 12-22% suve materije, 10-18% šećera (sa dominantnim učešćem invertnih šećera, monosaharida fruktoze i glukoze i vrlo malim sadržajem disaharida-saharoze), 1,02-2,40% organskih kiselina, oko 0,2% taninskih materija, oko 0,3% pektinskih materija, 0,7-1,9% belančevina, oko 0,5% mineralnih materija, oko 15 mg% vitamina C, velike količine bojenih materija antocijana, kao i drugih korisnih supstanci. Posebno treba istaći, da je plod višnje izvor organskog joda, koji je neophodan ljudskom organizmu za normalno funkcionisanje tiroidne žlezde i svih ostalih žlezda sa unutrašnjim lučenjem (Stanković,1981). S obzirom na ovakav hemijski sastav, plodovi višnje deluju na ljudski organizam osvežavajuće, diuretično, antireumatično, umirujuće, energetski detoksikujuće, antiinfektivno i laksativno. Mogu se preporučiti u manjim količinama i dijabetičarima, a čaj od višnjevih peteljki odličan je diuretik i regulator krvnog pritiska. Zahvaljujući ovako bogatom hemijskom sastavu plodovi višnje su vrlo pogodni za razne namene. Mogu se upotrebljavati kao sveže voće, i odlična su svojstva u industrijskoj preradi. Od plodova višnje prave se vrlo kvalitetni proizvodi: sirupi, sokovi, slatka, kompoti, marmalade, džemovi, likeri, rakije i dr. Mogu se koristiti i u konditorskoj industriji (kolači, pite, čokoladni deserti i dr.), a mogu se i sušiti. U proizvodnji sokova naročito su cenjene sorte tamnog crvenog mesa i sorte koje se često koriste i kao bojadiseri. Za konditorsku industriju i kompote više su interesantne sorte svetlije crvene boje pokožice i mesa i bezbojnog soka. Za sušenje su izuzetno pogodne sorte visokog sadržaja suve materije, poput maraske i oblačinske višnje.

Popravke i održavanje motornih vozila prolazile su kroz faze, od mehanike do mehatronike. Poznavanje rada savremenih elektronskih sistema neophodno je za uspešan rad današnjih servisera. Na jednostavan i slikovit način u knjizi su prikazane osnove elektrotehnike, električna merenja, čitanje električnih šema, principi rada davača, izvršnih elemenata i elektronski uređenih sistema. U dodatku se nalaze mali engleski rečnik, razne tabele i izrazi za pretvaranje jedinica i veličina. Jednom rečju, sve što je potrebno za uspešno i efikasno sprovođenje elektronske dijagnostičke procedure iz parametara. Greška, koju imalac ove knjige može da napravi je da je ne pročita, ostavi na nekoj polici i dozvoli sebi da lako dostupno znanje ne primeni u praksi. Kratak sadržaj Osnovi elektrotehnike Električne osobine materije Električni napon Električna struja Električna otpornost Rad i snaga električne struje Kapacitivnost Oblici struje, frekvencija Analogni i digitalni signali Impulsno napajanje Magnetizam Električno kolo Piezo – električni efekat Termo – električni efekat Holov efekat Magnetna – otpornost Piezo – otpornost Elektronske i električne komponente Otpornici Kondenzatori Poluprovodnici, diode Tranzistori Tiristori Integrisana kola Analogno–digitalni konvertor Hibridna integrisana kola Relej Električni osigurači Zavojnica Elektromagnet Elektromotor Koračni motor Električna merenja Merni instrumenti Vrste univerzalnih mernih instrumenata Tehnike merenja Greške pri merenju Osciloskop Strujna klešta Ispitivač prisustva magnetnog polja Infra–crveni termometar LED ispitivač Dodatna oprema Računari u motornim vozilima Računari Predstavljanje podataka u računaru Fizičke komponente računara Program Podaci Podela elektronskih sistema u motornom vozilu Elektronskikomunikacioni sistemi Topologija elektronskih komunikacionih sistema Komunikacioni medijum Komunikacioni protokol CAN protokol VAN protokol LIN protokol Elektronski dijagnostički uredjaji i protokoli OBD protokol Kodovi grešaka Elektronski dijagnostički uređaji Long koding Snimač podataka dijagnostička procedura Električni simboli i šeme Električni simboli Električne šeme Električne instalacije Električni provodnici Električne spojnice Izvori napajanja Alternatori Provera ispravnosti alternatora Akumulatori Olovni akumulatori Provera ispravnosti i održavanje akumulatora Zamena akumulatora Prijavljivanje akumulatora Elektronska organizacija paljenja i ubrizgavanja Organizacija paljenja i ubrizgavanja Smeša goriva i vazduha Otvorena i zatvorena petlja Paljenje smeše u benzinskim motorima Visokonaponska induktivna zavojnica Motori sa ubrizgavanjem goriva ispred usisnih ventila Motori sa direktnim ubrizgavanjem benzina Ubrizgavanje dizel goriva pod visokim pritiskom Izvršni elementi Električni grejači smeše Elektroventili Brizgaljke benzina pod niskim pritiskom Brizgaljke benzina pod visokim pritiskom Pumpa - brizgaljka Brizgaljke CR sistema Davači Prekidački davači Davač položaja papuče spojke (CPP) Davač položaja papuče kočnice (BPP) Sigurnosni prekidač (CS) Davač detonantnog sagorevanja radne smeše (Nok) Davači temperature Davač temperature rashladne tečnosti (ECT) Davač temperature glave motora (CHT) Davač temperature usisanog vazduha (IAT) Davač temperature ulja (OET) Davač temperature goriva (EFT) Davač temperature izduvnih gasova (EGT) Potenciometarski davači Davač položaja leptira gasa (TPS) Davač položaja papuče gasa (APP) Davači pritiska Davač pritiska gorivnih para (VPS) Davač atmosferskog pritiska (BARO) Davači visokog pritiska Davač apsolutnog pritiska (MAP) Davači protoka fluida Davač zapremine usisanog vazduha (VAF) Davač mase usisanog vazduha sa vrelom žicom (MAF) Davač mase usisanog vazduha sa vrelim filmom (MAF) Induktivni davači Iduktivni davač sa spoljnom pobudom Holov davač Elektrohemijski davači koncentracije Lambda sonda Ispitivanje lambda sondi Davač koncentracije azotnih oksida (Nox) Elektronski uređeni sistemi Nadpunjenje cilindara Elektronski kontrolisana klapna gasa (ETC) Elektronski kontrolisan termostat Sistem za manipulaciju gorivnim isparenjima (EVAP) Promena ugla bregastih vratila VVT sistem Recirkulacija izduvnih gasova (EGR) Pumpa sekundarnog vazduha Izduvni blok Izduvni gasovi Voda (H2O) Ugljen–dioksid (CO2) Azot (N2) Ugljen–monoksid (CO) Kiseonik (O2) Ugljovodonici (CxHx) Azotni oksidi (NOx) Čestice čađi Sumpor dioksid (SO2) Mirisi Katalitički konvertori Akumulator azotnih oksida Selektivna katalitička redukcija Filteri čestica čađi Dijagnostičke procedure Dodatak A Analiza izduvnih gasova Pomoćna dijagnostička oprema Dimna mašina Goriva za SUS motore Benzin Dizel gorivo Komprimovani prirodni gas (KPG) Tečni naftni gas (TNG) Vodonik Radioničke baze podataka Uputstvo za upotrebu programa „Tolerance data“ Dodatak B Električni simboli Oznake priključnih kontakata Slovne oznake u električnim šemama Spisak radioničkih baza podataka Skraćenice, akronimi i inicijali SI prefiksi Jedinice SI sistema Engleski rečnik Označavanje provodnika bojama Označavanje otpornika bojama

Spoljašnjost kao na fotografijama, unutrašnjost u dobrom i urednom stanju! Zavarivanje i srodni postupci - Milenko Rakin Tehnička knjiga, Beograd, 1971. 267 str. ilustrovano, tabele Zavarivanje je proces spajanja dva ili više metalna dela istog ili približno istog hemijskog sastava. Spajanjem se dobija nerazdvojiva veza. Zavarivanje se izvodi pod dejstvom toplote, uz dodavanje ili ponekad bez dodavanja dodatnog materijala i uz primenu pritiska ili bez njega. Pri zavarivanju vrši se lokalno zagrevanje ivice metalnih delova koje treba spojiti (zavariti). Zagrevanje se vrši do temperature pri kojoj metal prelazi iz čvrstog u testasto ili tečno stanje, što zavisi od vrste i načina zavarivanja. Postoje dve vrste zavarivanja: zavarivanje topljenjem i zavarivanje pritiskom. Različiti izvori energije se mogu koristiti za zavarivanje, kao što je mlaz vrućih plinova (plinski plamen ili mlaz plazme), električni luk, tok nelektrisanih čestica (mlaz elektrona ili jona u vakuumu), tokovi zračenja (laser), električna struja (elektrootporno zavarivanje), trenje, ultrazvuk i sl. Zavarivanje se može obavljati u radionici, na otvorenom prostoru, u vodi ili u svemiru. Sve do kraja 19. veka, jedino je bilo poznato kovačko zavarivanje, s kojim su kovači vekovima spajali željezo i čelik grejanjem i udaranjem čekića. Elektrolučno zavarivanje i gasno zavarivanje kiseonikom su bili među prvim postupcima koji su se razvili u 20. veku. Nakon toga su se razvili mnogi procesi, ali među najzastupljenijim je postalo ručno elektrolučno zavarivanje.[1] Istorija zavarivanja Istorija spajanja metala je započela pre nekoliko hiljada godina, u bronzano doba i u željezno doba, na prostorima današnje Evrope i Bliskog istoka. Razvilo se kao sastavni deo veština kovača, zlatara i livača pri izradi oruđa za rad, oružja, posuda, nakita i građevina. U srednjem veku se razvilo kovačko zavarivanje, gde su se dva dela koja su se spajala, na kovačkoj vatri, dovela do belog usijanja i ako je bilo potrebno, posipali bi se određenim prahom ili peskom za „čišćenje”. Čekićanjem spoja istiskivali bi se s dodirnih površina rastopljeni oksidi ili troska, te se sučeljavaju čiste metalne površine, kada počinju delovati međuatomske sile dva dela i dolazi do čvrstog spoja. Najbolji mačevi od čelika u srednjem veku bili su rađeni iz niskougljeničnog čelika (do 0,4% ugljenika), a na njihove rubove su kovački zavarivane (udarcima čekića u toplom stanju) trake od visokougljeničnog čelika (od 1,0 do 2,1% C), koje su uz određenu toplotnu obradu davale tvrde i oštre bridove. Mačevi, vrhovi strela i koplja, noževi i drugo, kod kojih su primenjivali kovačko zavarivanje, bili su poznati u Grčkoj, Franačkoj državi, Kini, Japanu, Indoneziji, te u Siriji. Poznata je bila tehnika spajanja traka iz različitih vrsta željeznih materijala kovanjem kao “damaskiranje” (od Damask, Sirija), a u cilju postizanja posebnih dobrih svojstava za mačeve i puške. Godine 1802. ruski naučnik Vasilij Petrov istražuje električni luk za opštu namenu i predlaže primenu za zavarivanje. Godine 1882. ruski naučnik Nikolaj Benardos prvi koristi električni luk između ugljene elektrode i metala, uz dodavanje žice u metalnu kupku. Godine 1888. ruski naučnik Nikolaj Slavjanov je predložio postupak elektrolučnog zavarivanja metalnom elektrodom. Godine 1895. počinje se koristiti aluminotermijsko zavarivanje koloseka i za popravku odlivaka. U isto vreme prvi put se zavaruje gasnim plamenikom, koji je koristio kiseonik i vodonik. Kasnije se razvija gasno zavarivanje kiseonik-acetilenskim (O2 + C2H2) plamenom. Godine 1907. švedski naučnik prvi patentira i primenjuje obloženu elektrodu. Obložena elektroda se proizvodila uranjanjem gole žice u rastvor minerala, a od 1936. obloga se nanosi ispresivanjem ili ekstrudiranjem. Od 1925. počinje zavarivanje u zaštitnoj atmosferi vodonika, a kasnije se prešlo na argon i helijum. Od 1930. primenjuje se automatsko zavarivanje pod praškom u brodogradnji SAD. Pred, a posebno nakon Drugog svetskog rata, počinje razvoj i primena zavarivanja u zaštitnom gasu - zavarivanje TIG postupkom. Zavarivanje MIG postupkom se počinje primenjivati 1948, a od 1953. u Sovjetskom Savezu se prvi put primenjuje zavarivanje MAG postupkom s CO2 zaštitnim aktivnim plinom. Hladno zavarivanje pod pritiskom se primenjuje od 1948. Nakon 1950. godine se razvijaju mnogi novi postupci kao što su: zavarivanje pod troskom (1951), zavarivanje trenjem (1956), zavarivanje snopom elektrona (1957), zavarivanje ultrazvukom (1960), zavarivanje laserom (1960), zavarivanje plazmom (1961) i drugi. Prvo zavarivanje i toplotno rezanje u svemiru izvedeno je 1969. na sovjetskom svemirskom brodu Sojuz 6. Godine 1932. u Rusiji, Konstantin Hrenov je prvi uspešno primenio podvodno elektrolučno zavarivanje....

