The Fellowship Of The Ring (Lord Of The Rings 1) Classic hardback edition of the first volume of The Lord of the Rings, featuring Tolkien’s original unused dust-jacket design. Includes special packaging and the definitive edition of the text with fold-out map and colour plate section. Sauron, the Dark Lord, has gathered to him all the Rings of Power – the means by which he intends to rule Middle-earth. All he lacks in his plans for dominion is the One Ring – the ring that rules them all – which has fallen into the hands of the hobbit, Bilbo Baggins. In a sleepy village in the Shire, young Frodo Baggins finds himself faced with an immense task, as his elderly cousin Bilbo entrusts the Ring to his care. Frodo must leave his home and make a perilous journey across Middle-earth to the Cracks of Doom, there to destroy the Ring and foil the Dark Lord in his evil purpose. This classic hardback features Tolkien’s original unused dust-jacket design, and its text has been fully restored with almost 400 corrections – with the full co-operation of Christopher Tolkien – making it the definitive version, and as close as possible to the version that J.R.R. Tolkien intended. Also included is the original red and black map of the Shire and – for the first time – a special plate section containing the pages from the Book of Mazarbul.

The Secret Once known only by an elite who were unwilling to share their knowledge of the power, 'the secret' of obtaining anything you desire is now revealed by prominent physicists, authors and philosophers as being based in the universal Law of Attraction. And the good news is that anyone can access its power to bring themselves health, wealth and happiness. Fragments of The Secret have been found in oral traditions, literature, religions and philosophies throughout the centuries. A number of the exceptional people who discovered its power went on to become regarded as the greatest human beings who ever lived. Among them: Plato, Leonardo, Galileo and Einstein. Now 'the secret' is being shared with the world. Beautiful in its simplicity, and mind-dazzling in its ability to really work, The Secret reveals the mystery of the hidden potential within us all. By unifying leading-edge scientific thought with ancient wisdom and spirituality, the riveting, practical knowledge will lead readers to a greater understanding of how they can be the masters of their own lives.

Picasso: Colour Library The name which predominates in the development of art throughout the twentieth century, and to which many of the revolutionary changes are ascribed, is that of Pablo Picasso (1881-1973). Not only was he one of the most influential artists, he was also one of the most versatile. This beautifully produced book surveys the whole range of his paintings, from the haunting works of the Blue Period, to the brute power of Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, the lyrical sweetness of his family portraits, the revolutionary developments of Cubism and the later manifold experimentations with form and colour. Roland Penrose’s introductory essay on Picasso was first published in 1971, when the great master was still alive. Penrose was acclaimed in his own right as a painter, and his long friendship with Picasso gave him unique insight into his life and work. David Lomas has written a preface introducing us to the friendship between these two artists. He has also written notes to each full-page colour plate, discussing the picture in detail, making this a perfect introduction to the twentieth century’s most famous artist.

Kao na slikama Lepo očuvano Pottery is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard and durable form. The place where such wares are made by a potter is also called a pottery (plural potteries). The definition of pottery, used by the ASTM International, is `all fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed, except technical, structural, and refractory products`.[1] End applications include tableware, decorative ware, sanitaryware, and in technology and industry such as electrical insulators and laboratory ware. In art history and archaeology, especially of ancient and prehistoric periods, pottery often means vessels only, and sculpted figurines of the same material are called terracottas. Pottery is one of the oldest human inventions, originating before the Neolithic period, with ceramic objects such as the Gravettian culture Venus of Dolní Věstonice figurine discovered in the Czech Republic dating back to 29,000–25,000 BC,[2] and pottery vessels that were discovered in Jiangxi, China, which date back to 18,000 BC. Early Neolithic and pre-Neolithic pottery artifacts have been found, in Jōmon Japan (10,500 BC),[3] the Russian Far East (14,000 BC),[4] Sub-Saharan Africa (9,400 BC),[5] South America (9,000s–7,000s BC),[6] and the Middle East (7,000s–6,000s BC). Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a desired shape and heating them to high temperatures (600–1600 °C) in a bonfire, pit or kiln, which induces reactions that lead to permanent changes including increasing the strength and rigidity of the object. Much pottery is purely utilitarian, but some can also be regarded as ceramic art. An article can be decorated before or after firing. Pottery is traditionally divided into three types: earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. All three may be glazed and unglazed. All may also be decorated by various techniques. In many examples the group a piece belongs to is immediately visually apparent, but this is not always the case; for example fritware uses no or little clay, so falls outside these groups. Historic pottery of all these types is often grouped as either `fine` wares, relatively expensive and well-made, and following the aesthetic taste of the culture concerned, or alternatively `coarse`, `popular`, `folk` or `village` wares, mostly undecorated, or simply so, and often less well-made. Cooking in pottery became less popular once metal pots became available,[7] but is still used for dishes that benefit from the qualities of pottery cooking, typically slow cooking in an oven, such as biryani, cassoulet, daube, tagine, jollof rice, kedjenou, cazuela and types of baked beans.[7] Main types[edit] Earthenware[edit] Main article: Earthenware Earthenware jar from the Neolithic Majiayao culture China, 3300 to 2000 BCE The earliest forms of pottery were made from clays that were fired at low temperatures, initially in pit-fires or in open bonfires. They were hand formed and undecorated. Earthenware can be fired as low as 600 °C, and is normally fired below 1200 °C.[8] Because unglazed earthenware is porous, it has limited utility for the storage of liquids or as tableware. However, earthenware has had a continuous history from the Neolithic period to today. It can be made from a wide variety of clays, some of which fire to a buff, brown or black colour, with iron in the constituent minerals resulting in a reddish-brown. Reddish coloured varieties are called terracotta, especially when unglazed or used for sculpture. The development of ceramic glaze made impermeable pottery possible, improving the popularity and practicality of pottery vessels. Decoration has evolved and developed through history. Stoneware[edit] Main article: Stoneware 15th-century Japanese stoneware storage jar, with partial ash glaze Stoneware is pottery that has been fired in a kiln at a relatively high temperature, from about 1,100 °C to 1,200 °C, and is stronger and non-porous to liquids.[9] The Chinese, who developed stoneware very early on, classify this together with porcelain as high-fired wares. In contrast, stoneware could only be produced in Europe from the late Middle Ages, as European kilns were less efficient, and the right type of clay less common. It remained a speciality of Germany until the Renaissance.[10] Stoneware is very tough and practical, and much of it has always been utilitarian, for the kitchen or storage rather than the table. But `fine` stoneware has been important in China, Japan and the West, and continues to be made. Many utilitarian types have also come to be appreciated as art. Porcelain[edit] Main article: Porcelain Contemporary porcelain plate by Sèvres Porcelain is made by heating materials, generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F). This is higher than used for the other types, and achieving these temperatures was a long struggle, as well as realizing what materials were needed. The toughness, strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures. Although porcelain was first made in China, the Chinese traditionally do not recognise it as a distinct category, grouping it with stoneware as `high-fired` ware, opposed to `low-fired` earthenware. This confuses the issue of when it was first made. A degree of translucency and whiteness was achieved by the Tang dynasty (AD 618–906), and considerable quantities were being exported. The modern level of whiteness was not reached until much later, in the 14th century. Porcelain was also made in Korea and in Japan from the end of the 16th century, after suitable kaolin was located in those countries. It was not made effectively outside East Asia until the 18th century.[11] Archaeology[edit] Archaeologist cleaning an early mediaeval pottery sherd from Chodlik, Poland. The study of pottery can help to provide an insight into past cultures. Fabric analysis (see section below), used to analyse the fabric of pottery, is important part of archaeology for understanding the archaeological culture of the excavated site by studying the fabric of artifacts, such as their usage, source material composition, decorative pattern, color of patterns, etc. This helps to understand characteristics, sophistication, habits, technology, tools, trade, etc. of the people who made and used the pottery. Carbon dating reveals the age. Sites with similar pottery characteristics have the same culture, those sites which have distinct cultural characteristics but with some overlap are indicative of cultural exchange such as trade or living in vicinity or continuity of habitation, etc. Examples are black and red ware, redware, Sothi-Siswal culture and Painted Grey Ware culture. The six fabrics of Kalibangan is a good example of use of fabric analysis in identifying a differentiated culture which was earlier thought to be typical Indus Valley civilisation (IVC) culture. Pottery is durable, and fragments, at least, often survive long after artifacts made from less-durable materials have decayed past recognition. Combined with other evidence, the study of pottery artefacts is helpful in the development of theories on the organisation, economic condition and the cultural development of the societies that produced or acquired pottery. The study of pottery may also allow inferences to be drawn about a culture`s daily life, religion, social relationships, attitudes towards neighbours, attitudes to their own world and even the way the culture understood the universe. Terracotta Army following excavation It is valuable to look into pottery as an archaeological record of potential interaction between peoples. When pottery is placed within the context of linguistic and migratory patterns, it becomes an even more prevalent category of social artifact.