Kao na slikama AutorIngersoll, Ralph Nakladnik Beograd : Kultura, 1948 Materijalni opis488 str. ; 20 cm Nakladnički nizBiblioteka Trideset dana NapomenaPrijevod djela: Top secret. Ćir. Predmetna odrednicaDrugi svjetski rat <1939/1945> - vojne operacije - Europa, zapadna Drugi svjetski rat <1939/1945> - Sjedinjene Američke Države Ralph McAllister Ingersoll (December 8, 1900 in New Haven, Connecticut – March 8, 1985 in Miami Beach, Florida) was an American writer, editor, and publisher. He is best known as founder and publisher of PM, a short-lived 1940s New York City left-wing daily newspaper that was financed by Chicago millionaire Marshall Field III.[1] Biography[edit] Ingersoll went to Hotchkiss School, graduated from Yale University`s Sheffield Scientific School and became a mining engineer in California, Arizona and Mexico. In 1923 he went to New York with the intention of becoming a writer.[2] He worked as a reporter for the New York American from 1923 to 1925, and then joined The New Yorker where he was managing editor from 1925 to 1930. He had been hired by the New Yorker founder and editor Harold Ross a few months after the magazine commenced publication; Ross inadvertently spilled an inkwell on Ingersoll`s new light suit (various sources claim it was either white or pale gray) during the job interview, then, in embarrassment, offered him the job. As Ingersoll left his office, he heard Ross mumble to his secretary: `Jesus Christ, I hire anybody.`[3] According to his biographer, Roy Hoopes, Ingersoll `was one of the original guiding spirits of The New Yorker. He held it together during its first five years.`[4] In 1930 Ingersoll went to Time Inc. as managing editor of Time-Life publications, and devised the formula of business magazine Fortune,[5] eventually becoming general manager of the company.[2] One of his most important assignments at Fortune was a detailed history of The New Yorker and its business. The scrutiny that Ingersoll gave Ross and his employees, which included mention of their foibles and salaries, initiated a feud between Ross and Henry Luce, publisher of Time and Fortune, culminating in a famed profile of Luce by Wolcott Gibbs that ran in The New Yorker in 1936, which lampooned both Luce and `Timestyle`, the inverted writing style for which Time was (in)famous. Luce retaliated by having caricaturist Al Hirschfeld draw an image of Joseph Stalin over a picture of Ross.[6] PM started on June 18, 1940 with $1.5 million of capital, a fraction of the $10 million that Ingersoll initially sought. Unlike in usual U.S. practice, PM ran no advertising, and editorials did not appear every day; when they did, they were signed by an individual, initially Ingersoll himself, instead of anonymously coming from the paper itself. Sometimes these editorials took over the front page. His first editorial took a forthright stand on World War II which was already under way in Europe: `We are against people who push other people around,` he wrote, demanding material U.S. support for the nations opposing Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.[1][5] Ingersoll visited Britain in October and wrote a series for the paper that was published as an instant book fixup.[7] The papers` first year was an overall success, although the paper was in some financial trouble: its circulation of 100,000–200,000 was insufficient. Marshall Field III had become the paper`s funder; quite unusually, he was a `silent partner` in this continually money-losing undertaking.[1] The 41-year-old Ingersoll was drafted into the military; when he returned after the war, he found a paper that was less lively and well-written than it had been under his leadership, and with the pro-communist and anti-communist liberals writing at cross purposes. The paper never quite recovered and in June, 1948, with PM on the brink of folding, Field sold a majority interest to attorney Bartley Crum and editor Joseph Fels Barnes, who renamed it the New York Star. It ceased publication eight months later, in February, 1949. Ingersoll later wrote numerous books about his service in World War II.[1] It has recently been suggested, based on research, that Ingersoll may have been the originator, chief advocate and mission planner of the tactical deception unit formed by the US Army during the war and deployed in the European Theater of Operations known formally as the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops and colloquially as the Ghost Army of World War II.