GLOBALNA PROGNOZA ZA SLEDEĆIH ČETRDESET GODINA! Znamo ono što želimo znati o tome kako će svet izgledati kroz četrdeset godina. Međutim, znamo li kako će svet zaista izgledati za četrdeset godina? Upravo je to pitanje na koje Jorgen Randers pokušao da odgovori u knjizi 2052. Pre četrdeset godina, Randers je bio jedan od koautora knjige Granice rasta (The Limits to Growth), studije koja se bavila velikim pitanjem kako će ljudi svoj poriv za neograničenim rastom prilagoditi fizičkim ograničenima planete Zemlje. U knjizi 2052, Randers polazi od sopstvenog iskustva iz oblasti održivosti, globalnih prognostičkih alata i predviđanja – opisanih u knjizi – više od trideset vodećih naučnika, ekonomista, futurista i drugih mislilaca, koji bi nas trebalo voditi kroz najizgledniju budućnost. Ovaj uvid u budućnost povlači za sobom niz pitanja: • Koliko će ljudima na planeti trebati pomoć? • Hoće li biti dovoljno hrane i energije? • Hoće li verovanje u beskrajni rast doživeti slom? • Hoće li Kina postići svoju ekonomsku nadmoć na miran način? • Hoće li trka prema obnovljivim izvorima energije uspeti? • Hoće li preovladati nekontrolisane klimatske promene? • U kojim delovima sveta će se kvalitet života poboljšati, a u kojima pogoršati? Ova pitanja, kao i brojna druga, se postavljaju kroz oštrouman, humani i stručni uvid u budućnost pred nama, što za rezultat daje brojna iznenađujuće odgovore.. ŠTA NAM BUDUĆNOST DONOSI? Pre četrdeset godina moje kolege i ja proveli smo dve godine marljivo radeći u svojim kancelarijama na MIT-u. Dugo smo i detaljno razmišljali o budućnosti i - uz vodstvo Dennisa L. Meadowsa i uz autorstvo Donelle H. Meadows proizveli smo ono što je postalo nepopularna mala knjiga nazvana Granice rasta (The Limits to Growth). Knjiga je bila analiza scenarija kojom smo pokušali da odgovorimo na pitanje „Šta će se dogoditi tokom sledećih 130 godina ako se čovečanstvo odluči na sprovođenje određenih političkih odluka?` Na primer, šta će se dogoditi ako celokupno društvo nastavi da stremi ka ekonomskom rastu bez posebnog akcenta na kontrolisanje rasta stanovništva? Ili šta će se dogoditi ako čovečanstvo odluči da usmeri svoje veoma veliko tehnološko umeće (i nešto novca) na razvijanje ekološki benigne poljoprivrede na globalnom nivou? Razvili smo nekoliko različitih slika budućnosti. Neke opisuju budućnost u kojoj su stvari pošle po zlu; druge opisuju budućnost gde je situacija bila puno bolja za sve ljude. Glavni zaključak naše analize bio je da se čovečanstvo, bez velikih promena, spremalo na rast opasno iznad fizičkih granica naše planete. To je bio zaključak koji se zasnivao na opažanju da treba vremena da čovečanstvo reši bilo koje važno pitanje koje proizlazi iz konačnosti planete. Treba vremena da bi se identifikovao problem, vreme da se prihvati da je taj problem stvaran, vreme da se reši i vreme da se primeni novo rešenje. Prvi deo - „zastoj između opažanja i prihvatanja` - doprineo je verovatnosti (šta je jasno nama, ali ne i svima) da bi čovečanstvo moglo da dopustiti rast u brojkama i fizičkom utiecaju iznad održivog kapaciteta globalnog ekosistema da podržava takav rast. Takav dugi zastoj omogućio bi, čak i prizvao, ono što smo mi nazvali premašivanje (overshoot), posebno ako bi čovečanstvo raslo usprkos planetarnim ograničenjima. U praktičnom smislu, moguće je da čovečanstvo neko vreme ostane u fazi premašivanja (kao što je slučaj i s prekomernim lovom ribe), međutim premašivanje neće i ne može trajati zauvek u trenutku kad se njegovi temelji unište (kad više ne bude ribe). HOĆE LI SVET PROPASTI? Onog trenutka kada dođe do premašivanja, postoje samo dva puta nazad prema održivosti: kontrolisano smanjivanje uređenim uvođenjem novog rešenja (riba iz uzgajališta), ili slom (prestajete da jedete ribu jer je više nema - i uništite posao ribara, kao što se dogodilo na Newfounland-u nakon 1992.). Premašivanje se ne može održati. Ako pokušate da ga održite, kratkoročno će nastati problemi koje će biti teško kontrolisati. Ti problemi biće snažna motivacija za identifikaciju i pokretanje novih rešenja. Međutim, do novog rešenja ne dolazi se preko noći, već tek nakon „zastoja donošenja rešenja i njegove primene` - što može trajati jednu celu deceniju. Zbog toga čak i da započnete pre nego što su temelji potpuno nestali, reskirate da ćete ih iscrpeti do kraja dok čekate novo rešenje. To je bila prava poruka Granica rasta 1972. godine. U decenijama nakon što je knjiga objavljena, spora ljudska reakcija na klimatski problem pružila je prvoklasnu ilustraciju ove poruke. Problem je prvi put prepoznat 1960-ih godina, 1988. godine formiran je Međuvladin panel o klimatskim promenama (IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), s ciljem pružanja naučnog gledišta, a 1997. potpisan je Protokol iz Kyot-a. A i dalje - nakon četrdeset godina - još ne vidimo godišnje smanjenje emisija štetnih gasova. Čovečanstvo je i dalje u stanju solidnog premašivanja (ispuštanjem oko dvostruko više CO2 na godinu nego što svi okeani i šume sveta mogu da apsorbuju), a možemo prepoznati i rane znakove nadolazećeg postupnog uništenja ekosistema - koji pruža nebrojeno mnogo ekoloških usluga od kojih ljudi zavise. O kontrolisanom smanjivanju raspravlja se na svakoj konferenciji, ali bez imalo efekata na emisije štetnih gasova. U scenarijima u Granicama rasta premašivanje i pad bili su mogućnost u budućnosti za koju smo moje kolege i ja zaista verovali da će se izbeći novim, mudrijim i dugoročnijim političkim odlukama. U trenutku kada bi ljudi razumeli potencijalne opasnosti beskonačnog rasta i zakasnelih rešenja, mere bi se brzo počele preduzimati. Mislili smo da će razumno upozorenje, zasnovano na najtačnijim podacima dostupnim u to vreme, možda podići osvešćenost, skratiti zastoje i promeniti mračne izglede za budućnost. Nažalost, očigledno je da period od proteklih četrdeset godina nije pružio podršku našem mladalačkom optimizmu. Ali u najmanju ruku Granice rasta definisale su konceptualna oružja za jednu detaljnu debatu - iako se ta debata nikada nije održala. INFORMISANA PROCENA U ovoj knjizi napravio sam nešto potpuno drukčije. Uz veliku pomoć svojih novih prijatelja („novi` u smislu da se svi oni koji su doprineli knjizi 2052 - osim Williama W. Behrensa - nisu pridružili prvim naporima pre četrdeset godina), pokušao sam dati prognozu šta će se dogoditi tokom sledećih 40 godina. Jednim delom to radim da bih zadovoljio sopstvenu znatiželju, a delom da pokušam da društvo prisilim na delovanje. Stvaranje takve prognoze zastrašujući je zadatak, zadatak koji se ne može obaviti s velikom preciznošću. Toliko toga se može dogoditi od sada do 2052. godine da je ishod nemoguće prognozirati u naučnom smislu, tj. sa uskim marginama neizvesnosti. Postoje brojne moguće budućnosti, puno njih je verovatno, dok je većina malo verovatna. Zbog toga ne mogu pružiti naučnu prognozu - u smislu da je moguće autoritativno izjaviti da je ta prognoza najverovatniji ishod. Ali na sreću, moguće je napraviti procenu. A još i bolje, moguće je napraviti informisanu procenu koja bi se, u najmanju ruku, trebala zasnivati na dostupnim činjenicama i biti interno sistemska, tj. takva da ne protivreči sama sebi. Ova knjiga sadrži moju informisanu procenu. To nije „naučna istina` - takva istina ne postoji u oblasti budućnosti. To je pročišćena procena, dobro informisana procena. Ja sam siguran da imam pravo, iako je to nemoguće dokazati. Ali nemoguće je dokazati i da nemam pravo dok se god ozbiljno ne približimo 2052. godini. POHVALE KNJIZI „ ...nadahnujuće i izazovno za svakoga ko zaista brine o našoj zajedničkoj budućnosti.” — Gro Harlem Brundtland, bivši premijer Norveške „Ova knjiga je od izuzetno velikog značaja.” — James Gustave Speth, autor knjige America the Possible „Suviše je kasno da se upitamo koliko bi drugačijim i svežim vazduhom bio bogatiji današnji svet da smo poslušali Jorgena Randersa pre četrdeset godina. Pitanje je hoćemo li ga napokon ovaj put poslušati.” — Alan Weisman, autor knjige Svet bez nas (The World Without Us) „Uz jasnoću, svest i hrabrost, Jorgen Randers kao mislilac koji je postavio put konceptu globalnih sistema, zajedno sa svojim istaknutim pomagačima, u ovoj knjizi opisuje stvari koje će oblikovati naredne četiri decenije” — Amory B. Lovins, predsednik i naučnik, Institut Rocky Mountain; autor knjige Reinventing Fire Kratak sadržaj Zahvale Predgovor: Što nam budućnost donosi? PRVI DIO: POZADINA 1. Zabrinutost za budućnost 2. Pet glavnih pitanja vezanih uz promjenu sustava DRUGI DIO: MOJA GLOBALNA PROGNOZA 3. Logika moje prognoze 4. Broj stanovnika i potrošnja do 2052. 5. Energija i CO2 do 2052. 6. Hrana i ekološki otisak do 2052. 7. Nematerijalna budućnost do 2052. 8. Duh vremena 2052. 9. Razmišljanja o budućnosti 10. Pet regionalnih budućnosti 11. Usporedba s drugim budućnostima 12. Što biste trebali učiniti Završne riječi Prilozi Bilješke Kazalo pojmova JORGEN RANDERS je profesor klimatske strategije na Norveškoj poslovnoj školi BI. Bavi se oblastima klimatskih problema i analize scenarija. Prethodno je bio predsednik BI-ja i zamenik glavnog upravnika WWF International-a (World Wildlife Fund) u Švajcarskoj. Održava brojna međunarodna predavanja na temu održivog razvoja, a posebno klime, učestvuje u radu upravnih odbora mnogih korporacija kao nerukovodeći član. Član je veća za održivost Britanskog telekoma u Velikoj Britaniji, kao i Dow Chemical-a u Sjedinjenim državama. 2006. godine bio je predsednik Agencije za smanjenje efekata staklene bašte osnovanom odlukom britanskog Kabineta, koja je iznela zaključke na koji način Norveška može srezati svoje emisije ovih gasova za dve trećine do 2050. godine. Randers je napisao brojne knjige i naučne referate, bio je koautor čuvenih knjiga The Limits to Growth (Universe Books, 1972), Beyond the Limits (Chelsea Green, 1992), i Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update (Chelsea Green, 2004).