[12] As proposed by Olivier P. Gosselain, it is possible to understand ranges of cross-cultural interaction by looking closely at the chaîne opératoire of ceramic production.[13] The methods used to produce pottery in early Sub-Saharan Africa are divisible into three categories: techniques visible to the eye (decoration, firing and post-firing techniques), techniques related to the materials (selection or processing of clay, etc.), and techniques of molding or fashioning the clay.[13] These three categories can be used to consider the implications of the reoccurrence of a particular sort of pottery in different areas. Generally, the techniques that are easily visible (the first category of those mentioned above) are thus readily imitated, and may indicate a more distant connection between groups, such as trade in the same market or even relatively close settlements.[13] Techniques that require more studied replication (i.e., the selection of clay and the fashioning of clay) may indicate a closer connection between peoples, as these methods are usually only transmissible between potters and those otherwise directly involved in production.[13] Such a relationship requires the ability of the involved parties to communicate effectively, implying pre-existing norms of contact or a shared language between the two. Thus, the patterns of technical diffusion in pot-making that are visible via archaeological findings also reveal patterns in societal interaction. Chronologies based on pottery are often essential for dating non-literate cultures and are often of help in the dating of historic cultures as well. Trace-element analysis, mostly by neutron activation, allows the sources of clay to be accurately identified and the thermoluminescence test can be used to provide an estimate of the date of last firing. Examining sherds from prehistory, scientists learned that during high-temperature firing, iron materials in clay record the state of the Earth`s magnetic field at that moment. Fabric analysis[edit] The `clay body` is also called the `paste` or the `fabric`, which consists of 2 things, the `clay matrix` – composed of grains of less than 0.02 mm grains which can be seen using the high-powered microscopes or a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and the `clay inclusions` – which are larger grains of clay and could be seen with the naked eye or a low-power binocular microscope. For geologists, fabric analysis means spatial arrangement of minerals in a rock. For Archaeologists, the `fabric analysis` of pottery entails the study of clay matrix and inclusions in the clay body as well as the firing temperature and conditions. Analysis is done to examine the following 3 in detail:[14] How pottery was made e.g. material, design such as shape and style, etc. Its decorations, such as patterns, colors of patterns, slipped (glazing) or unslipped decoration Evidence of type of use. The Six fabrics of Kalibangan is a good example of fabric analysis. Clay bodies and raw materials[edit] Preparation of clay for pottery in India Removing a filter cake of porcelain body from a filter press Body, or clay body, is the material used to form pottery. Thus a potter might prepare, or order from a supplier, such an amount of earthenware body, stoneware body or porcelain body. The compositions of clay bodies varies considerably, and include both prepared and `as dug`; the former being by far the dominant type for studio and industry. The properties also vary considerably, and include plasticity and mechncial strength before firing; the firing temperature needed to mature them; properties after firing, such as permeability, mechanical strength and colour. There can be regional variations in the properties of raw materials used for pottery, and these can lead to wares that are unique in character to a locality. The main ingredient of the body is clay. Some different types used for pottery include:[15] Kaolin, is sometimes referred to as china clay because it was first used in China. Ball clay: An extremely plastic, fine grained sedimentary clay, which may contain some organic matter. Fire clay: A clay having a slightly lower percentage of fluxes than kaolin, but usually quite plastic. It is highly heat resistant form of clay which can be combined with other clays to increase the firing temperature and may be used as an ingredient to make stoneware type bodies. Stoneware clay: Suitable for creating stoneware. Has many of the characteristics between fire clay and ball clay, having finer grain, like ball clay but is more heat resistant like fire clays. Common red clay and shale clay have vegetable and ferric oxide impurities which make them useful for bricks, but are generally unsatisfactory for pottery except under special conditions of a particular deposit.[16] Bentonite: An extremely plastic clay which can be added in small quantities to short clay to increase the plasticity. It is common for clays and other raw materials to be mixed to produce clay bodies suited to specific purposes. Various mineral processing techniques are often utilised before mixing the raw materials, with comminution being effectively universal for non-clay materials. Examples of non-clay materials include: Feldspar, act as fluxes which lower the vitrification temperature of bodies. Quartz, an important role is to attenuate drying shrinkage. A section cut-through of ball mill, which are widely used to mill raw materials for pottery Nepheline syenite, an alternative to feldspar. Calcined alumina, can enhance the fired properties of a body. Chamotte, also called grog, is fired clay which it is crushed, and sometimes then milled. Helps attenuate drying shrinkage.[17] Bone ash, produced by the calcination of animal bone. A key raw material for bone china. Frit, produced made by quenching and breaking up a glass of a specific composition. Can be used at low additions in some bodies, but common uses include as components of a glaze or enamel, or for the body of fritware, when it usually mixed with larger quantities of quartz sand. Various others at low levels of addition such as dolomite, limestone, talc and wollastonite. Production[edit] The production of pottery includes the following stages: Clay body being extruded from a de-airing pug Preparing the clay body. Shaping Drying Firing Glazing and decorating. (this can be undertaken prior to firing. Also, additional firing stages after decoration may be needed.) Shaping[edit] Before being shaped, clay must be prepared. This may include kneading to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed, or de-aired, and can be accomplished either by a machine called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging. Wedging can also help produce an even moisture content. Once a clay body has been kneaded and de-aired or wedged, it is shaped by a variety of techniques, which include: Hand-building: This is the earliest forming method. Wares can be constructed by hand from coils of clay, combining flat slabs of clay, or pinching solid balls of clay or some combination of these. Parts of hand-built vessels are often joined together with the aid of slip. Some studio potters find hand-building more conducive for one-of-a-kind works of art. 0:56CC A potter using a potters wheel describes his materials (in Romanian and English) The potter`s wheel: In a process called `throwing` (coming from the Old English word thrownاا which means to twist or turn,[18]) a ball of clay is placed in the centre of a turntable, called the wheel-head, which the potter rotates with a stick, with foot power or with a variable-speed electric motor. During the process of throwing, the wheel rotates while the solid ball of soft clay is pressed, squeezed and pulled gently upwards and outwards into a hollow shape. Skill and experience are required to throw pots of an acceptable standard and, while the ware may have high artistic merit, the reproducibility of the method is poor.[19] Because of its inherent limitations, throwing can only be used to create wares with radial symmetry on a vertical axis. Press moulding: a simple technique of shaping by manually pressing a lump of clay body into a porous mould. Granulate pressing: a highly automated technique of shaping by pressing clay body in a semi-dry and granulated form in a mould. The body is pressed into the mould by a porous die through which water is pumped at high pressure. The fine, free flowing granulated body is prepared by spray drying a high-solids content slip. Granulate pressing, also known as dust pressing, is widely used in the manufacture of ceramic tiles and, increasingly, of plates. Jiggering a plate Jiggering and jolleying: These operations are carried out on the potter`s wheel and allow the time taken to bring wares to a standardized form to be reduced. Jiggering is the operation of bringing a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay of a piece under construction, the piece itself being set on a rotating plaster mould on the wheel. The jigger tool shapes one face while the mould shapes the other. Jiggering is used only in the production of flat wares, such as plates, but a similar operation, jolleying, is used in the production of hollow-wares such as cups. Jiggering and jolleying have been used in the production of pottery since at least the 18th century. In large-scale factory production, jiggering and jolleying are usually automated, which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labour. Roller-head machine: This machine is for shaping wares on a rotating mould, as in jiggering and jolleying, but with a rotary shaping tool replacing the fixed profile. The rotary shaping tool is a shallow cone having the same diameter as the ware being formed and shaped to the desired form of the back of the article being made. Wares may in this way be shaped, using relatively unskilled labour, in one operation at a rate of about twelve pieces per minute, though this varies with the size of the articles being produced. Developed in the UK just after World War II by the company Service Engineers, roller-heads were quickly adopted by manufacturers around the world; it remains the dominant method for producing both flatware and holloware, such as plates and mugs.