[8] In the 1950s Ingersoll acquired and managed several newspapers. His company, Ingersoll Publications, founded in 1957,[9] was taken over by his son Ralph M. Ingersoll Jr. in 1982 after he had bought his father out in a deal that left them no longer on speaking terms.[10] Further reading[edit] Hoopes, Roy (1985). Ralph Ingersoll. A Biography. New York: Atheneum. Ralf Mekalister Ingersol ( 8. decembar 1900. Nju Hejven, Konektikat — 8. mart 1985. Majami Bič, Florida) je bio američki pisac, urednik i izdavač. Najpoznatiji je kao osnivač i izdavač PM, kratkotrajnih levičarskih dnevnih novina u Njujorku iz 1940-ih koje je finansirao milioner iz Čikaga Maršal Fild III.[1] Biografija[uredi] Ingersol je otišao u školu Hočkis, diplomirao na naučnoj školi Šefild Univerziteta Jejl i postao rudarski inženjer u Kaliforniji, Arizoni i Meksiku. Godine 1923. odlazi u Njujork sa namerom da postane pisac.[2] Radio je kao reporter za Nev Iork American od 1923. do 1925., a zatim se pridružio The Nev Iorker-u gde je bio glavni urednik od 1925. do 1930. godine. Unajmio ga je osnivač i urednik Nev Iorker-a Harold Ross nekoliko meseci nakon što je časopis započelo objavljivanje; Ros je nehotice prosuo mastilo na Ingersolovo novo svetlo odelo (razni izvori tvrde da je bilo belo ili bledo sivo) tokom intervjua za posao, a zatim mu je, u stidu, ponudio posao. Dok je Ingersoll izlazio iz kancelarije, čuo je Rosa kako promrmlja svom sekretaru: „Isuse Hriste, ja unajmljujem svakoga.“[3] Prema njegovom biografu, Roju Hupsu, Ingersol je „bio jedan od prvobitnih duhova vodilja The Nev Iorker-a. Držao je zajedno tokom svojih prvih pet godina.“[4] Godine 1930. Ingersol je otišao u Time Inc. kao glavni urednik publikacija Time-Life, i osmislio formulu poslovnog časopisa Fortune,[5] da bi na kraju postao generalni direktor kompanije.[2] Jedan od njegovih najvažnijih zadataka u Fortuneu bila je detaljna istorija The Nev Iorker-a i njegovog poslovanja. Ispitivanje koje je Ingersoll dao Rosu i njegovim zaposlenima, a koje je uključivalo pominjanje njihovih slabosti i plata, pokrenulo je svađu između Rosa i Henrija Lusa, izdavača Time and Fortune, što je kulminiralo slavnim profilom Lucea Volkota Gibsa koji je objavljen u The Nev Iorker-u. 1936. godine, koji je ismevao i Luce i „Timestile“, obrnuti stil pisanja po kojem je Tajm (ne)čuven. Lus je uzvratio tako što je karikaturistu Al Hiršfeld nacrtao sliku Josifa Staljina preko Rosove slike.[6] PM je počeo 18. juna 1940. sa kapitalom od 1,5 miliona dolara, što je samo delić od 10 miliona dolara koje je Ingersol prvobitno tražio. Za razliku od uobičajene američke prakse, premijer se nije oglašavao, a uvodnici se nisu pojavljivali svaki dan; kada jesu, potpisao ih je pojedinac, u početku sam Ingersol, umesto da anonimno dolazi iz samog lista. Ponekad su ovi uvodnici zauzeli naslovnu stranu. Njegov prvi uvodnik zauzeo je jasan stav o Drugom svetskom ratu koji je već bio u toku u Evropi: „Mi smo protiv ljudi koji guraju druge ljude okolo“, napisao je, zahtevajući materijalnu podršku SAD za nacije koje se suprotstavljaju nacističkoj Nemačkoj i fašističkoj Italiji.[1] ][5] Ingersol je posetila Britaniju u oktobru i napisala seriju za novine koja je objavljena kao trenutna popravka knjige.[7] Prva godina izdanja novina je bila ukupan uspeh, iako je list bio u finansijskim problemima: njegov tiraž od 100.000–200.000 nije bio dovoljan. Maršal Fild III je postao finansijer lista; sasvim neobično, on je bio „tihi partner“ u ovom poduhvatu koji je neprestano gubio novac.[1] 41-godišnji Ingersol je pozvan u vojsku; kada se vratio posle rata, pronašao je list koji je bio manje živ i dobro napisan nego što je bio pod njegovim rukovodstvom, a sa prokomunističkim i antikomunističkim liberalima koji su pisali suprotno. List se nikada nije potpuno oporavio i u junu 1948. godine, dok je PM bio na ivici raspada, Fild je prodao većinski udeo advokatu Bartliju Kramu i uredniku Džozefu Felsu Barnsu, koji su ga preimenovali u Nev Iork Star. Prestao je da izlazi osam meseci kasnije, u februaru 1949. Ingersol je kasnije napisao brojne knjige o svojoj službi u Drugom svetskom ratu.[1] Nedavno je sugerisano, na osnovu istraživanja, da je Ingersoll možda bio začetnik, glavni advokat i planer misije jedinice za taktičke obmane koju je formirala američka vojska tokom rata i koja je bila raspoređena u Evropskom teatru operacija, formalno poznatom kao 23. štab Specijalne trupe i kolokvijalno kao Vojska duhova Drugog svetskog rata.[8] Pedesetih godina prošlog veka Ingersol je kupio i upravljao nekoliko novina. Njegovu kompaniju, Ingersoll Publications, osnovanu 1957. godine,[9] je preuzeo njegov sin Ralf M. Ingersoll Jr. 1982. nakon što je otkupio svog oca u dogovoru koji ih je ostavio da više ne razgovaraju.[10]