Spoljašnjost kao na fotografijama, unutrašnjost u dobrom i urednom stanju! Coskic malo uflekan! Retko !!! Indoor Marijuana Horticulture Jorge Cervantes Robert Connell Clarke Ed Rosenthal Sve najnovije informacije o uzgoju u zatvorenom prostoru stavlja vam na dohvat ruke. Saznajte kako uzgajivači maksimiziraju prinose, ubirajući više od pola kilograma pupoljaka vrhunske kvalitete po žarulji od 1000 W svaka dva mjeseca. Uključuje precizne crteže i fotografije brojnih problema s biljkama, grafikon za rješavanje problema, četiri studije slučaja, tjedni popis za provjeru, kalendar, pojmovnik i indeks. Knjiga je prepuna opsežnih informacija o hidroponici, uključujući Sea Of Green, rasvjetu, tlo i mješavine bez zemlje, CO2, insekte, paukove grinje, suzbijanje gljivica i bolesti, gnojiva, poremećaje nutrijenata, sjemenke i sadnice, tvrtke za proizvodnju sjemena, njegu biljaka, matične biljke, obrezivanje i savijanje, određivanje spola, kontrola mirisa, sušenje, berba, medicinska uporaba, sigurnost i sigurnost. Postavljanje prostorija za uzgoj Postavljanje sustava rasvjete Postavljanje pokretača svjetla Postavljanje ventilacijskih sustava Sadnja idealnih vrtova Uzgoj savršenih klonova Presađivanje bez greške Obilne žetve Uzgoj i dalje Indoor Marihuana Horticulture: je najprodavanija knjiga o uzgoju marihuane u zatvorenom prostoru na svijetu. Zbog toga su je uzgajivači krstili `Indoor Bible`. Sva izdanja knjige su bestseleri otkako je prvi put objavljena 1983. Knjiga je prepuna jednostavnih primjera i uputa korak po korak koje uspješno koriste i početnici i napredni uzgajivači. Ako želite pročitati samo jednu knjigu o uzgoju u zatvorenom prostoru, to je to! Jorge Cervantes je ime Georgea Van Pattena, američkog hortikulturista, izdavača i pisca specijaliziranog za uzgoj medicinskog kanabisa u zatvorenom, na otvorenom i u staklenicima. Njegove knjige, članci, fotografije i DVD-i s poukama pokazuju tehnike za visokoprinosne ormare, podrume, dvorišta i gerilske vrtove. Sveučilišta kanabisa u SAD-u koriste njegovu knjigu, Marihuana Horticulture, kao glavni udžbenik, a njegove video zapise kao pomoć u nastavi. Cervantes je 10 godina pisao kolumnu Q & A (Jorge`s Rx) i nastavlja pisati članke u časopisu High Times. George Van Patten rođen je 1953. u obitelji dr. Cecil Robert i Ester Van Patten. Odrastao je u Ontariju, Oregon. Kao dječak dostavljao je lokalne novine. Kasnije je radio u press sobi i ubrzo postao fotograf za lokalne novine, The Argus Observer, od 1969. do 1973. Van Patten je učio o tiskanju, fotografiji, vijestima i publicitetu u novinama. Van Patten je uspio uštedjeti novac od svog posla u novinama kako bi platio svoje sveučilišne studije u inozemstvu i SAD-u, prvo na Sveučilištu u Valenciji u Valenciji, Španjolska, a kasnije na Sveučilištu Américas u Puebli, Meksiko. Kao student na sveučilištu u Meksiku, razvio je svoju cjeloživotnu strast prema biljci kanabisa. Godine 1976. Van Patten se preselio u Portland, Oregon, kako bi bio blizu svojih roditelja nakon što mu se otac razbolio. Diplomirao je na Portland State University 1977. godine. Nakon diplome, Van Patten se preselio u Santa Barbaru u Kaliforniji gdje je s čileanskim partnerom pokrenuo posao s vrtovima. Tamo je ilegalno uzgajao marihuanu `sinsemilla` (španjolski za `bez sjemena`) u Nacionalnoj šumi Los Padres u blizini Santa Barbare. Sinsemilla je bila `novi` visokokvalitetni kanabis koji su Meksikanci u to vrijeme rezervirali za domaću potrošnju. Godine 1979. Van Patten i njegov partner prodali su posao s vrtovima i krenuli na jednogodišnju ekskurziju sa svojim djevojkama kroz srce Meksika, Srednje Amerike i Južne Amerike. Godine 1981. Van Patten se oženio s Estellom Cervantes u Portlandu u Oregonu. Nisu imali djece. Osnovao je tvrtku za vrtove u Portlandu i uzgajao kanabis u zatvorenom prostoru. Nedostatak vjerodostojnih informacija o uzgoju kanabisa u zatvorenom prostoru doveo ga je do analize, istraživanja i autora Indoor Marihuana Horticulture 1983. Knjiga je postala bestseler, a uspješni uzgajivači u zatvorenom prostoru nazvali su je `Biblija kućnog uzgajivača` koja je postala podnaslov knjige. Van Patten je razvio vlastite sustave rasvjete visokog intenziteta za uzgoj marihuane i prodavao ih u maloprodaji i poštom putem svoje tadašnje trgovine Jorge Cervantes u zatvorenom vrtu. Jorge u Spannabisu koji je domaćin natjecanja Seedsman Seeds. DEA-ina operacija Zeleni trgovac (1989.) zatvorila je njegovu trgovinu i više od 40 drugih u SAD-u. Nakon istrage na razini cijele zemlje, Van Patten je preradio Indoor Marihuana Horticulture i ponovno je objavio kao Gardening Indoors with Soil & Hydroponics 1995. kako bi izbjegao pravne probleme. Marihuana je biljka Cannabis sativa, koje se koristi kao opojna droga i lek. Marihuana je halucinogeno sredstvo (neki autori uopšte je ne svrstavaju u taj skup psihoaktivnih supstanci). Sadrži psihoaktivni THC. Dvojbeno je utiče li konoplja na kratkotrajan gubitak pamćenja. Taj uticaj najlakše je za primijetiti. Takvi simptomi javljaju se samo u vrijeme trajanja djelovanja konoplje, dakle, nekoliko sati, a nije nasljedan niti trajan. Isto tako, pretrage osoba, čestih konzumenata konoplje, izgleda, ne pokazuju nikakve nedostatke niti oštećenja.

PETNIČKE SVESKE broj 62 zbornik radova Istraživačka stanica Petnica, 2016. Udžbenički format, 520 strana. Lepo očuvana, spolja malo požutela. Prednja korica zacepljena pri dnu. Astronomija Određivanje osnovnih parametara otvorenog zvezdanog jata M41 II (Kološnjaji Bojan) Segregacija mase u dvokomponentnim zbijenim zvezdanim jatima (Radojević Dimitrije) Ispitivnje strukture u raspodeli Zemaljskih sudarnih kratera (Cvijović Ivana, Radaković Tamara) Kretanje apsidne linije eklipsno dvojnog sistema PV Cassiopeiae (Tomić Zoran, Jovanović Ivan) Pritisak faznog prelaza u planetama Jupiterovog tipa (Savić Kristina) Fizika Uticaj topologije mreže na razvoj kooperativnosti (Alorić Aleksandra) Dobijanje i ispitivanje osobina mikrosočiva u sloju želatina (Pajović Jelena, Jovanović Martin) Samoorganizovana kritičnost u otvorenom sistemu saobraćaja (Marković Jelena) Matematika Određivanje granica Ramzejevih brojeva metodom slučajnih grafova (Trokicić Aleksandar, Milosavljević Nikola) Hamingov kod kao savršen kod (Oklapi Erna, Numanović Sanela) Kombinatorni identiteti izvedeni Fibonačijevim i Katalanovim matricama (Stanimirović Stefan, Pantić Mladen) Elektronika Konstrukcija uređaja za psivnu izvora zvuka u ravni TDOA metodom (Razumenić Ivan) Konstrukcija ultrazvučnog sonara i testiranje negovog rada u različitim uslovima (Otašević Nikola, Bogdanović Miroslav) Merenje temperature vazduha pomoću ultrazvuka (Basić Miodrag) Merenje horizontalnog profila snage zvučnika u nelaboratorijskim uslovima (Anastasijević Ana) Računarstvo Eksploatacija buffer overflowa na x86_64 Linux platformi (Nikolić Aleksandar) CallTheTux (Čordaš Robert) Biologija Ispitivanje antimutagenog dejstva infuza od nevena, bokvice i koprive testom somatskih mutacija i rekombinacija (Milovanović Dragomir, Kiralj Arpad, Arnaut Marina) Utvrđivanje filogenetskih odnosa u porodici Rosaceae na osnovu količine kvercetina (Šviković Saša) Prilog poznavanju diverziteta biljnih zolja (Symphyta, Hymenoptera) u okolini Valjeva (Horvat Sonja) Analiza uticaja ekoloških faktora na florističku strukturu obalskih ekosistema Banje i Pocibrave (Zorić Nina) Interspecijsko predatorstvo među larvama vilinih konjica (Insecta: Odonata) na Petničkom jezeru (Baljozović Andreja) Ocena kvaliteta vode Petničkog jezera na osnovu sastava fitoplanktonske zajednice (Plavša Jovana, Đokić Jelena) Biomedicina Ispitivanje inhibicije aktivnosti butiriholinesteraze ekstraktima štavelja, medunike, kupine i vrbičice (Tomić Goran, Vaslić Jelena) Odloženi uticaj perinatalnog stresa na aktivnost acetilholinesteraze u mozgu pacova (Đorović Đorđe) Ispitivanje uloge MAPK, JAK/STAT i NF-κB u regulaciji produkcije interleukina-17 u ćelijama limfnog čvora miša stimulisanim konkanavalinom A (Tomić Goran) Uticaj propolisa i njegovih aktivnih sastojaka na rast i razmnožavanje gram-pozitivnih i gram-negativnih bakterija (Janjić Iva, Janjić Iva) Karakterizacija prirodnih izolata bakterija mlečne kiseline (Petrović Ivana) Ispitivanje inhibicije procesa lipidne peroksidacije ekstraktima kupine, ambrozije, medunike, vrbičice i štavelja (Jovanović Minja) Uticaj ultrazvuka na klijanje semena pšenice (Savić Vedrana) Uticaj miricetina i kampferola na aktivnost enzima glutation reduktaze (Martinović Vladan) Geologija Petrografske karakteristike stena padina Žeželja (Andrić Nevena, Perišić Marko) Ispitivanje osnovnih hemijskih karakteristika vode bušotine ML-1 kod Ždrela (Jacanović Ilija) Promena hemijskog sastava vode jezera Bukulja (Mladenović Marina) Hemija Ispitivanje uticaja ultrazvuka na karakteristike evolucije Briggs-Rauscher oscilatornog sistema u funkciji temperature i koncentracije IO3- jona (Milić Jovana, Kolarski Dušan) Ispitivanje superoksid dismutazne i antibakterijske aktivnosti kompleksa bacitracina sa prelaznim metalima (Prokopović Vladimir) Ispitivanje reakcije degradacije kvercetina u vodenim sredinama (Janićijević Željko, Pantelić Aleksandar) Uticaj ultrazvuka na ponašanje bakarne elektrode pri elektrohemijskom dobijanju vodonika i kiseonika (Baljozović Miloš) Dobijanje biodizela od korišćenog jestivog ulja, ispitivanje njegovih osnovnih karakteristika i uporedno ispitivanje osnovnih karakteristika smeše bio-dizela i konvecionalnog dizela u različitim odnosima (Milojević Marko) Uticaj ultrazvuka na aktivnost β-proteaze izolovane iz deterdženata (Krstić Gordana) Ispitivanje uticaja Co2+ i Ni2+ jona na elektrolitički indukovanu polimerizaciju akril-amida (Paunović Vladimir) Ispitivanje inhibitornog efekta formaldehida na koroziju gvožđa (Jeremić Rada, Slijepčević Irena) Optimizacija postupka hromatografskog odvajanja kompleksa Cu(II) sa Šifovim bazama u uslovima hromatografije na tankom sloju (TLC) (Bogojević Jelena) Antropologija Analiza proizvodnje elemenata kulturnog kapitala među valjevskim gimnazijalcima (Milić Milica) Analiza prostornog ponašanja u kafiću Gradska kafana u Bačkoj Topoli (Žugić Jasna) Arheologija Neolitska plastika sa lokaliteta Crkvine – Mali Borak (Milenković Milena) Predstave na skordističkom novcu sa šire teritorije grada Beograda (Glavonjić Stefan, Mučibabić Mihailo) Analiza kameni predmeta sa lokaliteta Crkvine u Malom Borku (Stevanović Danica) Kulturno-hronološko opredeljenje gvozdenodopskog tumula sa lokaliteta Savinac (Marković Milan, Cvijanović Saška) Tipološka i funkcionalna analiza srednjevekovnih lula sa lokaliteta Šabačka tvrđava (Filipić Tatjana, Đukić Efterpi) Srednjovekovni stakleni predmeti sa lokaliteta Šabačka tvrđava (Radišić Teodora, Moldvai Nina) Episkopska crkva na lokalitetu Brangović (Pavlović Tamara, Gajić Aleksandar) Istorija Analiza repertoara leskovačkih bioskopa 1933-1937. godine (Vukašinović Milan) Omladinska strana Gročanskih novina (Jovanović Čarna, Vukašinović Milan, Živančević Milan, Pešić Uroš) Lingvistika Karakteristike jezika četa (Miljković Vanja) Svadbena leksika na području svrljiško-zaplanjskog govornog tipa prizrensko-timočkog dijalekta (Ristić Biljana) Prilog: Leksikon svadbenik termina na području svrljiško-zaplanjskog govornog tipa prizrensko-timočkog dijalekta (Ristić Biljana) Upotreba srpskog jezika kod mađarsko-srpskih bilingvala:analiza grešaka u pismenim radovima učenika (Kovač Aniko) Načini građenja množine imenica druge deklinacije koje se proširuju infiksom -t (Košprdić Miloš) Grafičke modifikacije reči na četu i forumu (Ristić Bojana, Begović Dunja) Odlike srpskih hrematonima u funkciji reklame (Novaković Sara, Parandilović Nađa) Psihologija Uticaj međusobne udaljenosti između stubića grafikona na čitljivost stubičlastih grafikona (Nenadić Filip, Apić Ognjen) Kako vidim sebe, kako vidim tebe (Trutin Dunja, Lazić Jelena) Uticaj muzike na uspešnost rezonovanja (Pejović Jovana) Povezanost self-koncepta adolescenata i njihove procene o tome kako ih vide roditelji (Vermezović Ana, Papulić Ivana) Uticaj konteksta grupe na ocenjivanje znanja (Nikolovski Srđan) Uticaj teme i stila na procenu denotativnog značenja slika (Sučević Jelena, Duvnjak Sanja) Estetska dimenzija optičkih iluzija (Marić Tamara, Danić Bogdan) Dostupnost vizuelnih informacija i anizotropija opaženog prostora (Grahek Ivan, Žunac Stefan, Jovanović Ljubica) Uticaj konteksta na pamćenje reklama (Simić Selena, Rat Sara) Uticaj emocionalnosti i osetljivosti kože na golicljivost (Minić Marija, Milanović Dušan, Vukelić Nina) Uticaj tekstualnih markera na pamćenje sadržaja teksta (Trkulja Marija, Rujević Goran) k