[20] Pressure casting: Is a development of traditional slipcasting. Specially developed polymeric materials allow a mould to be subject to application external pressures of up to 4.0 MPa – so much higher than slip casting in plaster moulds where the capillary forces correspond to a pressure of around 0.1–0.2 MPa. The high pressure leads to much faster casting rates and, hence, faster production cycles. Furthermore, the application of high pressure air through the polymeric moulds upon demoulding the cast means a new casting cycle can be started immediately in the same mould, unlike plaster moulds which require lengthy drying times. The polymeric materials have much greater durability than plaster and, therefore, it is possible to achieve shaped products with better dimensional tolerances and much longer mould life. Pressure casting was developed in the 1970s for the production of sanitaryware although, more recently, it has been applied to tableware.[21][22][23][24] RAM pressing: This is used to shape ware by pressing a bat of prepared clay body into a required shape between two porous moulding plates. After pressing, compressed air is blown through the porous mould plates to release the shaped wares. Filling a plaster mould with slip De-moulding a large vase after it has been slip cast Slip casting: This is suited to the making of shapes that cannot be formed by other methods. A liquid slip, made by mixing clay body with water, is poured into a highly absorbent plaster mould. Water from the slip is absorbed into the mould leaving a layer of clay body covering its internal surfaces and taking its internal shape. Excess slip is poured out of the mould, which is then split open and the moulded object removed. Slip casting is widely used in the production of sanitaryware and is also used for making other complex shaped ware such as teapots and figurines. Injection moulding: This is a shape-forming process adapted for the tableware industry from the method long established for the forming of thermoplastic and some metal components.[25] It has been called Porcelain Injection Moulding, or PIM.[26] Suited to the mass production of complex-shaped articles, one significant advantage of the technique is that it allows the production of a cup, including the handle, in a single process, and thereby eliminates the handle-fixing operation and produces a stronger bond between cup and handle.[27] The feed to the mould die is a mix of approximately 50 to 60 per cent unfired body in powder form, together with 40 to 50 per cent organic additives composed of binders, lubricants and plasticisers.[26] The technique is not as widely used as other shaping methods.[28] 3D printing: There are two methods. One involves the layered deposition of soft clay body similar to fused deposition modelling (FDM), and the other uses powder binding techniques where clay body in dry powder form is fused together layer upon layer with a liquid. Injection moulding of ceramic tableware has been developed, though it has yet to be fully commercialised.[29] Drying[edit] Prior to firing the water in an article needs to be removed. A number of different stages, or conditions of the article, can be identified: Greenware refers to unfired objects. At sufficient moisture content, bodies at this stage are in their most plastic form (as they are soft and malleable, and hence can be easily deformed by handling). Leather-hard refers to a clay body that has been dried partially. At this stage the clay object has approximately 15% moisture content. Clay bodies at this stage are very firm and only slightly pliable. Trimming and handle attachment often occurs at the leather-hard state. Bone-dry refers to clay bodies when they reach a moisture content at or near 0%. At that moisture content, the item is ready to be fired. Additionally, the piece is extremely fragile at this stage and must be handled with care. Firing[edit] A modern tunnel kiln Firing produces permanent and irreversible changes in the body. It is only after firing that the article or material is pottery. In lower-fired pottery, the changes include sintering, the fusing together of coarser particles in the body at their points of contact with each other. In the case of porcelain, where higher firing-temperatures are used, the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the constituents in the body are greatly altered. In all cases, the reason for firing is to permanently harden the wares, and the firing regime must be appropriate to the materials used. Temperature[edit] As a rough guide, modern earthenwares are normally fired at temperatures in the range of about 1,000°C (1,830 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F); stonewares at between about 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) to 1,300 °C (2,370 °F); and porcelains at between about 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) to 1,400 °C (2,550 °F). Historically, reaching high temperatures was a long-lasting challenge, and earthenware can be fired effectively as low as 600°C, achievable in primitive pit firing. Atmosphere[edit] A bottle kiln The atmosphere within a kiln during firing can affect the appearance of the body and glaze. Key to this is the differing colours of the various oxides of iron, such as iron(III) oxide (also known as ferric oxide or Fe2O3) which is associated with brown-red colours, whilst iron(II) oxide (also known as ferrous oxide or FeO) is associated with much darker colours, including black. The oxygen concentration in the kiln influences the type, and relative proportions, of these iron oxides in fired the body and glaze: for example, where there is a lack of oxygen during firing the associated carbon monoxide (CO) will readily react with oxygen in Fe2O3 in the raw materials and cause it to be reduced to FeO.[30][31] An oxygen deficient condition, called a reducing atmosphere, is generated by preventing the complete combustion of the kiln fuel; this is achieved by deliberately restricting the supply of air or by supplying an excess of fuel.[30][31] Methods[edit] Firing pottery can be done using a variety of methods, with a kiln being the usual firing method. Both the maximum temperature and the duration of firing influences the final characteristics of the ceramic. Thus, the maximum temperature within a kiln is often held constant for a period of time to soak the wares to produce the maturity required in the body of the wares. Kilns may be heated by burning combustible materials, such as wood, coal and gas, or by electricity. The use of microwave energy has been investigated.[32] When used as fuels, coal and wood can introduce smoke, soot and ash into the kiln which can affect the appearance of unprotected wares. For this reason, wares fired in wood- or coal-fired kilns are often placed in the kiln in saggars, ceramic boxes, to protect them. Modern kilns fuelled by gas or electricity are cleaner and more easily controlled than older wood- or coal-fired kilns and often allow shorter firing times to be used. Niche techniques include: Pottery firing mound in Kalabougou, Mali. Much of the earliest pottery would have been fired in a similar fashion In a Western adaptation of traditional Japanese Raku ware firing, wares are removed from the kiln while hot and smothered in ashes, paper or woodchips which produces a distinctive carbonised appearance. This technique is also used in Malaysia in creating traditional labu sayung.[33][34] In Mali, a firing mound is used rather than a brick or stone kiln. Unfired pots are first brought to the place where a mound will be built, customarily by the women and girls of the village. The mound`s foundation is made by placing sticks on the ground, then: [...] pots are positioned on and amid the branches and then grass is piled high to complete the mound. Although the mound contains the pots of many women, who are related through their husbands` extended families, each women is responsible for her own or her immediate family`s pots within the mound. When a mound is completed and the ground around has been swept clean of residual combustible material, a senior potter lights the fire. A handful of grass is lit and the woman runs around the circumference of the mound touching the burning torch to the dried grass. Some mounds are still being constructed as others are already burning.[35] Stages[edit] Biscuit (or bisque)[36][37] refers to the clay after the object is shaped to the desired form and fired in the kiln for the first time, known as `bisque fired` or `biscuit fired`. This firing results in both chemical and physical changes to the minerals of the clay body. Glaze fired is the final stage of some pottery making, or glost fired.[19] A glaze may be applied to the biscuit ware and the object can be decorated in several ways. After this the object is `glazed fired`, which causes the glaze material to melt, then adhere to the object. Depending on the temperature schedule the glaze firing may also further mature the body as chemical and physical changes continue. Decorating[edit] Pottery may be decorated in many different ways. Some decoration can be done before or after the firing, and may be undertaken before or after glazing. Methods[edit] Hand painting a vase Painting has been used since early prehistoric times, and can be very elaborate. The painting is often applied to pottery that has been fired once, and may then be overlaid with a glaze afterwards. Many pigments change colour when fired, and the painter must allow for this. Glaze: Perhaps the most common form of decoration, that also serves as protection to the pottery, by being tougher and keeping liquid from penetrating the pottery. Glaze may be colourless, especially over painting, or coloured and opaque. Crystalline glaze: acharacterised by crystalline clusters of various shapes and colours embedded in a more uniform and opaque glaze. Produced by the slow cooling of the glost fire. Carving: Pottery vessels may be decorated by shallow carving of the clay body, typically with a knife or similar instrument used on the wheel. This is common in Chinese porcelain of the classic periods. Burnishing: The surface of pottery wares may be burnished prior to firing by rubbing with a suitable instrument of wood, steel or stone to produce a polished finish that survives firing. It is possible to produce very highly polished wares when fine clays are used or when the polishing is carried out on wares that have been partially dried and contain little water, though wares in this condition are extremely fragile and the risk of breakage is high. Terra Sigillata is an ancient form of decorating ceramics that was first developed in Ancient Greece. Lithography, also called litho, although the alternative names of transfer print or `decal` are also common. These are used to apply designs to articles. The litho comprises three layers: the colour, or image, layer which comprises the decorative design; the cover coat, a clear protective layer, which may incorporate a low-melting glass; and the backing paper on which the design is printed by screen printing or lithography. There are various methods of transferring the design while removing the backing-paper, some of which are suited to machine application. Banding is the application by hand or by machine of a band of colour to the edge of a plate or cup. Also known as `lining`, this