Urednici: Božo Dalmacija, Jasmina Agbaba, Mile Klašnja Izdavač: UNS, PMF, Novi Sad Godina izdanja: 2009. Povez: Broširan Format: 25 cm Broj strana: 537 Stanje: Veoma dobro Sadržaj 1. RESURSI VODE ZA VODOSNABDEVANJE 1.1. ZNAČAJ OKVIRNE DIREKTIVE EVROPSKE UNIJE O VODAMA ZA OČUVANJE VODENIH RESURSA 1.2. KOLIKO IMA VODE NA ZEMLJI? 1.3. RASPOLOŽIVI RESURSI VODA NA TERITORIJI SRBIJE 1.4 KVALITET VODNIH RESURSA U SRBIJI 1.4.1. Kvalitet podzemnih voda 1.4.2. Kvalitet površinskih voda 2. SMERNICE ZA ZDRAVSTVENO BEZBEDNU VODU ZA PIĆE 2.1. PLANOVI O SIGURNOSTI VODE ZA PIĆE 2.1.1. Ciljevi bazirani na zdravlju 2.1.2. Osnovi implementacije Plana o sigurnoj vodi za piće 2.1.3. Procena sistema za vodosnabdevanje 2.1.4. Identifikacija i rangiranje hazarda 2.1.4.1. Metoda za određivanje rang liste rizika (Metod 1: Jednostavna timska odluka) 2.1.4.2. Metoda za određivanje rang liste rizika (Metod 2: Semi-kvantitativni prilaz) 2.1.4.3. Identifikovanje dodatnih ili unapređenih kontrolnih mera 2.1.5. Operacioni monitoring za podršku upravljanja rizikom 2.1.6. Verifikacija i revizija 2.1.7. Planovi menadžmenta, dokumentacija i komunikacija 2.1.7.1. Programi za podršku i procedure menadžmenta 2.1.7.1. Dokumentacija 2.1.7.2. Zapis 2.1.7.3. Strategija komunikacije 2.1.8. Nadzor kvaliteta vode za piće 2.2. STANDARDI VODE ZA PIĆE 2.2.1. Hemijski aspekt vode za piće 2.2.2. Biološki aspekt vode za piće 2.2.2.1. Biološko ispitivanje kvaliteta voda 2.2.2.1.1. Pelaške zajednice 2.2.2.1.2. Bentosne zajednice 2.2.2.1.3. Pričvršćene zajednice 2.2.3. Mikrobiološki aspekt vode za piće 2.2.3.1. Hidrični patogeni 2.2.3.1.1. Patogene bakterije 2.2.3.1.2. Protozoe 2.2.3.1.3. Virusi 2.2.3.1.4. Helminti 2.2.3.1.5. Cijanobakteriie 2.2.3.2. Nepoželjni organizmi 2.2.3.2.1. Organizmi koji izazivaju promene ukusa i mirisa vode za piće 2.2.3.2.2. Organizmi koji izazivaju promene boje vode za piće 2.2.3.2.3. Depoziti usled gvožđevitih bakterija 2.2.3.2.4. Problemi korozije usled gvozđevitih i sumpornih bakterija 2.2.3.2.5. Nepoželjne invertebrate 2.23.3. Oportunistički patogeni u vodi za piće 2.2.3.4. Problem cvetanja cijanobakterija i pojave cijanotoksina u vodi namenjenoj za vodosnabdevanje 2.23.4.1. Karakteristike cijanotoksina 2.2.3.4.2. Metode detekciie cijanotoksina u vodi 2.2.4. U susret reviziji Direktivi EU o vodi za piće (98/83/EC) 2.2.4.1. Iskustva sa Direktivom 2.2.4.2. Implementacija Direktive u okviru nacionalne legislative 2.2.4.3. Problemi kvaliteta vode u Evropi 2.2.4.4. Zahtevi za izveštavanje 2.2.4.5. Evropska šema prihvatljivosti (European Acceptance Scheme, EAS) 2.2.4.6. Procena rizika, upravljanje rizikom i Planovi za sigurnost vode 2.2.4.7. Revizija nekih parametara 2.2.4.8. Revizija mikrobioloških parametara 2.3. MONITORING VODE ZA PIĆE 2.3.1. Monitoring vode za piće prema Direktivi EU 98/83/EC 2.3.2. Monitoring vode za piće prema našem pravilniku 2.3.3. Monitoring distribucionog sistema 2.3.4. Tehnike monitoringa 2.3.5. Uspostavljanje zahteva monitoringa 2.3.6. Biomonitoring voda 3. ANALIZA VODE ZA PIĆE 3.1 MODERNA LABORATORIJA ZA ANALIZU VODE ZA PIĆE 3.1.1. Obezbeđenje i kontrola kvaliteta (QA/QC) 3.1.2. Terenske analize 3.1.3. Regulatorni aspekti 3.1.4. Analiza neorganskih parametara kvaliteta 3.1.4.1. Atomska apsorpciona spektrofotometrija – AAS 3.1.4.2. Induktivno kuplovana plazma – ICP 3.1.4.3. Jonska hromatografija – IC 3.1.4.4. Elektrohemijske striping analize – ESA 3.4.4.5. Potenciometrija 3.1.4.6. Mogućnosti analize odabranih neorganskih parametara 3.1.5. Analiza organskih parametara kvaliteta 3.1.5.1. Oksidabilnost 3.1.5.2. Ukupni organski ugljenik 3.1.5.3. Specifični organski parametri 3.1.5.4. Hromatografska analiza 3.1.5.4.1. Priprema uzoraka za hromatografsku analizu 3.1.5.4.2. Gasna hromatografija 3.1.5.4.2.1. Derivatizacija 3.1.5.4.2.2. Separacija i detekcija 3.1.5.4.3. Tečna hromatografija 3.2. METODE I POSTUPCI ZA DETEKCIJU BAKTERIJA U VODI ZA PIĆE 3.2.1. Mikroorganizmi i voda za piće 3.2.1.1. Kvantifikacija bakterija u vodi za piće 3.2.1.2. Vrste mikrobioloških pregleda i pokazatelji kvaliteta vode za piće 3.2.1.3. Principi analitičkih tehnika za ocenu mikrobiološkog kvaliteta 3.2.1.4. Primena monoklonalnih i poliklonalnih antitela 3.2.1.5. IMS/kultura 3.2.2. Neki noviji pristupi, metode i postupci u detekciji bakterija 3.2.2.1. Aerobne mezofilne bakterije – parametar kvaliteta vode za piće 3.2.2.2. Ukupne i fekalne koliformne bakterije 3.2.2.3. Biološki aktivni reakcioni testovi – BARTs 4. OSNOVNE TEHNOLOŠKE METODE U PRIPREMI VODE ZA PIĆE 4.1. SEPARACIONE METODE U PRIPREMI VODE ZA PIĆE 4.1.1. Taloženje i filtracija 4.1.1.1. Koagulacija i flokulacija 4.1.1.1.1. Hemijske reakcije pri koagulaciji 4.1.1.1.2. Uslovi koji utiču na koagulaciju 4.1.1.1.3. Flokulacija 4.1.1.1.4. Faktori koji utiču na koagulaciju i flokulaciju 4.1.1.2. Taloženje 4.1.1.2.1. Uređaji za taloženje 4.1.1.3. Filtracija 4.1.1.3.1. Kontrola filtracije 4.1.1.3.2. Pranje filtra 4.1.2. Membranska separacija 4.1.2.1. Membranska filtracija – mikrofiltracija i ultrafiltracija 4.1.2.1.1. Materijal, struktura i osobine membrane 4.1.2.1.2. Mehanizam membranske filtracije 4.1.2.1.3. Radne karakteristike membrane 4.1.2.1.4. Tehnika membranske filtracije 4.1.2.2. Reversna osmoza i nanofiltracija 4.1.2.2.1. Struktura i materijal membrana 4.1.2.2.2. Mehanizam membranske sevaracije 4.1.2.2.3. Tehnika reversne osmoze i nanofiltracije 4.2. HEMIJSKE METODE U PRIPREMI VODE ZA PIĆE 4.2.1. Poboljšan proces koagulacije u tretmanu vode za piće 4.2.1.1. Osobine čestica u vodi 4.2.1.2. Koagulacija/flokulacija 4.2.1.3. Prirodne organske materije u vodi i efekat koagulacije 4.2.1.4. Uklanjanje algi 4.2.1.5. Uklanjanje jedinjenja antropogenog porekla 4.2.1.6. Uklanjanje mutnoće 4.2.1.7. Uklanjanje biološkog i mikrobiološkog zagađenja 4.2.2. Unapređeni procesi oksidacije u tretmanu vode za piće 4.2.2.1. Ne-fotohemijski procesi 4.2.2.1.1. Ozonizacija u baznoj sredini 4.2.2.1.2. Ozon/vodonik peroksid (O3/H2O2) – PEROXONE 4.2.2.1.3. Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2) i Fenton-slični procesi 4.2.2.2. Fotohemijski procesi 4.2.2.2.1. UV i VUV fotoliza 4.2.2.2.2. Vodonik peroksid/UV zračenje (H2O2/UV) 4.2.2.2.3. Ozon/UV zračenje (O3/UV) 4.2.2.2.4. Ozon/vodonik peroksid/UV zračenje (O3/H2O2/UV) 4.2.2.2.5. Foto-Fenton procesi 4.2.2.2.6. Fotokatalitička oksidacija 4.2.2.3. Još neki AOPs 4.2.2.4. AOPs – poređenje i modeliranje 4.3. DIFUZIONE METODE U PRIPREMI VODE ZA PIĆE 4.3.1. Primena adsorpcije u pripremi vode za piće 4.3.1.1. Adsorpciona ravnoteža 4.3.1.2. Kinetika adsorpcije 4.3.1.3. Faktori koji utiču na adsorpciju 4.3.1.4. Primena u procesima 4.3.1.4.1. Aktivni ugalj u prahu 4.3.1.4.2. Filtri sa nepokretnim slojem granulovanog aktivnog uglja 4.3.1.4.2.1. Zona transfera mase i kriva proboja 4.3.1.4.2.2. Parametri adsorpcionih procesa na GAC filtrima 4.3.1.4.2.3. Pranje GAC filtara 4.3.1.4.2.4. Regeneracija granulisanog aktivnog uglja 4.3.1.4.3. Biološki aktivni ugljevi 4.3.1.4.3.1. Procesi biodegradacije i biosorpcije 4.3.1.4.3.2. Razvoj biofilma na biofiltrima 4.3.2. Primena apsorpcije/desorpcije u pripremi vode za piće 4.3.2.1. Teorijska osnova gas/tečnost razmene 4.3.2.1.1. Rastvaranje gasova (apsorpcija) 4.3.2.1.2. Striping (desorpcija) 4.3.2.2. Aeracija 4.3.2.2.1. Transfer vazduha (kiseonika) u vodu 4.3.2.2.2. Degazacija CO2 4.3.2.2.3. Uklanjanje vodoniksulfida 4.3.2.2.4. Primena čistog kiseonika za oksidaciju 4.3.2.3. Transfer ozona 4.3.2.3.1. Modelovanje transfera ozona 4.3.2.3.2. Izbor reaktora za ozonizaciju 4.3.2.3.3. Reaktori za ozonizaciju 4.3.2.4. Transfer hlora 4.3.2.4.1. Reakcija hlora sa konstituentima u vodi 4.3.2.4.2. Dizajniranje kontaktora za oksidaciiu sa hlorom 4.3.2.5. Korekcija pH vode pomoću ugljen-dioksida 4.4. DEZINFEKCIJA VODE ZA PIĆE 4.4.1 Metode dezinfekcije 4.4.2. Nusprodukti dezinfekcije 4.4.2.1. Zakonska regulativa 4.4.2.2. Toksičnost zakonom regulisanih dezinfekcionih nusproizvoda 4.4.2.3. Toksičnost zakonom neregulisanih dezinfekcionih nusproizvoda 4.4.2.4. Dezinfekcioni nusproizvodi kao proizvodi oksidacije ksenobiotika 5. UKLANJANJE SPECIFIČNIH ORGANSKIH I NEORGANSKIH POLUTANATA IZ VODE ZA PIĆE 5.1. UKLANJANJE AZOTNIH MATERIJA IZ VODE ZA PIĆE 5.1.1. Uklanjanje amonijaka iz vode za piće 5.1.1.1. Fizičko-hemijski procesi uklanjanja amonijaka 5.1.1.2 Biološki procesi uklanjanja amonijaka 5.1.1.2.1 Filteri sa imobilisanom mikroflorom za uklanjanje amonijaka 5.1.1.2.2 Biološki tretman vode koja sadrži amonijak gvožđe i/ili mangan 5.1.2 Uklanjanje nitrata iz vode za piće – denitrifikacija 5.1.2.1. Hemijsko uklanjanje nitrata iz vode za piće 5.1.2.2. Fizičko uklanjanje nitrata iz vode za piće 5.1.2.3. Fizičko-hemijsko uklanjanje nitrata iz vode za piće – jonska izmena 5.1.2.4. Biološko uklanjanje nitrata iz vode za piće 5.1.2.5. Membranski bioreaktori 5.2. UKLANJANJE GVOŽĐA I MANGANA IZ VODE ZA PIĆE 5.2.1. Tehnike uklanjanja gvožđa i mangana iz podzemnih voda 5.2.1.1. Fizičko-hemijsko uklanjanje gvožđa i mangana 5.2.1.2. Biološko uklanjanje gvožđa i mangana 5.3. UKLANJANJE ARSENA U TRETMANU VODE ZA PIĆE 5.3.1. Postupci za smanjenje sadržaja arsena u vodi za piće 5.3.1.1. Koagulacija i flokulacija i drugi precipitacioni porocesi 5.3.1.2. Sorpcioni procesi (adsorpcija i jonska izmena) 5.3.1.3. Membranski procesi 5.3.1.4. Oksidacija 5.3.2. Generisanje i odlaganje reziduala arsena nakon tretmana 5.3.2.1. Solidifikacija i stabilizacija (S/S) kao remedijaciona tehnologija za otpad koji sadrži arsen 5.3.2.1.1. Područja primene, prednosti i potencijalna ograničenja 5.3.2.2. Kristalizacija mulja 5.4. UKLANJANJE TOKSIČNIH ORGANSKIH POLUTANATA 5.4.1. Hibridni proces membranska filtracija/adsorpcija na aktivnom uglju u prahu 5.4.2. Unapređeni procesi oksidacije 5.5. MERE PREVENCIJE I POSTUPCI UKLANJANJA CIJANOTOKSINA IZ VODE 5.5.1. Koagulacija/flokulacija, flotacija i adsorbcija aktivnim ugljem 5.5.2. Hlorinacija 5.5.3. Svetlost 5.5.4. Procesi na membranama 5.5.5. Ozonizacija

Odlično Nil Jang Biografija Neil Percival Young OC OM[1][2] (born November 12, 1945) is a Canadian and American[3] singer and songwriter. After embarking on a music career in Winnipeg in the 1960s, Young moved to Los Angeles, joining the folk-rock group Buffalo Springfield. Since the beginning of his solo career, often with backing by the band Crazy Horse, he has released critically acclaimed albums such as Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (1969), After the Gold Rush (1970), Harvest (1972), On the Beach (1974), and Rust Never Sleeps (1979). He was also a part-time member of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, with whom he recorded the chart-topping 1970 album Déjà Vu. His guitar work, deeply personal lyrics[4][5][6] and signature high tenor singing voice[7][8] define his long career. Young also plays piano and harmonica on many albums, which frequently combine folk, rock, country and other musical genres. His often distorted electric guitar playing, especially with Crazy Horse, earned him the nickname `Godfather of Grunge`[9] and led to his 1995 album Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam. More recently he has been backed by Promise of the Real.[10] Young directed (or co-directed) films using the pseudonym `Bernard Shakey`, including Journey Through the Past (1973), Rust Never Sleeps (1979), Human Highway (1982), Greendale (2003), CSNY/Déjà Vu (2008), and Harvest Time (2022). He also contributed to the soundtracks of the films Philadelphia (1993) and Dead Man (1995). Young has received several Grammy and Juno Awards. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted him twice: in 1995 as a solo artist and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield.[11] In 2023, Rolling Stone named Young No. 30 on their list of 250 greatest guitarists of all time.[12] Young is also on Rolling Stone`s list of the 100 greatest musical artists. 21 of his albums and singles have been certified Gold and Platinum in U.S. by RIAA certification.[13] Young was awarded the Order of Manitoba in 2006[2] and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2009.[1] Early life (1945–1963)[edit] Neil Young[14] was born on November 12, 1945, in Toronto, Canada.[15][16] His father, Scott Alexander Young (1918–2005), was a journalist and sportswriter who also wrote fiction.[17] His mother, Edna Blow Ragland `Rassy` Young (1918–1990) was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.[18] Although Canadian, his mother had American and French ancestry.[19] Young`s parents married in 1940 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and moved to Toronto shortly thereafter where their first son, Robert `Bob` Young, was born in 1942. Shortly after Young`s birth in 1945, the family moved to rural Omemee, Ontario, which Young later described fondly as a `sleepy little place`.[20] Young contracted polio in the late summer of 1951 during the last major outbreak of the disease in Ontario, and as a result, became partially paralyzed on his left side.[21] After the conclusion of his hospitalization, the Young family wintered in Florida, whose milder weather they believed would help Neil`s convalescence.[22] During that period, Young briefly attended Faulkner Elementary School in New Smyrna Beach, Florida. In 1952, upon returning to Canada, Young moved from Omemee to Pickering (1956), and lived for a year in Winnipeg (where he would later return), before relocating to Toronto (1957–1960). While in Toronto, Young briefly attended Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute as a first year student in 1959.[23] It is rumoured that he was expelled for riding a motorcycle down the hall of the school.[24] Young became interested in popular music he heard on the radio.[25] When Young was twelve, his father, who had had several extramarital affairs, left his mother. She asked for a divorce, which was granted in 1960.[26] She moved back to Winnipeg and Young went to live with her there, while his brother Bob stayed with their father in Toronto.[27] During the mid-1950s, Young listened to rock `n roll, rockabilly, doo-wop, R&B, country, and western pop. He idolized Elvis Presley and later referred to him in a number of his songs.[28] Other early musical influences included Link Wray,[29] Lonnie Mack,[30] Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs, The Ventures, Cliff Richard and the Shadows,[31] Chuck Berry, Hank Marvin, Little Richard, Fats Domino, The Chantels, The Monotones, Ronnie Self, the Fleetwoods, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison and Gogi Grant.[32] Young began to play music himself on a plastic ukulele, before, as he would later relate, going on to `a better ukulele to a banjo ukulele to a baritone ukulele – everything but a guitar.`[33] Career[edit] Early career (1963–1966)[edit] Young and his mother settled into the working-class area of Fort Rouge, Winnipeg, where he enrolled at Earl Grey Junior High School. It was there that he formed his first band, the Jades, and met Ken Koblun. While attending Kelvin High School in Winnipeg, he played in several instrumental rock bands, eventually dropping out of school in favour of a musical career.[34] Young`s first stable band was the Squires, with Ken Koblun, Jeff Wuckert and Bill Edmondson on drums, who had a local hit called `The Sultan`. Over a three-year period the band played hundreds of shows at community centres, dance halls, clubs and schools in Winnipeg and other parts of Manitoba. The band also played in Fort William (now part of the city of Thunder Bay, Ontario), where they recorded a series of demos produced by a local producer, Ray Dee, whom Young called `the original Briggs,` referring to his later producer David Briggs.[35] While playing at The Flamingo, Young met Stephen Stills, whose band The Company was playing the same venue, and they became friends.[36] The Squires primarily performed in Winnipeg and rural Manitoba in towns such as Selkirk, Neepawa, Brandon and Giroux (near Steinbach), with a few shows in northern Ontario.[37] After leaving the Squires, Young worked folk clubs in Winnipeg, where he first met Joni Mitchell.[38] Mitchell recalls Young as having been highly influenced by Bob Dylan at the time.[39] Young said Phil Ochs was `a big influence on me,` telling a radio station in 1969 that Ochs was `on the same level with Dylan in my eyes.`[40] Here he wrote some of his earliest and most enduring folk songs such as `Sugar Mountain`, about lost youth. Mitchell wrote `The Circle Game` in response.[41] The Winnipeg band The Guess Who (with Randy Bachman as lead guitarist) had a Canadian Top 40 hit with Young`s `Flying on the Ground is Wrong`, which was Young`s first major success as a songwriter.[42] In 1965, Young toured Canada as a solo artist. In 1966, while in Toronto, he joined the Rick James-fronted Mynah Birds. The band managed to secure a record deal with the Motown label, but as their first album was being recorded, James was arrested for being AWOL from the Navy Reserve.[43] After the Mynah Birds disbanded, Young and the bass player Bruce Palmer decided to pawn the group`s musical equipment and buy a Pontiac hearse, which they used to relocate to Los Angeles.[44] Young admitted in a 2009 interview that he was in the United States illegally until he received a `green card` (permanent residency permit) in 1970.[45] Buffalo Springfield (1966–1968)[edit] Main article: Buffalo Springfield Once they reached Los Angeles, Young and Palmer met up with Stephen Stills and Richie Furay after a chance encounter in traffic on Sunset Boulevard.[44] Along with Dewey Martin, they formed Buffalo Springfield. A mixture of folk, country, psychedelia, and rock, lent a hard edge by the twin lead guitars of Stills and Young, made Buffalo Springfield a critical success, and their first record Buffalo Springfield (1966) sold well after Stills` topical song `For What It`s Worth` became a hit, aided by Young`s melodic harmonics played on electric guitar. According to Rolling Stone, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and other sources, Buffalo Springfield helped create the genres of folk rock and country rock.[46][47] Distrust of their management, as well as the arrest and deportation of Palmer, worsened the already strained relations among the group members and led to Buffalo Springfield`s demise. A second album, Buffalo Springfield Again, was released in late 1967, but two of Young`s three contributions were solo tracks recorded apart from the rest of the group. From that album, `Mr. Soul` was the only Young song of the three that all five members of the group performed together.[citation needed] In May 1968, the band split up for good, but to fulfill a contractual obligation, a final studio album, Last Time Around, was released. Young contributed the songs `On the Way Home` and `I Am a Child`, singing lead on the latter.[citation needed] In 1997, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; Young did not appear at the ceremony, writing in a letter to the Hall that their presentation, which was aired on VH1, `has nothing to do with the spirit of Rock and Roll. It has everything to do with making money.`[48] Young played as a studio session guitarist for some 1968 recordings by The Monkees which appeared on the Head and Instant Replay albums.[49] Going solo, Crazy Horse (1968–1969)[edit] Main article: Crazy Horse (band) After the breakup of Buffalo Springfield, Young signed a solo deal with Reprise Records, home of his colleague and friend Joni Mitchell, with whom he shared a manager, Elliot Roberts. Roberts managed Young until Roberts` death in 2019. Young and Roberts immediately began work on Young`s first solo record, Neil Young (January 22, 1969),[50] which received mixed reviews. In a 1970 interview,[51] Young deprecated the album as being `overdubbed rather than played.` For his next album, Young recruited three musicians from a band called the Rockets: Danny Whitten on guitar, Billy Talbot on bass guitar, and Ralph Molina on drums. These three took the name Crazy Horse (after the historical figure of the same name), and Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (May 1969) is credited to `Neil Young with Crazy Horse`. Recorded in just two weeks, the album includes `Cinnamon Girl`, `Cowgirl in the Sand`, and `Down by the River`. Young reportedly wrote all three songs in bed on the same day while nursing a high fever of 39 °C (102 °F).[52] Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young (1969–1970)[edit] Main article: Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young Shortly after the release of Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere, Young reunited with Stephen Stills by joining Crosby, Stills & Nash, who had already released one album Crosby, Stills & Nash as a trio in May 1969. Young was originally offered a position as a sideman, but agreed to join only if he received full membership, and the group – winners of the 1969 Best New Artist Grammy Award – was renamed Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.[53] The quartet debuted in Chicago on August 16, 1969, and later performed at the famous Woodstock Festival, during which Young skipped the majority of the acoustic set and refused to be filmed during the electric set, even telling the cameramen: `One of you fuckin` guys comes near me and I`m gonna fuckin` hit you with my guitar`.[54] During the making of their first album, Déjà Vu (March 11, 1970), the musicians frequently argued, particularly Young and Stills, who both fought for control. Stills continued throughout their lifelong relationship to criticize Young, saying that he `wanted to play folk music in a rock band.`[55] Despite the tension, Young`s tenure with CSNY coincided with the band`s most creative and successful period, and greatly contributed to his subsequent success as a solo artist.[citation needed] Young wrote `Ohio` following the Kent State massacre on May 4, 1970. The song was quickly recorded by CSNY and immediately released as a single, even though CSNY`s `Teach Your Children` was still climbing the singles charts.[citation needed] After the Gold Rush, acoustic tour and Harvest (1970–1972)[edit] Later in the year, Young released his third solo album, After the Gold Rush (August 31, 1970), which featured, among others, Nils Lofgren, Stephen Stills, and CSNY bassist Greg Reeves. Young also recorded some tracks with Crazy Horse, but dismissed them early in the sessions. The eventual recording was less amplified than Everybody Knows This is Nowhere, with a wider range of sounds. Young`s newfound fame with CSNY made the album his commercial breakthrough as a solo artist, and it contains some of his best known work, including `Tell Me Why` and `Don`t Let It Bring You Down`; the singles `Only Love Can Break Your Heart` and `When You Dance I Can Really Love`; and the title track, `After the Gold Rush`, played on piano, with dreamlike lyrics that ran a gamut of subjects from drugs and interpersonal relationships to environmental concerns. Young`s bitter condemnation of racism in the heavy blues-rock song `Southern Man` (along with a later song entitled `Alabama`) was also controversial with southerners in an era of desegregation, prompting Lynyrd Skynyrd to decry Young by name in the lyrics to their hit `Sweet Home Alabama`. However, Young said he was a fan of Skynyrd`s music, and the band`s front man Ronnie Van Zant was later photographed wearing a Tonight`s the Night T-shirt on the cover of an album.[1] Young in the 1970s In the autumn of 1970, Young began a solo acoustic tour of North America, during which he played a variety of his Buffalo Springfield and CSNY songs on guitar and piano, along with material from his solo albums and a number of new songs. Some songs premiered by Young on the tour, like `Journey through the Past`, would never find a home on a studio album, while other songs, like `See the Sky About to Rain`, would only be released in coming years. Many gigs were sold out, including concerts at Carnegie Hall and a pair of acclaimed hometown shows at Toronto`s Massey Hall, which were taped for a planned live album. The shows became legendary among Young fans, and the recordings were officially released nearly 40 years later as an official bootleg in Young`s Archive series.[citation needed] Near the end of his tour, Young performed one of the new acoustic songs on the Johnny Cash TV show. `The Needle and the Damage Done`, a somber lament on the pain caused by heroin addiction, had been inspired in part by Crazy Horse member Danny Whitten, who eventually died while battling his drug problems.[56][57] While in Nashville for the Cash taping, Young accepted the invitation of Quadrafonic Sound Studios owner Elliot Mazer to record tracks there with a group of country-music session musicians who were pulled together at the last minute. Making a connection with them, he christened them The Stray Gators, and began playing with them. Befitting the immediacy of the project, Linda Ronstadt and James Taylor were brought in from the Cash taping to do background vocals. Against the advice of his producer David Briggs, he scrapped plans for the imminent release[58] of the live acoustic recording in favor of a studio album consisting of the Nashville sessions, electric-guitar oriented sessions recorded later in his barn, and two recordings made with the London Symphony Orchestra at Barking (credited as Barking Town Hall and now the Broadway Theatre) during March 1971.[59] The result was Young`s fourth album, Harvest (February 14, 1972), which was also the best selling album of 1972 in the US.[60] After his success with CSNY, Young purchased a ranch in the rural hills above Woodside and Redwood City in Northern California (`Broken Arrow Ranch`, where he lived until his divorce in 2014).[61] He wrote the song `Old Man` in honor of the land`s longtime caretaker, Louis Avila. The song `A Man Needs a Maid` was inspired by his relationship with actress Carrie Snodgress. `Heart of Gold` was released as the first single from Harvest, the only No. 1 hit in his career.[62] `Old Man` was also popular, reaching No. 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, marking Young`s third and final appearance in the chart`s Top 40 as a solo artist.[62] The album`s recording had been almost accidental. Its mainstream success caught Young off guard, and his first instinct was to back away from stardom. In the Decade (1977) compilation, Young chose to include his greatest hits from the period, but his handwritten liner notes famously described `Heart of Gold` as the song that `put me in the middle of the road. Traveling there soon became a bore, so I headed for the ditch. A rougher ride but I saw more interesting people there.`[63] The `Ditch` Trilogy and personal struggles (1972–1974)[edit] Although a new tour with The Stray Gators (now augmented by Danny Whitten) had been planned to follow up on the success of Harvest, it became apparent during rehearsals that Whitten could not function due to drug abuse. On November 18, 1972, shortly after he was fired from the tour preparations, Whitten was found dead of an apparent alcohol/diazepam overdose. Young described the incident to Rolling Stone`s Cameron Crowe in 1975: `[We] were rehearsing with him and he just couldn`t cut it. He couldn`t remember anything. He was too out of it. Too far gone. I had to tell him to go back to L.A. `It`s not happening, man. You`re not together enough.` He just said, `I`ve got nowhere else to go, man. How am I gonna tell my friends?` And he split. That night the coroner called me from L.A. and told me he`d OD`d. That blew my mind. I loved Danny. I felt responsible. And from there, I had to go right out on this huge tour of huge arenas. I was very nervous and ... insecure.`[45] On the tour, Young struggled with his voice and the performance of drummer Kenny Buttrey, a noted Nashville session musician who was unaccustomed to performing in the hard rock milieu; Buttrey was eventually replaced by former CSNY drummer Johnny Barbata, while David Crosby and Graham Nash contributed rhythm guitar and backing vocals to the final dates of the tour. The album assembled in the aftermath of this incident, Time Fades Away (October 15, 1973), has often been described by Young as `[his] least favorite record`, and was not officially released on CD until 2017 (as part of Young`s Official Release Series). Nevertheless, Young and his band tried several new musical approaches in this period. Time Fades Away, for instance, was recorded live, although it was an album of new material, an approach Young would repeat with more success later on. Time was the first of three consecutive commercial failures which would later become known collectively to fans as the `Ditch Trilogy`, as contrasted with the more middle-of-the-road pop of Harvest.[64] - Young in Austin, Texas, on November 9, 1976 In the second half of 1973, Young formed The Santa Monica Flyers, with Crazy Horse`s rhythm section augmented by Nils Lofgren on guitar and piano and Harvest/Time Fades Away veteran Ben Keith on pedal steel guitar. Deeply affected by the drug-induced deaths of Whitten and roadie Bruce Berry, Young recorded an album specifically inspired by the incidents, Tonight`s the Night (June 20, 1975). The album`s dark tone and rawness led Reprise to delay its release and Young had to pressure them for two years before they would do so.[65] While his record company was stalling, Young recorded another album, On the Beach (July 16, 1974), which presented a more melodic, acoustic sound at times, including a recording of the older song `See the Sky About to Rain`, but dealt with similarly dark themes such as the collapse of 1960s folk ideals, the downside of success and the underbelly of the Californian lifestyle. Like Time Fades Away, it sold poorly but eventually became a critical favorite, presenting some of Young`s most original work. A review of the 2003 re-release on CD of On the Beach described the music as `mesmerizing, harrowing, lucid, and bleary`.[66] After completing On the Beach, Young reunited with Harvest producer Elliot Mazer to record another acoustic album, Homegrown. Most of the songs were written after Young`s breakup with Carrie Snodgress, and thus the tone of the album was somewhat dark. Though Homegrown was reportedly entirely complete, Young decided, not for the first or last time in his career, to drop it and release something else instead, in this case, Tonight`s the Night, at the suggestion of Band bassist Rick Danko.[67] Young further explained his move by saying: `It was a little too personal ... it scared me`.[67] Most of the songs from Homegrown were later incorporated into other Young albums while the original album was not released until 2020. Tonight`s the Night, when finally released in 1975, sold poorly, as had the previous albums of the `ditch` trilogy, and received mixed reviews at the time, but is now regarded as a landmark album. In Young`s own opinion, it was the closest he ever came to art.[68] Reunions, retrospectives and Rust Never Sleeps (1974–1979)[edit] Young reunited with Crosby, Stills, and Nash after a four-year hiatus in the summer of 1974 for a concert tour which was partially recorded; highlights were ultimately released in 2014 as CSNY 1974. It was one of the first ever stadium tours, and the largest tour in which Young has participated to date.