operation is often carried out on a potter`s wheel. Agateware: named after its resemblance to the mineral agate. Is produced by parially blending clays of differing colours. In Japan the term `neriage` is used, whilst in China, where such things have been made since at least the Tang Dynasty, they are called `marbled` wares. Engobe: a clay slip is used to coat the surface of pottery, usually before firing. Its purpose is often decorative though it can also be used to mask undesirable features in the clay to which it is applied. The engobe may be applied by painting or by dipping to provide a uniform, smooth, coating. Such decoration is characteristic of slipware. For sgraffito decoration a layer of engobe is scratched through to reveal the underlying clay. Gold: Decoration with gold is used on some high quality ware. Different methods exist for its application, including: Burnishing a plate`s gold decoration Best gold – a suspension of gold powder in essential oils mixed with a flux and a mercury salt extended. This can be applied by a painting technique. From the kiln, the decoration is dull and requires burnishing to reveal the full colour Acid Gold – a form of gold decoration developed in the early 1860s at the English factory of Mintons Ltd. The glazed surface is etched with diluted hydrofluoric acid prior to application of the gold. The process demands great skill and is used for the decoration only of ware of the highest class. Bright Gold – consists of a solution of gold sulphoresinate together with other metal resonates and a flux. The name derives from the appearance of the decoration immediately after removal from the kiln as it requires no burnishing Mussel Gold – an old method of gold decoration. It was made by rubbing together gold leaf, sugar and salt, followed by washing to remove solubles Underglaze decoration is applied, by a number of techniques, onto ware before it is glazed, an example is blue and white wares. Can be applied by a number of techniques. In-glaze decoration, is applied on the surface of the glaze before the glost firing. On-glaze decoration is applied on top of the already fired, glazed surface, and then fixed in a second firing at a relatively low temperature. Glazing[edit] Main article: Ceramic glaze Spraying glaze onto a vase Glaze is a glassy coating on pottery, and reasons to use one includes decoration, ensure the item is impermeable to liquids and minimise the adherence of pollutants. Glaze may be applied by spraying, dipping, trailing or brushing on an aqueous suspension of the unfired glaze. The colour of a glaze after it has been fired may be significantly different from before firing. To prevent glazed wares sticking to kiln furniture during firing, either a small part of the object being fired (for example, the foot) is left unglazed or, alternatively, special refractory `spurs` are used as supports. These are removed and discarded after the firing. Some specialised glazing techniques include: Salt-glazing - common salt is introduced to the kiln during the firing process. The high temperatures cause the salt to volatilise, depositing it on the surface of the ware to react with the body to form a sodium aluminosilicate glaze. In the 17th and 18th centuries, salt-glazing was used in the manufacture of domestic pottery. Now, except for use by some studio potters, the process is obsolete. The last large-scale application before its demise in the face of environmental clean air restrictions was in the production of salt-glazed sewer-pipes.[38][39] Ash glazed jar from 9th century Japan Ash glazing – ash from the combustion of plant matter has been used as the flux component of glazes. The source of the ash was generally the combustion waste from the fuelling of kilns although the potential of ash derived from arable crop wastes has been investigated.[40] Ash glazes are of historical interest in the Far East although there are reports of small-scale use in other locations such as the Catawba Valley Pottery in the United States. They are now limited to small numbers of studio potters who value the unpredictability arising from the variable nature of the raw material.[41] Health and environmental issues[edit] Although many of the environmental effects of pottery production have existed for millennia, some of these have been amplified with modern technology and scales of production. The principal factors for consideration fall into two categories: Effects on workers. Notable risks include silicosis, heavy metal poisoning, poor indoor air quality, dangerous sound levels and possible over-illumination. Effects on the general environment. Historically, lead poisoning (plumbism) was a significant health concern to those glazing pottery. This was recognised at least as early as the nineteenth century. The first legislation in the UK to limit pottery workers` exposure to lead was included in the Factories Act Extension Act in 1864, with further introduced in 1899.[42][43] Silicosis is an occupational lung disease caused by inhaling large amounts of crystalline silica dust, usually over many years. Workers in the ceramic industry can develop it due to exposure to silica dust in the raw materials; colloquially it has been known as `Potter`s rot`. Less than 10 years after its introduction, in 1720, as a raw material to the British ceramics industry the negative effects of calcined flint on the lungs of workers had been noted.[44] In one study reported in 2022, of 106 UK pottery workers 55 per cent had at least some stage of silicosis.[45][46][47] Exposure to siliceous dusts is reduced by either processing and using the source materials as aqueous suspension or as damp solids, or by the use of dust control measures such as Local exhaust ventilation. These have been mandated by legislation, such as The Pottery (Health and Welfare) Special Regulations 1950.[48][49] The Health and Safety Executive in the UK has produced guidelines on controlling exposure to respirable crystalline silica in potteries, and the British Ceramics Federation provide, as a free download, a guidance booklet. Environmental concerns include off-site water pollution, air pollution, disposal of hazardous materials, disposal of rejected ware and fuel consumption.[50] History[edit] Main article: Ceramic art § History A great part of the history of pottery is prehistoric, part of past pre-literate cultures. Therefore, much of this history can only be found among the artifacts of archaeology. Because pottery is so durable, pottery and shards of pottery survive for millennia at archaeological sites, and are typically the most common and important type of artifact to survive. Many prehistoric cultures are named after the pottery that is the easiest way to identify their sites, and archaeologists develop the ability to recognise different types from the chemistry of small shards. Before pottery becomes part of a culture, several conditions must generally be met. First, there must be usable clay available. Archaeological sites where the earliest pottery was found were near deposits of readily available clay that could be properly shaped and fired. China has large deposits of a variety of clays, which gave them an advantage in early development of fine pottery. Many countries have large deposits of a variety of clays. Second, it must be possible to heat the pottery to temperatures that will achieve the transformation from raw clay to ceramic. Methods to reliably create fires hot enough to fire pottery did not develop until late in the development of cultures. Third, the potter must have time available to prepare, shape and fire the clay into pottery. Even after control of fire was achieved, humans did not seem to develop pottery until a sedentary life was achieved. It has been hypothesized that pottery was developed only after humans established agriculture, which led to permanent settlements. However, the oldest known pottery is from the Czech Republic and dates to 28,000 BC, at the height of the most recent ice age, long before the beginnings of agriculture. Fourth, there must be a sufficient need for pottery in order to justify the resources required for its production.[51] Early pottery An Incipient Jōmon pottery vessel reconstructed from fragments (10,000–8,000 BC), Tokyo National Museum, Japan Methods of forming: Hand-shaping was the earliest method used to form vessels. This included the combination of pinching and coiling. Firing: The earliest method for firing pottery wares was the use of bonfires pit fired pottery. Firing times might be short but the peak-temperatures achieved in the fire could be high, perhaps in the region of 900 °C (1,650 °F), and were reached very quickly.[52] Clay: Early potters used whatever clay was available to them in their geographic vicinity. However, the lowest quality common red clay was adequate for low-temperature fires used for the earliest pots. Clays tempered with sand, grit, crushed shell or crushed pottery were often used to make bonfire-fired ceramics because they provided an open-body texture that allowed water and volatile components of the clay to escape freely. The coarser particles in the clay also acted to restrain shrinkage during drying, and hence reduce the risk of cracking. Form: In the main, early bonfire-fired wares were made with rounded bottoms to avoid sharp angles that might be susceptible to cracking. Glazing: the earliest pots were not glazed. The potter`s wheel was invented in Mesopotamia sometime between 6,000 and 4,000 BC (Ubaid period), and revolutionised pottery production. Moulds were used to a limited extent as early as the 5th and 6th century BC by the Etruscans[53] and more extensively by the Romans.[54] Slipcasting, a popular method for shaping irregular shaped articles. It was first practised, to a limited extent, in China as early as the Tang dynasty.[55] Transition to kilns: The earliest intentionally constructed were pit-kilns or trench-kilns, holes dug in the ground and covered with fuel. Holes in the ground provided insulation and resulted in better control over firing.[56] Kilns: Pit fire methods were adequate for simple earthenware, but other pottery types needed more sophisticated kilns. History by region[edit] Beginnings of pottery[edit] Xianren Cave pottery fragments, radiocarbon dated to circa 18,000 BC, China[57][58] Pottery bowl from Jarmo, Mesopotamia, 7100–5800 BC. Pottery may well have been discovered independently in various places, probably by accidentally creating it at the bottom of fires on a clay soil. The earliest-known ceramic objects are Gravettian figurines such as those discovered at Dolní Věstonice in the modern-day Czech Republic. The Venus of Dolní Věstonice is a Venus figurine, a statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29,000–25,000 BC (Gravettian industry).[2] But there is no evidence of pottery vessels from this period. Weights for looms or fishing-nets are a very common use for the earliest pottery. Sherds have been found in China and Japan from a period between 12,000 and perhaps as long as 18,000 years ago.