[69] In 1975, Young reformed Crazy Horse with Frank Sampedro on guitar as his backup band for his eighth album, Zuma (November 10, 1975). Many of the songs dealt with the theme of failed relationships; `Cortez the Killer`, a retelling of the Spanish conquest of Mexico from the viewpoint of the Aztecs, may also be heard as an allegory of love lost. Zuma`s closing track, `Through My Sails`, was the only released fragment from aborted sessions with Crosby, Stills and Nash for another group album.[citation needed] In 1976, Young reunited with Stephen Stills for the album Long May You Run (September 20, 1976), credited to The Stills-Young Band; the follow-up tour was ended midway through by Young, who sent Stills a telegram that read: `Funny how some things that start spontaneously end that way. Eat a peach, Neil.`[70] The Last Waltz, Young (center on left microphone) performing with Bob Dylan and The Band, among others in 1976 In 1976, Young performed with Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, and numerous other rock musicians in the high-profile all-star concert The Last Waltz, the final performance by The Band. The release of Martin Scorsese`s movie of the concert was delayed while Scorsese unwillingly re-edited it to obscure the lump of cocaine that was clearly visible hanging from Young`s nose during his performance of `Helpless`.[71] American Stars `n Bars (June 13, 1977) contained two songs originally recorded for the Homegrown album, `Homegrown` and `Star of Bethlehem`, as well as newer material, including the future concert staple `Like a Hurricane`. Performers on the record included Linda Ronstadt, Emmylou Harris and Young protégé Nicolette Larson along with Crazy Horse. In 1977, Young also released the compilation Decade, a personally selected set of songs spanning every aspect of his work, including a handful of previously unreleased songs. The record included less commercial album tracks alongside radio hits.[citation needed] In June 1977 Young joined with Jeff Blackburn, Bob Mosley and John Craviotto (who later founded Craviotto drums) to form a band called The Ducks. Over a 7-week period the band performed 22 shows in Santa Cruz CA but were not allowed to appear beyond city limits due to Young`s Crazy Horse contract. In April 2023 Young officially released a double album of songs culled from the band`s performances at multiple venues as well as from sessions at a local recording studio. The double album was part of the Neil Young Archives project positioned within the Official Bootleg Series, titled High Flyin`. Comes a Time (October 2, 1978), Young`s first entirely new solo recording since the mid-1970s, marked a return to the commercially accessible, Nashville-inspired sound of Harvest while also featuring contributions from Larson and Crazy Horse. The album also marked a return to his folk roots, as exemplified by a cover of Ian Tyson`s `Four Strong Winds`, a song Young associated with his childhood in Canada. Another of the album`s songs, `Lotta Love`, was also recorded by Larson, with her version reaching No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1979. In 1978, much of the filming was done for Young`s film Human Highway, which took its name from a song featured on Comes a Time. Over four years, Young would spend US$3,000,000 of his own money on production (US$14,014,286 in 2023 dollars[72]). This also marked the beginning of his brief collaboration with the art punk band Devo, whose members appeared in the film.[73] Young set out in 1978 on the lengthy Rust Never Sleeps tour, in which he played a wealth of new material. Each concert was divided into a solo acoustic set and an electric set with Crazy Horse. The electric sets, featuring an abrasive style of playing, were influenced by the punk rock zeitgeist of the late 1970s and provided a stark contrast from Comes a Time.[74] Two new songs, the acoustic `My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)` and electric `Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)` were the centerpiece of the new material. During the filming of Human Highway, Young had collaborated with Devo on a cacophonous version of `Hey Hey, My My` at the Different Fur studio in San Francisco and would later introduce the song to Crazy Horse.[75] The lyric `It`s better to burn out than to fade away` was widely quoted by his peers and by critics.[75] The album has also widely been considered a precursor of grunge music with the bands Nirvana and Pearl Jam having cited Young`s heavily distorted and abrasive guitar style on the B side to this album as an inspiration.[76] Young also compared the rise of Johnny Rotten with that of the recently deceased `King` Elvis Presley, who himself had once been disparaged as a dangerous influence only to later become an icon. Rotten returned the favor by playing one of Young`s songs, `Revolution Blues` from On the Beach, on a London radio show, an early sign of Young`s eventual embrace by a number of punk-influenced alternative musicians.[77] Young`s two accompanying albums Rust Never Sleeps (July 2, 1979; new material culled from live recordings, but featuring studio overdubs) and Live Rust (November 19, 1979; a genuine concert recording featuring old and new material) captured the two sides of the concerts, with solo acoustic songs on side A, and fierce, uptempo, electric songs on side B. A movie version of the concerts, also called Rust Never Sleeps (1979), was directed by Young under the pseudonym `Bernard Shakey`. Young worked with rock artist Jim Evans to create the poster art for the film, using the Star Wars Jawas as a theme. Young`s work since Harvest had alternated between being rejected by mass audiences and being seen as backward-looking by critics, sometimes both at once, and now he was suddenly viewed as relevant by a new generation, who began to discover his earlier work. Readers and critics of Rolling Stone voted him Artist of the Year for 1979 (along with The Who), selected Rust Never Sleeps as Album of the Year, and voted him Male Vocalist of the Year as well.[78] The Village Voice named Rust Never Sleeps as the year`s second best album in the Pazz & Jop Poll,[79] a survey of nationwide critics, and honored Young as the Artist of the Decade.[80] Experimental years (1980–1988)[edit] At the start of the 1980s, distracted by medical concerns relating to the cerebral palsy of his son, Ben, Young had little time to spend on writing and recording.[81] After providing the incidental music to the 1980 film Where the Buffalo Roam, Young released Hawks & Doves (November 3, 1980), a short record pieced together from sessions going back to 1974.[81] Re·ac·tor (1981), an electric album recorded with Crazy Horse, also included material from the 1970s.[82] Young did not tour in support of either album; in total, he played only one show, a set at the 1980 Bread and Roses Festival in Berkeley,[83] between the end of his 1978 tour with Crazy Horse and the start of his tour with the Trans Band in mid-1982.[citation needed] The 80s were really good. The 80s were like, artistically, very strong for me, because I knew no boundaries and was experimenting with everything that I could come across, sometimes with great success, sometimes with terrible results, but nonetheless I was able to do this, and I was able to realize that I wasn`t in a box, and I wanted to establish that. — Neil Young[84] The 1982 album Trans, which incorporated vocoders, synthesizers, and electronic beats, was Young`s first for the new label Geffen Records (distributed at the time by Warner Bros. Records, whose parent Warner Music Group owns most of Young`s solo and band catalog) and represented a distinct stylistic departure. Young later revealed that an inspiration for the album was the theme of technology and communication with Ben, who could not speak.[85] An extensive tour preceded the release of the album, and was documented by the video Neil Young in Berlin, which saw release in 1986. MTV played the video for `Sample and Hold` in light rotation.[citation needed] Young playing in Barcelona, Spain, 1984 Young`s next album, 1983`s Everybody`s Rockin`, included several rockabilly covers and clocked in at less than 25 minutes in length. Young was backed by the Shocking Pinks for the supporting US tour. Trans (1982) had already drawn the ire of label head David Geffen for its lack of commercial appeal, and with Everybody`s Rockin` following seven months later, Geffen Records sued Young for making music `unrepresentative` of himself.[86] The album was also notable as the first for which Young made commercial music videos – Tim Pope directed the videos for `Wonderin`` and `Cry, Cry, Cry`. Also premiered in 1983, though little seen, was the long-gestating Human Highway. Co-directed and co-written by Young, the eclectic comedy starred Young, Dean Stockwell, Russ Tamblyn, Dennis Hopper, David Blue, Sally Kirkland, Charlotte Stewart and members of Devo.[87] Young did not release an album in 1984, his first unproductive year since beginning his career with Buffalo Springfield in 1966. Young`s lack of productivity was largely due to the ongoing legal battle with Geffen, although he was also frustrated that the label had rejected his 1982 country album Old Ways.[88] It was also the year when Young`s third child was born, a girl named Amber Jean, who was later diagnosed with inherited epilepsy.[89] Young spent most of 1984 and all of 1985 touring for Old Ways (August 12, 1985) with his country band, the International Harvesters. The album was finally released in an altered form midway through 1985. Young also appeared at that year`s Live Aid concert in Philadelphia, collaborating with Crosby, Stills and Nash for the quartet`s first performance for a paying audience in over ten years.[citation needed] Young`s last two albums for Geffen were more conventional in the genre, although they incorporated production techniques like synthesizers and echoing drums that were previously uncommon in Young`s music. Young recorded 1986`s Landing on Water without Crazy Horse but reunited with the band for the subsequent year-long tour and final Geffen album, Life, which emerged in 1987. Young`s album sales dwindled steadily throughout the eighties; today Life remains his all-time-least successful studio album, with an estimated four hundred thousand sales worldwide.[90] Switching back to his old label Reprise Records, Young continued to tour relentlessly, assembling a new blues band called The Bluenotes in mid-1987 (a legal dispute with musician Harold Melvin forced the eventual rechristening of the band as Ten Men Working midway through the tour). The addition of a brass section provided a new jazzier sound, and the title track of 1988`s This Note`s For You became Young`s first hit single of the decade. Accompanied by a video that parodied corporate rock, the pretensions of advertising, and Michael Jackson, the song was initially unofficially banned by MTV for mentioning the brand names of some of their sponsors. Young wrote an open letter, `What does the M in MTV stand for: music or money?` Despite this, the video was eventually named best video of the year by the network in 1989.[91] Young reunited with Crosby, Stills, and Nash to record the 1988 album American Dream and play two benefit concerts late in the year, but the group did not embark upon a full tour.[citation needed] Young attracted criticism from liberals in the music industry when he supported President Ronald Reagan and said he was `tired of people constantly apologising for being Americans`.[92] In a 1985 interview with Melody Maker, he said about the AIDS pandemic: `You go to a supermarket and you see a faggot behind the fuckin` cash register, you don`t want him to handle your potatoes.`[93] In the same interview, Young also complained about welfare beneficiaries, saying: `Stop being supported by the government and get out and work. You have to make the weak stand up on one leg, or half a leg, whatever they`ve got.`[94] Rolling Stone wrote in 2013 that Young `almost certainly regrets that horrific statement` and that he `quickly moved away from right-wing politics`.[93] Return to prominence (1989–1999)[edit] Young performing in 1996 in Turku, Finland Young`s 1989 single `Rockin` in the Free World`, which hit No. 2 on the US mainstream-rock charts, and accompanying the album, Freedom, returned Young to the popular consciousness after a decade of sometimes-difficult genre experiments. The album`s lyrics were often overtly political; `Rockin` in the Free World` deals with homelessness, terrorism, and environmental degradation, implicitly criticizing the government policies of President George H. W. Bush.[95] The use of heavy feedback and distortion on several Freedom tracks was reminiscent of the Rust Never Sleeps (1979) album and foreshadowed the imminent rise of grunge. The rising stars of the subgenre, including Nirvana`s Kurt Cobain and Pearl Jam`s Eddie Vedder, frequently cited Young as a major influence, contributing to his popular revival. A tribute album called The Bridge: A Tribute to Neil Young was released in 1989, featuring covers by a range of alternative and grunge acts, including Sonic Youth, Nick Cave, Soul Asylum, Dinosaur Jr, and the Pixies.[citation needed] Young`s 1990 album Ragged Glory, recorded with Crazy Horse in a barn on his Northern California ranch, continued this distortion-heavy aesthetic. Young toured for the album with Orange County, California country-punk band Social Distortion and Sonic Youth as support, much to the consternation of many of his old fans.[96] Weld, a two-disc live album documenting the tour, was released in 1991.[96] Sonic Youth`s influence was evident on Arc, a 35-minute collage of feedback and distortion spliced together at the suggestion of Thurston Moore and originally packaged with some versions of Weld.[96] 1992`s Harvest Moon marked an abrupt return (prompted by Young`s hyperacusis in the aftermath of the Weld tour) to the country and folk-rock stylings of Harvest and reunited him with some of the musicians from that album, including the core members of the Stray Gators and singers Linda Ronstadt and James Taylor. The title track was a minor hit, and the record was well received by critics, winning the Juno Award for Album of the Year in 1994. Young also contributed to lifelong friend Randy Bachman`s nostalgic 1992 tune `Prairie Town`, and garnered a 1993 Academy Award nomination for his song `Philadelphia`, from the soundtrack of the Jonathan Demme movie of the same name. An MTV Unplugged performance and album emerged in 1993. Later that year, Young collaborated with Booker T. and the M.G.s for a summer tour of Europe and North America, with Blues Traveler, Soundgarden, and Pearl Jam also on the bill. Some European shows ended with a rendition of `Rockin` in the Free World` played with Pearl Jam, foreshadowing their eventual full-scale collaboration two years later.