[4][59] As of 2012, the earliest pottery vessels found anywhere in the world,[60] dating to 20,000 to 19,000 years before the present, was found at Xianrendong Cave in the Jiangxi province of China.[61][62] Other early pottery vessels include those excavated from the Yuchanyan Cave in southern China, dated from 16,000 BC,[59] and those found in the Amur River basin in the Russian Far East, dated from 14,000 BC.[4][63] The Odai Yamamoto I site, belonging to the Jōmon period, currently has the oldest pottery in Japan. Excavations in 1998 uncovered earthenware fragments which have been dated as early as 14,500 BC.[64] The term `Jōmon` means `cord-marked` in Japanese. This refers to the markings made on the vessels and figures using sticks with cords during their production. Recent research has elucidated how Jōmon pottery was used by its creators.[65] It appears that pottery was independently developed in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 10th millennium BC, with findings dating to at least 9,400 BC from central Mali,[5] and in South America during the 9,000s–7,000s BC.[66][6] The Malian finds date to the same period as similar finds from East Asia – the triangle between Siberia, China and Japan – and are associated in both regions to the same climatic changes (at the end of the ice age new grassland develops, enabling hunter-gatherers to expand their habitat), met independently by both cultures with similar developments: the creation of pottery for the storage of wild cereals (pearl millet), and that of small arrowheads for hunting small game typical of grassland.[5] Alternatively, the creation of pottery in the case of the Incipient Jōmon civilisation could be due to the intensive exploitation of freshwater and marine organisms by late glacial foragers, who started developing ceramic containers for their catch.[65] East Asia[edit] Main articles: Chinese ceramics, Korean pottery, and Japanese pottery Chinese Ming dynasty blue-and-white porcelain dish with a dragon Group of 13th-century pieces of Longquan celadon In Japan, the Jōmon period has a long history of development of Jōmon pottery which was characterized by impressions of rope on the surface of the pottery created by pressing rope into the clay before firing. Glazed Stoneware was being created as early as the 15th century BC in China. A form of Chinese porcelain became a significant Chinese export from the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–906) onwards.[9] Korean potters adopted porcelain as early as the 14th century AD.[67] Japanese porcelain was made in the early 16th century after Shonzui Goradoyu-go brought back the secret of its manufacture from the Chinese kilns at Jingdezhen.[68] In contrast to Europe, the Chinese elite used pottery extensively at table, for religious purposes, and for decoration, and the standards of fine pottery were very high. From the Song dynasty (960–1279) for several centuries elite taste favoured plain-coloured and exquisitely formed pieces; during this period porcelain was perfected in Ding ware, although it was the only one of the Five Great Kilns of the Song period to use it. The traditional Chinese category of high-fired wares includes stoneware types such as Ru ware, Longquan celadon and Guan ware. Painted wares such as Cizhou ware had a lower status, though they were acceptable for making pillows. The arrival of Chinese blue and white porcelain was probably a product of the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) dispersing artists and craftsmen across its large empire. Both the cobalt stains used for the blue colour, and the style of painted decoration, usually based on plant shapes, were initially borrowed from the Islamic world, which the Mongols had also conquered. At the same time Jingdezhen porcelain, produced in Imperial factories, took the undisputed leading role in production. The new elaborately painted style was now favoured at court, and gradually more colours were added. The secret of making such porcelain was sought in the Islamic world and later in Europe when examples were imported from the East. Many attempts were made to imitate it in Italy and France. However it was not produced outside of the Orient until 1709 in Germany.[69] South Asia[edit] See also: Pottery in the Indian subcontinent A potter with his pottery wheel, British Raj (1910) Cord-Impressed style pottery belongs to `Mesolithic` ceramic tradition that developed among Vindhya hunter-gatherers in Central India during the Mesolithic period.[70][71] This ceramic style is also found in later Proto-Neolithic phase in nearby regions.[72] This early type of pottery, also found at the site of Lahuradewa, is currently the oldest known pottery tradition in South Asia, dating back to 7,000–6,000 BC.[73][74][75][76] Wheel-made pottery began to be made during the Mehrgarh Period II (5,500–4,800 BC) and Merhgarh Period III (4,800–3,500 BC), known as the ceramic Neolithic and chalcolithic. Pottery, including items known as the ed-Dur vessels, originated in regions of the Saraswati River / Indus River and have been found in a number of sites in the Indus Civilization.[77][78] Despite an extensive prehistoric record of pottery, including painted wares, little `fine` or luxury pottery was made in the subcontinent in historic times. Hinduism discourages eating off pottery, which probably largely accounts for this. Most traditional Indian pottery vessels are large pots or jars for storage, or small cups or lamps, occasionally treated as disposable. In contrast there are long traditions of sculpted figures, often rather large, in terracotta; this continues with the Bankura horses in Panchmura, West Bengal. Southeast Asia[edit] See also: Philippine ceramics Late Neolithic Manunggul Jar from Palawan used for burial, topped with two figures representing the journey of the soul into the afterlife. Pottery in Southeast Asia is as diverse as its ethnic groups. Each ethnic group has their own set of standards when it comes to pottery arts. Potteries are made due to various reasons, such as trade, food and beverage storage, kitchen usage, religious ceremonies, and burial purposes.[79][80][81][82] West Asia[edit] See also: Levantine pottery, Persian pottery, and Pottery of ancient Cyprus Around 8000 BC during the Pre-pottery Neolithic period, and before the invention of pottery, several early settlements became experts in crafting beautiful and highly sophisticated containers from stone, using materials such as alabaster or granite, and employing sand to shape and polish. Artisans used the veins in the material to maximum visual effect. Such objects have been found in abundance on the upper Euphrates river, in what is today eastern Syria, especially at the site of Bouqras.[83] The earliest history of pottery production in the Fertile Crescent starts the Pottery Neolithic and can be divided into four periods, namely: the Hassuna period (7000–6500 BC), the Halaf period (6500–5500 BC), the Ubaid period (5500–4000 BC), and the Uruk period (4000–3100 BC). By about 5000 BC pottery-making was becoming widespread across the region, and spreading out from it to neighbouring areas. Pottery making began in the 7th millennium BC. The earliest forms, which were found at the Hassuna site, were hand formed from slabs, undecorated, unglazed low-fired pots made from reddish-brown clays.[56] Within the next millennium, wares were decorated with elaborate painted designs and natural forms, incising and burnished. Earthenware Ubaid jar. c. 5,300-4,700 BCE The invention of the potter`s wheel in Mesopotamia sometime between 6,000 and 4,000 BC (Ubaid period) revolutionised pottery production. Newer kiln designs could fire wares to 1,050 °C (1,920 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) which enabled increased possibilities. Production was now carried out by small groups of potters for small cities, rather than individuals making wares for a family. The shapes and range of uses for ceramics and pottery expanded beyond simple vessels to store and carry to specialized cooking utensils, pot stands and rat traps.[84] As the region developed, new organizations and political forms, pottery became more elaborate and varied. Some wares were made using moulds, allowing for increased production for the needs of the growing populations. Glazing was commonly used and pottery was more decorated.[85] In the Chalcolithic period in Mesopotamia, Halafian pottery achieved a level of technical competence and sophistication, not seen until the later developments of Greek pottery with Corinthian and Attic ware. Europe[edit] Main articles: Minoan pottery, Pottery of ancient Greece, and Ancient Roman pottery Greek red-figure vase in the krater shape, between 470 and 460 BC, by the Altamura Painter Europe`s oldest pottery, dating from circa 6700 BC, was found on the banks of the Samara River in the middle Volga region of Russia.[86] These sites are known as the Yelshanka culture. The early inhabitants of Europe developed pottery in the Linear Pottery culture slightly later than the Near East, circa 5500–4500 BC. In the ancient Western Mediterranean elaborately painted earthenware reached very high levels of artistic achievement in the Greek world; there are large numbers of survivals from tombs. Minoan pottery was characterized by complex painted decoration with natural themes.[87] The classical Greek culture began to emerge around 1000 BC featuring a variety of well crafted pottery which now included the human form as a decorating motif. The pottery wheel was now in regular use. Although glazing was known to these potters, it was not widely used. Instead, a more porous clay slip was used for decoration. A wide range of shapes for different uses developed early and remained essentially unchanged during Greek history.[88] Fine Etruscan pottery was heavily influenced by Greek pottery and often imported Greek potters and painters. Ancient Roman pottery made much less use of painting, but used moulded decoration, allowing industrialized production on a huge scale. Much of the so-called red Samian ware of the Early Roman Empire was produced in modern Germany and France, where entrepreneurs established large potteries. Excavations at Augusta Raurica, near Basel, Switzerland, have revealed a pottery production site in use from the 1st to the 4th century AD.[89] Pottery was hardly seen on the tables of elites from Hellenistic times until the Renaissance, and most medieval wares were coarse and utilitarian, as the elites ate off metal vessels. Painted Hispano-Moresque ware from Spain, developing the styles of Islamic Spain, became a luxury for late medieval elites, and was adapted in Italy into maiolica in the Italian Renaissance. Both of these were faience or tin-glazed earthenware, and fine faience continued to be made until around 1800 in various countries, especially France, with Nevers faience and several other centres. In the 17th century, imports of Chinese export porcelain and its Japanese equivalent raised the market expectations of fine pottery, and European manufacturers eventually learned to make porcelain, often in the form of soft-paste porcelain, and from the 18th century European porcelain and other wares from a great number of producers became extremely popular, reducing Asian imports. United Kingdom[edit] Main articles: Wedgwood, Staffordshire figure, Royal Doulton, Mintons, Midwinter Pottery, and Spode Handpainted bone china cup. England, 1815–1820 The city of Stoke-on-Trent is widely known as `The Potteries` because of the large number of pottery factories or, colloquially, `Pot Banks`. It was one of the first industrial cities of the modern era where, as early as 1785, two hundred pottery manufacturers employed 20,000 workers.[90][91] Josiah Wedgwood (1730–1795) was the dominant leader.[92] In North Staffordshire hundreds of companies produced all kinds of pottery, from tablewares and decorative pieces to industrial items. The main pottery types of earthenware, stoneware and porcelain were all made in large quantities, and the Staffordshire industry was a major innovator in developing new varieties of ceramic bodies such as bone china and jasperware, as well as pioneering transfer printing and other glazing and decorating techniques. In general Staffordshire was strongest in the middle and low price ranges, though the finest and most expensive types of wares were also made.[93] By the late 18th century North Staffordshire was the largest producer of ceramics in the UK, despite significant hubs elsewhere. Large export markets took Staffordshire pottery around the world, especially in the 19th century.[94] Production had begun to decline in the late 19th century, as other countries developed their industries, and declined notably after World War II. Employment fell from 45,000 in 1975 to 23,000 in 1991, and 13,000 in 2002.[95] Islamic pottery[edit] Main articles: Islamic pottery and Persian pottery Early Islamic pottery followed the forms of the regions which the Muslims conquered. Eventually, however, there was cross-fertilization between the regions. This was most notable in the Chinese influences on Islamic pottery. Trade between China and Islam took place via the system of trading posts over the lengthy Silk Road. Islamic nations imported stoneware and later porcelain from China. China imported the minerals for Cobalt blue from the Islamic ruled Persia to decorate their blue and white porcelain, which they then exported to the Islamic world. Likewise, Islamic art contributed to a lasting pottery form identified as Hispano-Moresque in Andalucia (Islamic Spain). Unique Islamic forms were also developed, including fritware, lusterware and specialized glazes like tin-glazing, which led to the development of the popular maiolica.[96] One major emphasis in ceramic development in the Muslim world was the use of tile and decorative tilework. Bowl painted on slip under transparent glaze (polychrome), 9th or 10th century, Nishapur. National Museum of Iran Persian mina`i ware bowl with couple in a garden, around 1200. These wares are the first to use overglaze enamel decoration. Persian mina`i ware bowl with couple in a garden, around 1200. These wares are the first to use overglaze enamel decoration. Chess set (Shatrang); Gaming pieces. 12th century, Nishapur glazed fritware. Metropolitan Museum of Art Americas[edit] Main article: Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas Earthenware effigy of the Sun God. Maya culture, 500–700 CE Most evidence points to an independent development of pottery in the Native American cultures, with the earliest known dates from Brazil, from 9,500 to 5,000 years ago and 7,000 to 6,000 years ago.[6] Further north in Mesoamerica, dates begin with the Archaic Era (3500–2000 BC), and into the Formative period (2000 BC – AD 200). These cultures did not develop the stoneware, porcelain or glazes found in the Old World. Maya ceramics include finely painted vessels, usually beakers, with elaborate scenes with several figures and texts. Several cultures, beginning with the Olmec, made terracotta sculpture, and sculptural pieces of humans or animals that are also vessels are produced in many places, with Moche portrait vessels among the finest. Africa[edit] Faience lotiform chalice. Egypt 1070–664 BCE (reconstructed from eight fragments) Evidence indicates an independent invention of pottery in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2007, Swiss archaeologists discovered pieces of some of the oldest pottery in Africa at Ounjougou in the central region of Mali, dating to at least 9,400 BC.[5] Excavations in the Bosumpra Cave on the Kwahu Plateau in southeastern Ghana, have revealed well-manufactured pottery decorated with channelling and impressed peigne fileté rigide dating from the early tenth millennium cal. BC.[97] Following the emergence of pottery traditions in the Ounjougou region of Mali around 11,900 BP and in the Bosumpra region of Ghana soon after, ceramics later arrived in the Iho Eleru region of Nigeria.[98] In later periods, a relationship of the introduction of pot-making in some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa with the spread of Bantu languages has been long recognized, although the details remain controversial and awaiting further research, and no consensus has been reached.[12] Ancient Egyptian pottery begins after 5,000 BC, having spread from the Levant. There were many distinct phases of development in pottery, with very sophisticated wares being produced by the Naqada III period, c. 3,200 to 3,000 BC. During the early Mediterranean civilizations of the fertile crescent, Egypt developed a non-clay-based ceramic known as Egyptian faience. A similar type of body is still made in Jaipur in India. During the Umayyad Caliphate of Islam, Egypt was a link between early centre of Islam in the Near East and Iberia which led to the impressive style of pottery. Oceania[edit] Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia Pottery has been found in archaeological sites across the islands of Oceania. It is attributed to an ancient archaeological culture called the Lapita. Another form of pottery called Plainware is found throughout sites of Oceania. The relationship between Lapita pottery and Plainware is not altogether clear. The Indigenous Australians never developed pottery.[99] After Europeans came to Australia and settled, they found deposits of clay which were analysed by English potters as excellent for making pottery. Less than 20 years later, Europeans came to Australia and began creating pottery. Since then, ceramic manufacturing, mass-produced pottery and studio pottery have flourished in Australia.[100] vajanje vajarstvo skulpture keramika pravljenje posuda od gline grnčarstvo ...

Odlično stanje Johnny Cash – Country & Western Superstar Label: CBS – S 68 224 Series: Country & Western Superstar Format: 2 x Vinyl, LP, Compilation, Gatefold Country: Europe Released: 1973 Genre: Rock, Blues Style: Country Blues, Country Rock, Folk Rock A1 From Sea To Shining Sea 1:35 A2 The Whirl And The Suck 3:05 A3 Call Daddy From The Mine 3:05 A4 Th Frozen Four-Hundred-Pound Fair-To-Middlin` Cotton Picker 2:30 A5 The Walls Of A Prison 4:09 A6 The Masterpiece 2:45 B1 You And Tennessee 3:07 B2 Another Song To Sing 1:58 B3 The Flint Arrowhead 2:55 B4 Cisco Clifton`s Fillin` Station 2:42 B5 Shrimpin` Sailin` 3:03 B6 From Sea To Shining Sea (Finale) 0:54 C1 The Ballad Of Ira Hayes 4:05 C2 Shantytown Vocals – June Carter Vocals – June Carter 2:16 C3 I Got A Woman Vocals – June Carter Vocals – June Carter 3:12 C4 Pack Up Your Sorrows Vocals – June Carter Vocals – June Carter 2:23 C5 It Ain`t Me, Babe Vocals – June Carter Vocals – June Carter 2:59 D1 Orange Blossom Special 2:58 D2 Jackson Vocals – June Carter Vocals – June Carter 2:42 D3 GIve My Love To Rose Vocals – June Carter Vocals – June Carter 2:38 D4 Austin Prison 2:04 D5 Danny Boy 5:05 Notes This compilation incl. mainly the albums From Sea To Shining Sea (1968) and Johnny Cash With June Carter* ‎– Give My Love To Rose (1972). John R. Cash (born J. R. Cash; February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American country singer-songwriter. Most of Cash`s music contains themes of sorrow, moral tribulation, and redemption, especially songs from the later stages of his career.[5][6] He was known for his deep, calm bass-baritone voice,[a][7] the distinctive sound of his Tennessee Three backing band characterized by train-like chugging guitar rhythms, a rebelliousness[8][9] coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor,[5] free prison concerts,[10] and a trademark all-black stage wardrobe, which earned him the nickname the `Man in Black`.[b] Born to poor cotton farmers in Kingsland, Arkansas, Cash rose to fame during the mid-1950s in the burgeoning rockabilly scene in Memphis, Tennessee, after serving four years in the Air Force. He traditionally began his concerts by simply introducing himself, `Hello, I`m Johnny Cash`,[c] followed by `Folsom Prison Blues`, one of his signature songs. His other signature songs include `I Walk the Line`, `Ring of Fire`, `Get Rhythm`, and `Man in Black`. He also recorded humorous numbers like `One Piece at a Time` and `A Boy Named Sue`, a duet with his future wife June called `Jackson` (followed by many further duets after their wedding), and railroad songs such as `Hey, Porter`, `Orange Blossom Special`, and `Rock Island Line`.[13] During the last stage of his career, he covered songs by contemporary rock artists; among his most notable covers were `Hurt` by Nine Inch Nails, `Rusty Cage` by Soundgarden, and `Personal Jesus` by Depeche Mode. Cash is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 90 million records worldwide.[14][15] His genre-spanning music embraced country, rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk, and gospel sounds. This crossover appeal earned him the rare honor of being inducted into the Country Music, Rock and Roll, and Gospel Music Halls of Fame. His music career was dramatized in the 2005 biopic Walk the Line, in which Cash was portrayed by American film actor Joaquin Phoenix. Early life Cash`s boyhood home in Dyess, Arkansas, where he lived from the age of three in 1935 until he finished high school in 1950; the property, pictured here in 2021, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The home was renovated in 2011 to look as it did when Cash was a child. Cash was born J. R. Cash in Kingsland, Arkansas, on February 26, 1932,[16][17] to Carrie Cloveree (née Rivers) and Ray Cash. He had three older siblings, Roy, Margaret Louise, and Jack, and three younger siblings, Reba, Joanne, and Tommy (who also became a successful country artist).[18][19] He was primarily of English and Scottish descent.