[citation needed] Young on stage in Barcelona In 1994, Young again collaborated with Crazy Horse for Sleeps with Angels, a record whose dark, somber mood was influenced by Kurt Cobain`s death earlier that year: the title track in particular dealt with Cobain`s life and death, without mentioning him by name. Cobain had quoted Young`s lyric `It`s better to burn out than fade away` (a line from `My My, Hey Hey`) in his suicide note. Young had reportedly made repeated attempts to contact Cobain prior to his death.[97] Young and Pearl Jam performed `Act of Love` at an abortion rights benefit along with Crazy Horse, and were present at a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame dinner, sparking interest in a collaboration between the two.[98] Still enamored with the grunge scene, Young reconnected with Pearl Jam in 1995 for the live-in-the-studio album Mirror Ball and a tour of Europe with the band and producer Brendan O`Brien backing Young. 1995 also marked Young`s induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, where he was inducted by Eddie Vedder.[99] Young has consistently demonstrated the unbridled passion of an artist who understands that self-renewal is the only way to avoid burning out. For this reason, he has remained one of the most significant artists of the rock and roll era. — Rock and Roll Hall of Fame website.[99][100] In 1995, Young and his manager Elliot Roberts founded a record label, Vapor Records.[101] It has released recordings by Tegan and Sara, Spoon, Jonathan Richman, Vic Chesnutt, Everest, Pegi Young, Jets Overhead, and Young himself, among others.[101] Young`s next collaborative partner was filmmaker Jim Jarmusch, who asked Young to compose a soundtrack to his 1995 black-and-white western film Dead Man. Young`s instrumental soundtrack was improvised while he watched the film alone in a studio. The death of long-time mentor, friend, and producer David Briggs in late 1995 prompted Young to reconnect with Crazy Horse the following year for the album and tour Broken Arrow. A Jarmusch-directed concert film and live album of the tour, Year of the Horse, emerged in 1997. From 1996 to 1997, Young and Crazy Horse toured extensively throughout Europe and North America, including a stint as part of the H.O.R.D.E. Festival`s sixth annual tour.[citation needed] In 1998, Young renewed his collaboration with the rock band Phish, sharing the stage at the annual Farm Aid concert and then at Young`s Bridge School Benefit, where he joined headliners Phish for renditions of `Helpless` and `I Shall Be Released`.[102] Phish declined Young`s later invitation to be his backing band on his 1999 North American tour.[citation needed] The decade ended with the release in late 1999 of Looking Forward, another reunion with Crosby, Stills, and Nash. The subsequent tour of the United States and Canada with the reformed quartet earned US$42.1 million, making it the eighth largest grossing tour of 2000.[citation needed] Health condition and new material (2000s)[edit] Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young perform at the PNC Bank Arts Center in 2006. (From L to R: Nash, Stills, Young, and Crosby) Neil Young continued to release new material at a rapid pace through the first decade of the new millennium. The studio album Silver & Gold and live album Road Rock Vol. 1 were released in 2000 and were both accompanied by live concert films. His 2001 single `Let`s Roll` was a tribute to the victims of the September 11 attacks, and the effective action taken by the passengers and crew on Flight 93 in particular.[103] In 2003, Young released Greendale, a concept album recorded with Crazy Horse members Billy Talbot and Ralph Molina. The songs loosely revolved around the murder of a police officer in a small town in California and its effects on the town`s inhabitants.[104] Under the pseudonym `Bernard Shakey`, Young directed an accompanying film of the same name, featuring actors lip-synching to the music from the album. He toured extensively with the Greendale material throughout 2003 and 2004, first with a solo, acoustic version in Europe, then with a full-cast stage show in North America, Japan, and Australia. Young began using biodiesel on the 2004 Greendale tour, powering his trucks and tour buses with the fuel. `Our Greendale tour is now ozone friendly`, he said. `I plan to continue to use this government approved and regulated fuel exclusively from now on to prove that it is possible to deliver the goods anywhere in North America without using foreign oil, while being environmentally responsible.`[105] Stills and Young performing together on the Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young 2006 tour In March 2005, while working on the Prairie Wind album in Nashville,[106] Young was diagnosed with a brain aneurysm. He was treated successfully with a minimally invasive neuroradiological procedure, performed in a New York hospital on March 29,[107] but two days afterwards he passed out on a New York street from bleeding from the femoral artery, which radiologists had used to access the aneurysm.[108] The complication forced Young to cancel his scheduled appearance at the Juno Awards telecast in Winnipeg, but within months he was back on stage, appearing at the close of the Live 8 concert in Barrie, Ontario, on July 2. During the performance, he debuted a new song, a soft hymn called `When God Made Me`. Young`s brush with death influenced Prairie Wind`s themes of retrospection and mortality.[109] 2010s[edit] In May 2010, it was revealed Young had begun working on a new studio album produced by Daniel Lanois. This was announced by David Crosby, who said that the album `will be a very heartfelt record. I expect it will be a very special record.`[110] On May 18, 2010, Young embarked upon a North American solo tour to promote his then upcoming album, Le Noise, playing a mix of older songs and new material. Although billed as a solo acoustic tour, Young also played some songs on electric guitars, including Old Black.[111] In September 2011, Jonathan Demme`s third documentary film on the singer songwriter, Neil Young Journeys, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival.[112] Neil Young with Crazy Horse released the album Americana on June 5, 2012. It was Young`s first collaboration with Crazy Horse since the Greendale album and tour in 2003 and 2004. The record is a tribute to unofficial national anthems that jumps from an uncensored version of `This Land Is Your Land` to `Clementine` and includes a version of `God Save the Queen`, which Young grew up singing every day in school in Canada.[113] Americana is Neil Young`s first album composed entirely of cover songs. The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200, making it Young`s highest-charting album in the US since Harvest.[114] On June 5, 2012, American Songwriter also reported that Neil Young and Crazy Horse would be launching their first tour in eight years in support of the album.[115] On September 25, 2012, Young`s autobiography Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream was released to critical and commercial acclaim.[116] Reviewing the book for the New York Times, Janet Maslin reported that Young chose to write his memoirs in 2012 for two reasons: he needed to take a break from stage performances for health reasons but continue to generate income; and he feared the onset of dementia, considering his father`s medical history and his own present condition. Maslin praised the book, describing it as frank but quirky and without pathos.[117] In November 2013, Young performed at the annual fundraiser for the Silverlake Conservatory of Music. Following the Red Hot Chili Peppers, he played an acoustic set to a crowd who had paid a minimum of $2,000 a seat to attend the benefit in the famous Paramour Mansion overlooking downtown Los Angeles.[118] Young released the album A Letter Home on April 19, 2014, through Jack White`s record label, and his second memoir, entitled Special Deluxe, which was released on October 14.[119] He appeared with White on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on May 12, 2014.[120] Young released his thirty-fifth studio album, Storytone on November 4, 2014. The first song released from the album, `Who`s Gonna Stand Up?`, was released in three different versions on September 25, 2014.[121] Storytone was followed in 2015 by his concept album The Monsanto Years.[122] The Monsanto Years is an album themed both in support of sustainable farming, and to protest the biotechnology company Monsanto.[123] Young achieves this protest in a series of lyrical sentiments against genetically modified food production. He created this album in collaboration with Willie Nelson`s sons, Lukas and Micah, and is also backed by Lukas`s fellow band members from Promise of the Real.[124] Additionally, Young released a film in tandem to the album, (also entitled The Monsanto Years), that documents the album`s recording, and can be streamed online.[125] In August 2019, The Guardian reported Young, among other environmental activists, was being spied on by the firm.[126] In summer 2015, Young undertook a North America tour titled the Rebel Content Tour. The tour began on July 5, 2015, at the Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and ended on July 24, 2015, at the Wayhome Festival in Oro-Medonte, Ontario. Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real were special guests for the tour.[127][128] In October 2016, Young performed at Desert Trip in Indio, California,[129][130] and announced his thirty-seventh studio album, Peace Trail, recorded with drummer Jim Keltner and bass guitarist Paul Bushnell,[131] which was released that December. On September 8, 2017, Young released Hitchhiker, a studio LP recorded on August 11, 1976, at Indigo Studios in Malibu. The album features ten songs that Young recorded accompanied by acoustic guitar or piano.[132] While different versions of most of the songs have been previously released, the new album will include two never-before-released songs: `Hawaii` and `Give Me Strength`, which Young has occasionally performed live.[133] On July 4, 2017, Young released the song `Children of Destiny` which would appear on his next album. On November 3, 2017, Young released `Already Great`, a song from The Visitor, an album he recorded with Promise of the Real and released on December 1, 2017.[134] On Record Store Day, April 21, 2018, Warner Records released a two-vinyl LP special edition of Roxy: Tonight`s the Night Live, a double live album of a show that Young performed in September 1973 at the Roxy in West Hollywood, with the Santa Monica Flyers. The album is labeled as `Volume 05` in Young`s Performance Series.[135] On October 19, 2018, Young released a live version of his song `Campaigner`, an excerpt from a forthcoming archival live album titled Songs for Judy, which features solo performances recorded during a November 1976 tour with Crazy Horse. It will be the first release from his new label Shakey Pictures Records.[136][137][138] In December 2018, Young criticized the promoters of a London show for selecting Barclays Bank as a sponsor. Young objected to the bank`s association with fossil fuels. Young explained that he was trying to rectify the situation by finding a different sponsor.[139] On August 19, 2019, Neil Young and Crazy Horse announced the forthcoming release later in August 2019 of the new song `Rainbow of Colors`, the first single from the album Colorado, Young`s first new record with the band in seven years, since 2012`s Psychedelic Pill. Young, multi-instrumentalist Nils Lofgren, bassist Billy Talbot and drummer Ralph Molina recorded the new album with Young`s co-producer, John Hanlon, in spring 2019. Colorado was released on October 25, 2019[140][141] on Reprise Records. On August 30, 2019, Young unveiled `Milky Way`, the first song from Colorado, a love ballad he had performed several times at concerts – both solo acoustic and with Promise of the Real.[142] 2020s[edit] In February 2020, Young wrote an open letter to President Trump, calling him a `disgrace to my country`.[143][144] On August 4, 2020, Young filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Trump`s reelection campaign for the use of his music at campaign rallies.[145] In April 2020, Young announced that he was working on a new archival album, Road of Plenty, comprising music made with Crazy Horse in 1986 and rehearsals for his 1989 Saturday Night Live appearance.[146] On June 19, Young released a `lost` album, Homegrown. He recorded it in the mid-1970s following his breakup with Carrie Snodgress, but opted not to release it at the time, feeling it was too personal.[147] In September, Young released a live EP, The Times. Young shared the news via his video for his new song `Lookin` for a Leader`, stating: `I invite the President to play this song at his next rally. A song about the feelings many of us have about America today.`[148] In January 2021, Young sold 50% of the rights to his back catalog to the British investment company Hipgnosis Songs Fund. The value was estimated to be at least $150 million.[149][150] Young and Crazy Horse released a new album, Barn, on December 10, 2021. The first single, `Song of the Seasons`, was released on October 15, followed by `Welcome Back` on December 3, along with a music video. A stand-alone will be released on Blu-ray and will be directed by Daryl Hannah.[151] Young also confirmed that he had completed his third book, Canary, his first work of fiction.[152] On January 24, 2022, Young posted an open letter threatening to remove his music from the audio streaming service Spotify if it did not remove The Joe Rogan Experience podcast. Young accused the podcast of spreading COVID-19 misinformation on December 31, writing that `Spotify has a responsibility to mitigate the spread of misinformation on its platform`.[153] On January 26, Young`s music was removed from Spotify. A Spotify spokesperson said that Spotify wanted `all the world`s music and audio content to be available to Spotify users` and that it had a `great responsibility in balancing both safety for listeners and freedom for creators`.[153] In solidarity, artists including Joni Mitchell and the members of Crosby, Stills, and Nash also removed their music from Spotify.[154][155][156] The Director-General of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, also praised Young.[155] In 2023, Young criticized Ticketmaster`s practice of raising ticket prices and adding fees. He said he had been sent letters from fans blaming him for US$3,000 tickets for a benefit concert he was performing, and that `artists have to worry about ripped off fans blaming them for Ticketmaster add-ons and scalpers`.