[20][21][22] His paternal grandmother also claimed Cherokee ancestry, though a DNA test of Cash`s daughter Rosanne found she has no known Native American markers.[23][24] He traced his Scottish surname to 11th-century Fife after meeting with the then-laird of Falkland, Major Michael Crichton-Stuart.[25][26][27] Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear the name of his family.[25] He is a distant cousin of British Conservative politician Sir William Cash.[28] His mother wanted to name him John and his father preferred to name him Ray, so J. R. ended up being the only compromise they could agree on.[29] When Cash enlisted in the Air Force, he was not permitted to use initials as a first name, so he changed it to John R. Cash. In 1955, when signing with Sun Records, he started using the name Johnny Cash.[9] In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas, a New Deal colony established to give poor families the opportunity to work land that they may later own.[30] From the age of five, he worked in cotton fields with his family, singing with them as they worked. The Cash farm in Dyess experienced a flood, which led Cash later to write the song `Five Feet High and Rising`.[31] His family`s economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression gave him a lifelong sympathy for the poor and working class, and inspired many of his songs. In 1944,[32] Cash`s older brother Jack, with whom he was close, was cut almost in two by an unguarded table saw at work and died a week later.[33] According to Cash`s autobiography, he, his mother, and Jack all had a sense of foreboding about that day; his mother urged Jack to skip work and go fishing with Cash, but Jack insisted on working as the family needed the money. Cash often spoke of the guilt he felt over the incident, and spoke of looking forward to `meeting [his] brother in Heaven`.[9] Cash`s early memories were dominated by gospel music and radio. Taught guitar by his mother and a childhood friend, Cash began playing and writing songs at the age of 12. When young, Cash had a high-tenor voice, before becoming a bass-baritone after his voice changed.[34] In high school, he sang on a local radio station. Decades later, he released an album of traditional gospel songs called My Mother`s Hymn Book. He was also significantly influenced by traditional Irish music, which he heard performed weekly by Dennis Day on the Jack Benny radio program.[35] Cash enlisted in the Air Force on July 7, 1950.[36] After basic training at Lackland Air Force Base and technical training at Brooks Air Force Base, both in San Antonio, Texas, Cash was assigned to the 12th Radio Squadron Mobile of the U.S. Air Force Security Service at Landsberg, West Germany. He worked as a Morse code operator intercepting Soviet Army transmissions. While working this job, Cash was allegedly the first American to be given the news of Joseph Stalin’s death (supplied via Morse code). His daughter, Rosanne, backed up the claim, saying that Cash had recounted the story many times over the years.[37][38][39] While at Landsberg he created his first band, `The Landsberg Barbarians`.[40] On July 3, 1954, he was honorably discharged as a staff sergeant, and he returned to Texas.[41] During his military service, he acquired a distinctive scar on the right side of his jaw as a result of surgery to remove a cyst.[42][43] Career Early career Publicity photo for Sun Records, 1955 In 1954, Cash and his first wife Vivian moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where he had sold appliances while studying to be a radio announcer. At night, he played with guitarist Luther Perkins and bassist Marshall Grant. Perkins and Grant were known as the Tennessee Two. Cash worked up the courage to visit the Sun Records studio, hoping to get a recording contract.[44] He auditioned for Sam Phillips by singing mostly gospel songs, only to learn from the producer that he no longer recorded gospel music. Phillips was rumored to have told Cash to `go home and sin, then come back with a song I can sell`, although in a 2002 interview, Cash denied that Phillips made any such comment.[45] Cash eventually won over the producer with new songs delivered in his early rockabilly style. In 1955, Cash made his first recordings at Sun, `Hey Porter` and `Cry! Cry! Cry!`, which were released in late June and met with success on the country hit parade. On December 4, 1956, Elvis Presley dropped in on Phillips while Carl Perkins was in the studio cutting new tracks, with Jerry Lee Lewis backing him on piano. Cash was also in the studio, and the four started an impromptu jam session. Phillips left the tapes running and the recordings, almost half of which were gospel songs, survived. They have since been released under the title Million Dollar Quartet. In Cash: the Autobiography, Cash wrote that he was the farthest from the microphone and sang in a higher pitch to blend in with Elvis. Cash`s next record, `Folsom Prison Blues`, made the country top five. His `I Walk the Line` became number one on the country charts and entered the pop charts top 20. `Home of the Blues` followed, recorded in July 1957. That same year, Cash became the first Sun artist to release a long-playing album. Although he was Sun`s most consistently selling and prolific artist at that time, Cash felt constrained by his contract with the small label. Phillips did not want Cash to record gospel and was paying him a 3% royalty rather than the standard rate of 5%. Presley had already left Sun and, Phillips was focusing most of his attention and promotion on Lewis. In 1958, Cash left Phillips to sign a lucrative offer with Columbia Records. His single `Don`t Take Your Guns to Town` became one of his biggest hits, and he recorded a collection of gospel songs for his second album for Columbia. However, Cash left behind a sufficient backlog of recordings with Sun that Phillips continued to release new singles and albums featuring previously unreleased material until as late as 1964. Cash was in the unusual position of having new releases out on two labels concurrently. Sun`s 1960 release, a cover of `Oh Lonesome Me`, made it to number 13 on the C&W charts.[d] Cash on the cover of Cash Box magazine, September 7, 1957 Early in his career, Cash was given the teasing nickname `the Undertaker` by fellow artists because of his habit of wearing black clothes. He said he chose them because they were easier to keep looking clean on long tours.[46] In the early 1960s, Cash toured with the Carter Family, which by this time regularly included Mother Maybelle`s daughters, Anita, June, and Helen. June later recalled admiring him from afar during these tours. In the 1960s, he appeared on Pete Seeger`s short-lived television series Rainbow Quest.[47] He also acted in, and wrote and sang the opening theme for, a 1961 film entitled Five Minutes to Live, later re-released as Door-to-door Maniac. Cash`s career was handled by Saul Holiff, a London, Ontario, promoter. Their relationship was the subject of Saul`s son`s biopic My Father and the Man in Black.[48] Outlaw image As his career was taking off in the late 1950s, Cash started drinking heavily and became addicted to amphetamines and barbiturates. For a brief time, he shared an apartment in Nashville with Waylon Jennings, who was deeply addicted to amphetamines. Cash would use the stimulants to stay awake during tours. Friends joked about his `nervousness` and erratic behavior, many ignoring the warning signs of his worsening drug addiction. Although he was in many ways spiraling out of control, Cash could still deliver hits due to his frenetic creativity. His rendition of `Ring of Fire` was a crossover hit, reaching number one on the country charts and entering the top 20 on the pop charts. It was originally performed by June`s sister, but the signature mariachi-style horn arrangement was provided by Cash.[49] He said that it had come to him in a dream. Vivian Liberto claimed a different version of the origins of `Ring of Fire`. In her book, I Walked the Line: My Life with Johnny, Liberto says that Cash gave Carter half the songwriting credit for monetary reasons.[50] In June 1965, Cash`s camper caught fire during a fishing trip with his nephew Damon Fielder in Los Padres National Forest in California, triggering a forest fire that burned several hundred acres and nearly caused his death.[51][52] Cash claimed that the fire was caused by sparks from a defective exhaust system on his camper, but Fielder thinks that Cash started a fire to stay warm and in his drugged condition failed to notice the fire getting out of control.[53] When the judge asked Cash why he did it, Cash said, `I didn`t do it, my truck did, and it`s dead, so you can`t question it.`[54] The fire destroyed 508 acres (206 ha), burned the foliage off three mountains and drove off 49 of the refuge`s 53 endangered California condors.[55] Cash was unrepentant and claimed, `I don`t care about your damn yellow buzzards.`[56] The federal government sued him and was awarded $125,172. Cash eventually settled the case and paid $82,001.[57] The Tennessee Three with Cash in 1963 Although Cash cultivated a romantic outlaw image, he never served a prison sentence. Despite landing in jail seven times for misdemeanors, he stayed only one night on each stay. On May 11, 1965, he was arrested in Starkville, Mississippi, for trespassing late at night onto private property to pick flowers. (He used this to write the song `Starkville City Jail`, which he discussed on his live At San Quentin album.)[58] While on tour that year, he was arrested October 4 in El Paso, Texas, by a narcotics squad. The officers suspected he was smuggling heroin from Mexico, but found instead 688 Dexedrine capsules (amphetamines) and 475 Equanil (sedatives or tranquilizers) tablets hidden inside his guitar case. Because the pills were prescription drugs rather than illegal narcotics, Cash received a suspended sentence. He posted a $1,500 bond and was released until his arraignment.[59] In this period of the mid-1960s, Cash released a number of concept albums. His Bitter Tears (1964) was devoted to spoken word and songs addressing the plight of Native Americans and mistreatment by the government. While initially reaching charts, this album met with resistance from some fans and radio stations, which rejected its controversial take on social issues. In 2011, a book was published about it, leading to a re-recording of the songs by contemporary artists and the making of a documentary film about Cash`s efforts with the album. This film was aired on PBS in February and November 2016. His Sings the Ballads of the True West (1965) was an experimental double record, mixing authentic frontier songs with Cash`s spoken narration. Reaching a low with his severe drug addiction and destructive behavior, Cash was divorced from his first wife and had performances cancelled, but he continued to find success. In 1967, Cash`s duet with June Carter, `Jackson`, won a Grammy Award.