[157] In March 2024, Young returned his music to Spotify, as the end of Rogan`s contract meant Rogan could add The Joe Rogan Experience to other streaming platforms, such as Apple Music and Amazon Music. Young said he could not sustain his opposition across each of the platforms.[158] Archives project[edit] Main article: Neil Young Archives Since 2006, Young has been maintaining the Neil Young Archives, a project which encompasses the release of live albums, starting in 2006 with Live at the Fillmore East, box sets of live and studio material, starting in 2009 with The Archives Vol. 1 1963–1972, as well as video releases. As of 2019, the project has evolved into a subscription website and application where all of his music is available to stream in high resolution audio. Neil Young Archives also includes his newspaper, The Times-Contrarian, The Hearse Theater, and photographs and memorabilia from throughout his career.[159] Activism, philanthropy and humanitarian efforts[edit] Young`s renewed activism manifested itself in the 2006 album Living with War, which like the much earlier song `Ohio`, was recorded and released in less than a month as a direct result of current events.[160] Most of the album`s songs rebuked the Bush administration`s policy of war by examining its human costs to soldiers, their loved ones, and civilians, but Young also included a few songs on other themes and an outright protest song entitled `Let`s Impeach the President`,[161] in which he asserted that Bush had lied to lead the country into war. While Young had never been a stranger to eco-friendly lyrics, themes of environmentalist spirituality and activism became increasingly prominent in his work throughout the 1990s and 2000s, especially on Greendale (2003)[162] and Living with War (2006).[163] The trend continued on 2007`s Chrome Dreams II, with lyrics exploring Young`s personal eco-spirituality.[164] Young remains on the board of directors of Farm Aid, an organization he co-founded with Willie Nelson and John Mellencamp in 1985. According to its website, it is the longest running concert benefit series in the US and it has raised $43 million since its first benefit concert in 1985. Each year, Young co-hosts and performs with well-known guest performers who include Dave Matthews and producers who include Evelyn Shriver and Mark Rothbaum, at the Farm Aid annual benefit concerts to raise funds and provide grants to family farms and prevent foreclosures, provide a crisis hotline, and create and promote home grown farm food in the United States.[165] Young performing in Oslo, Norway, in 2009 In 2008, Young revealed his latest project, the production of a hybrid-engine 1959 Lincoln called LincVolt.[166] A new album loosely based on the Lincvolt project, Fork in the Road, was released on April 7, 2009.[167] A Jonathan Demme concert film from a 2007 concert at the Tower Theater in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania, called the Neil Young Trunk Show premiered on March 21, 2009, at the South by Southwest (SXSW) Film Conference and Festival in Austin, Texas. It was featured at the Cannes Film Festival on May 17, 2009, and was released in the US on March 19, 2010,[168] to critical acclaim.[169][170][171] In 2009, Young headlined the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, and Glastonbury Festival in Pilton, England,[172] at Hard Rock Calling in London (where he was joined onstage by Paul McCartney for a rendition of `A Day in the Life`) and, after years of unsuccessful booking attempts, the Isle of Wight Festival.[173] Young has been a vocal opponent of the proposed Keystone XL oil pipeline, which would run from Alberta to Texas. When discussing the environmental impact on the oilsands of Fort McMurray, Alberta, Young asserted that the area now resembles the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the aftermath of the atomic bomb attack of World War II.[174] Young has referred to issues surrounding the proposed use of oil pipelines as `scabs on our lives`.[174] In an effort to become more involved, Young has worked directly with the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation to draw attention to this issue, performing benefit concerts and speaking publicly on the subject. In 2014, he played four shows in Canada dedicated to the Honor the Treaties[175] movement, raising money for the Athabasca Chipewyan legal defense fund.[176] In 2015, he and Willie Nelson held a festival in Neligh, Nebraska, called Harvest the Hope, raising awareness of the impact of oilsands and oil pipelines on Native Americans and family farmers. Both received honors from leaders of the Rosebud Sioux, Oglala Lakota, Ponca and Omaha nations, and were invested with sacred buffalo robes.[177] Young participated in the Blue Dot Tour, which was organized and fronted by environmental activist David Suzuki, and toured all 10 Canadian provinces alongside other Canadian artists including the Barenaked Ladies, Feist, and Robert Bateman. The intent of Young`s participation in this tour was to raise awareness of the environmental damage caused by the exploitation of oilsands. Young has argued that the amount of CO2 released as a byproduct of oilsand oil extraction is equivalent to the amount released by the total number of cars in Canada each day.[178] Young has faced criticism by representatives from within the Canadian petroleum industry, who have argued that his statements are irresponsible.[174] Young`s opposition to the construction of oil pipelines has influenced his music as well. His song, `Who`s Going to Stand Up?` was written to protest this issue, and features the lyric `Ban fossil fuel and draw the line / Before we build one more pipeline`.[174] In addition to directly criticizing members of the oil industry, Young has also focused blame on the actions of the Canadian government for ignoring the environmental impacts of climate change. He referred to Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper as `an embarrassment to many Canadians ... [and] a very poor imitation of the George Bush administration in the United States`.[178] Young was also critical of Barack Obama`s government for failing to uphold the promises made regarding environmental policies during his election campaign.[178] Young recorded `A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop` in response to Starbucks` possible involvement with Monsanto and use of genetically modified food.[179][180] The song was included on his 2015 concept album The Monsanto Years.[181] Personal life[edit] Homes and residency[edit] Young`s family was from Manitoba, where both his parents were born and married. Young himself was born in Toronto, Ontario, and lived there at various times in his early life (1945, 1957, 1959–1960, 1966–1967), as well as Omemee (1945–1952) and Pickering, Ontario (1956) before settling with his mother in Winnipeg, Manitoba (1958, 1960–1966), where his music career began and which he considers his `hometown`.[182] After becoming successful, he bought properties in California. Young had a home in Malibu, California, which burned to the ground in the 2018 Woolsey Fire.[183] Young had lived outside Canada from 1967, before returning in 2020. Young owned Broken Arrow Ranch, a property of about 1,000 acres[184] near La Honda, California, which he purchased in 1970 for US$350,000 (US$2.7 million in 2023 dollars);[72] the property was subsequently expanded to thousands of acres.[185][186] He moved out and gave Pegi Young the ranch after their divorce in 2014. Young`s son Ben lives there.[61] Young announced in 2019 that his application for United States citizenship had been held up because of his use of marijuana. In 2020, the issue was resolved and he became a United States citizen.[187][188][189][190] Almost immediately upon gaining US citizenship, Young returned to living in Canada for the first time in over half-a-century, as he and Daryl Hannah moved to a cottage near Omemee, the town where he had originally lived from shortly after his birth until the age of 7.[191][192] Relationships and family[edit] Young married his first wife, restaurant owner Susan Acevedo, in December 1968. They were together until October 1970, when she filed for divorce.[193] From late 1970 to 1975, Young was in a relationship with actress Carrie Snodgress. The song `A Man Needs a Maid` from Harvest is inspired by his seeing her in the film Diary of a Mad Housewife. They met soon afterward and she moved in with him on his ranch in northern California. They have a son, Zeke, who was born September 8, 1972. He has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy.[194][195] Young met future wife Pegi Young (née Morton) in 1974 when she was working as a waitress at a diner near his ranch, a story he tells in the 1992 song `Unknown Legend`. They married in August 1978[196] and had two children together, Ben and Amber. Ben has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy,[195] and Amber has been diagnosed with epilepsy.[195] The couple were musical collaborators and co-founded the Bridge School in 1986.[197][198] On July 29, 2014, Young filed for divorce after 36 years of marriage.[61] Pegi died on January 1, 2019.[199] Young has been in a relationship with actress and director Daryl Hannah since 2014.[200] Young and Hannah were reported to have wed on August 25, 2018, in Atascadero, California.[201] Young confirmed his marriage to Hannah in a video released on October 31, 2018.[202] Young has been widely reported to be the godfather of actress Amber Tamblyn;[203] in a 2009 interview with Parade, Tamblyn explained that `godfather` was `just a loose term` for Young, Dennis Hopper, and Dean Stockwell, three famous friends of her father, Russ Tamblyn, who were important influences on her life.[204] Charity work[edit] Young is an environmentalist[205] and outspoken advocate for the welfare of small farmers, having co-founded in 1985 the benefit concert Farm Aid. He worked on LincVolt, the conversion of his 1959 Lincoln Continental to hybrid electric technology, as an environmentalist statement.[206][207] In 1986, Young helped found the Bridge School,[208] an educational organization for children with severe verbal and physical disabilities, and its annual supporting Bridge School Benefit concerts, together with his then wife Pegi Young.[209] Young is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.[210] Business ventures[edit] Young was part owner of Lionel, LLC, a company that makes toy trains and model railroad accessories.[211] In 2008 Lionel emerged from bankruptcy and his shares of the company were wiped out. He was instrumental in the design of the Lionel Legacy control system for model trains,[211] and remains on the board of directors of Lionel.[212] He has been named as co-inventor on seven US patents related to model trains.[213] Young has long held that the digital audio formats in which most people download music are deeply flawed, and do not provide the rich, warm sound of analog recordings. He claims to be acutely aware of the difference, and compares it with taking a shower in tiny ice cubes versus ordinary water.[214] Young and his company PonoMusic developed Pono, a music download service and dedicated music player focusing on `high-quality` uncompressed digital audio.[215] It was designed to compete against highly compressed MP3 type formats. Pono promised to present songs `as they first sound during studio recording`.[216][217][218] The service and the sale of the player were launched in October 2014.[219][220] Instruments[edit] Guitars[edit] Young playing a Gretsch White Falcon in Cologne, June 19, 2009 In 2003, Rolling Stone listed Young as eighty-third in its ranking of `The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time` (although in a more recent version of the list, he has been moved up to seventeenth place), describing him as a `restless experimenter ... who transform[s] the most obvious music into something revelatory`.[221] Young is a collector of second-hand guitars, but in recording and performing, he uses frequently just a few instruments, as is explained by his longtime guitar technician Larry Cragg in the film Neil Young: Heart of Gold. They include: a late 1950s Gretsch White Falcon purchased by Young near the end of the Buffalo Springfield era. In 1969, he bought a version of the same vintage guitar from Stephen Stills, and this instrument is featured prominently during Young`s early 1970s period, and can be heard on tracks like `Ohio`, `Southern Man`, `Alabama`, `Words (Between the Lines of Age)`, and `L.A.`. It was Young`s primary electric guitar during the Harvest (1972) era, since Young`s deteriorating back condition (eventually fixed with surgery) made playing the much heavier Les Paul (a favourite of his named Old Black) difficult.[222] Reed organ[edit] Young owns a restored Estey reed organ, serial number 167272, dating from 1885, which he frequently plays in concert.[223] Crystallophone[edit] Young owns a glass harmonica, which he played in the recording of `I Do` on his 2019 album Colorado.[224] Amplification[edit] Young uses various vintage Fender Tweed Deluxe amplifiers. His preferred amplifier for electric guitar is the Fender Deluxe, specifically a Tweed-era model from 1959. He purchased his first vintage Deluxe in 1967 for US$50 (US$460 in 2023 dollars[72]) from Sol Betnun Music on Larchmont in Hollywood and has since acquired nearly 450 different examples, all from the same era, but he maintains that it is the original model that sounds superior and is crucial to his trademark sound.[225] A notable and unique accessory to Young`s Deluxe is the Whizzer, a device created specifically for Young by Rick Davis, which physically changes the amplifier`s settings to pre-set combinations. This device is connected to footswitches operable by Young onstage in the manner of an effects pedal. Tom Wheeler`s book The Soul of Tone highlights the device on page 182/183.[226] Discography[edit] Main article: Neil Young discography and filmography See also: Crazy Horse (band) § Discography; Buffalo Springfield § Discography; and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young discography Neil Young (1968) Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (1969) (with Crazy Horse) After the Gold Rush (1970) Harvest (1972) Time Fades Away (1973) On the Beach (1974) Tonight`s the Night (1975) Zuma (1975) (with Crazy Horse) Long May You Run (1976) (credited to The Stills–Young Band) American Stars `n Bars (1977) Comes a Time (1978) Rust Never Sleeps (1979) Hawks & Doves (1980) Re