[60] Cash was last arrested in 1967 in Walker County, Georgia, after police found he was carrying a bag of prescription pills and was in a car accident. Cash attempted to bribe a local deputy, who turned the money down. He was jailed for the night in LaFayette, Georgia. Sheriff Ralph Jones released him after giving him a long talk, warning him about the danger of his behavior and wasted potential. Cash credited that experience with helping him turn around and save his life. He later returned to LaFayette to play a benefit concert; it attracted 12,000 people (the city population was less than 9,000 at the time) and raised $75,000 for the high school.[61] Reflecting on his past in a 1997 interview, Cash noted: `I was taking the pills for awhile, and then the pills started taking me.`[62] June, Maybelle, and Ezra Carter moved into Cash`s mansion for a month to help him get off drugs. Cash proposed onstage to June on February 22, 1968, at a concert at the London Gardens in London, Ontario, Canada. The couple married a week later (on March 1) in Franklin, Kentucky. She had agreed to marry Cash after he had `cleaned up.`[63] Cash`s journey included rediscovery of his Christian faith. He took an `altar call` in Evangel Temple, a small church in the Nashville area, pastored by Reverend Jimmie Rodgers Snow, son of country music legend Hank Snow. According to Marshall Grant, though, Cash did not completely stop using amphetamines in 1968. Cash did not end all drug use until 1970, staying drug-free for a period of seven years. Grant claims that the birth of Cash`s son, John Carter Cash, inspired Cash to end his dependence.[64] Cash began using amphetamines again in 1977. By 1983, he was deeply addicted again and became a patient at the Betty Ford Clinic in Rancho Mirage for treatment. He stayed off drugs for several years, but relapsed. By 1989, he was dependent and entered Nashville`s Cumberland Heights Alcohol and Drug Treatment Center. In 1992, he started care at the Loma Linda Behavioral Medicine Center in Loma Linda, California, for his final rehabilitation treatment. (Several months later, his son followed him into this facility for treatment.)[65][66] Folsom and other prison concerts Cash began performing concerts at prisons in the late 1950s. He played his first famous prison concert on January 1, 1958, at San Quentin State Prison.[67] These performances led to a pair of highly successful live albums, Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (1968) and Johnny Cash at San Quentin (1969). Both live albums reached number one on Billboard country album music and the latter crossed over to reach the top of the Billboard pop album chart. In 1969, Cash became an international hit when he eclipsed even The Beatles by selling 6.5 million albums.[68] In comparison, the prison concerts were much more successful than his later live albums such as Strawberry Cake recorded in London and Live at Madison Square Garden, which peaked at numbers 33 and 39 on the album charts, respectively. The Folsom Prison record was introduced by a rendition of his `Folsom Prison Blues` while the San Quentin record included the crossover hit single `A Boy Named Sue`, a Shel Silverstein-penned novelty song that reached number one on the country charts and number two on the U.S. top-10 pop charts. Cash performed at the Österåker Prison in Sweden in 1972. The live album På Österåker (At Österåker) was released in 1973. `San Quentin` was recorded with Cash replacing `San Quentin` with `Österåker`. In 1976, a concert at Tennessee State Prison was videotaped for TV broadcast, and received a belated CD release after Cash`s death as A Concert Behind Prison Walls. Activism for Native Americans Cash used his stardom and economic status to bring awareness to the issues surrounding the Native American people.[69] Cash sang songs about indigenous humanity in an effort to confront the U.S. government. Many non-Native Americans stayed away from singing about these things.[70] In 1965, Cash and June Carter appeared on Pete Seeger`s TV show, Rainbow Quest, on which Cash explained his start as an activist for Native Americans: In `57, I wrote a song called `Old Apache Squaw` and then forgot the so-called Indian protest for a while, but nobody else seemed to speak up with any volume of voice.[71] Columbia Music, the label for which Cash was recording then, was opposed to putting the song on his next album, considering it `too radical for the public`.[72] Cash singing songs of Indian tragedy and settler violence went radically against the mainstream of country music in the 1950s, which was dominated by the image of the righteous cowboy who simply makes the native`s soil his own.[73] In 1964, coming off the chart success of his previous album I Walk the Line, he recorded the aforementioned album Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian. We`re Still Here: Johnny Cash`s Bitter Tears Revisited, a documentary by Antonino D`Ambrosio (author of A Heartland and a Guitar: Johnny Cash and the Making of Bitter Tears) tells the story of Johnny Cash`s controversial concept album Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian, covering the struggles of Native Americans. The film`s DVD was released on August 21, 2018.[74] The album featured stories of a multitude of Indigenous peoples, mostly of their violent oppression by white settlers: the Pima (`The Ballad of Ira Hayes`), Navajo (`Navajo`), Apache (`Apache Tears`), Lakota (`Big Foot`), Seneca (`As Long as the Grass Shall Grow`), and Cherokee (`Talking Leaves`). Cash wrote three of the songs himself and one with the help of Johnny Horton, but the majority of the protest songs were written by folk artist Peter La Farge (son of activist and Pulitzer prizewinner Oliver La Farge), whom Cash met in New York in the 1960s and whom he admired for his activism.[75] The album`s single, `The Ballad of Ira Hayes` (about Ira Hayes, one of the six to raise the U.S. flag at Iwo Jima), was neglected by nonpolitical radio at the time, and the record label denied it any promotion due to its provocative protesting and `unappealing` nature. Cash faced resistance and was even urged by an editor of a country music magazine to leave the Country Music Association: `You and your crowd are just too intelligent to associate with plain country folks, country artists, and country DJs.`[76] In reaction, on August 22, 1964, Cash posted a letter as an advertisement in Billboard, calling the record industry cowardly: `D.J.s – station managers – owners [...] where are your guts? I had to fight back when I realized that so many stations are afraid of Ira Hayes. Just one question: WHY??? Ira Hayes is strong medicine [...] So is Rochester, Harlem, Birmingham and Vietnam.`[77][78] Cash kept promoting the song himself and used his influence on radio disc jockeys he knew eventually to make the song climb to number three on the country charts, while the album rose to number two on the album charts.[76] Cash in 1969 Later, on The Johnny Cash Show, he continued telling stories of Native-American plight, both in song and through short films, such as the history of the Trail of Tears.[79] In 1966, in response to his activism, Cash was adopted by the Seneca Nation`s Turtle Clan.[23] He performed benefits in 1968 at the Rosebud Reservation, close to the historical landmark of the massacre at Wounded Knee, to raise money to help build a school. He also played at the D-Q University in the 1980s.[80] In 1970, Cash recorded a reading of John G. Burnett`s 1890, 80th-birthday essay[81] on Cherokee removal for the Historical Landmarks Association (Nashville).[82] The Johnny Cash Show From June 1969 to March 1971, Cash starred in his own television show, The Johnny Cash Show, on the ABC network.[83] Produced by Screen Gems, the show was performed at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. The Statler Brothers opened for him in every episode; the Carter Family and rockabilly legend Carl Perkins were also part of the regular show entourage. Cash also enjoyed booking mainstream performers as guests; including Linda Ronstadt in her first TV appearance, Neil Young, Louis Armstrong, Neil Diamond, Kenny Rogers and The First Edition (who appeared four times), James Taylor, Ray Charles, Roger Miller, Roy Orbison, Derek and the Dominos, Joni Mitchell, and Bob Dylan.[83] From September 15–18, 1969, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, he performed a series of four concerts at the New Mexico State Fair to promote the first season of The Johnny Cash Show.[84][85] These live shows were produced with help from ABC and local concert producer Bennie Sanchez, during these sets Johnny Cash and Al Hurricane performed together.[86] Also during The Johnny Cash Show era, he contributed the title song and other songs to the film Little Fauss and Big Halsy, which starred Robert Redford, Michael J. Pollard, and Lauren Hutton.[87] The title song, `The Ballad of Little Fauss and Big Halsy`, written by Carl Perkins, was nominated for a Golden Globe award in 1971.[88] Cash had first met with Dylan in the mid-1960s and became neighbors in the late 1960s in Woodstock, New York. Cash was enthusiastic about reintroducing the reclusive Dylan to his audience. Cash sang a duet with Dylan, `Girl from the North Country`, on Dylan`s country album Nashville Skyline and also wrote the album`s Grammy-winning liner notes. Another artist who received a major career boost from The Johnny Cash Show was Kris Kristofferson, who was beginning to make a name for himself as a singer-songwriter. During a live performance of Kristofferson`s `Sunday Mornin` Comin` Down`, Cash refused to change the lyrics to suit network executives, singing the song with its references to marijuana intact: On a Sunday morning sidewalk I`m wishin`, Lord, that I was stoned.[89] The closing program of The Johnny Cash Show was a gospel music special. Guests included the Blackwood Brothers, Mahalia Jackson, Stuart Hamblen, and Billy Graham.[90] The `Man in Black` Cash advocated prison reform at his July 1972 meeting with President Richard Nixon By the early 1970s, Cash had established his public image as the `Man in Black`. He regularly performed in entirely black suits with a long, black, knee-length coat. This outfit stood in contrast to the rhinestone suits and cowboy boots worn by most of the major country acts of his day. Cash performing in Bremen, West Germany, in September 1972 Cash said he wore all black on behalf of the poor and hungry, the `prisoner who has long paid for his crime`, and those who have been betrayed by age or drugs.[91] He added, `With the Vietnam War as painful in my mind as it was in most other Americans, I wore it `in mourning` for the lives that could have been` ... Apart from the Vietnam War being over, I don`t see much reason to change my position ... The old are still neglected, the poor are still poor, the young are still dying before their time, and we`re not making many moves to make things right. There`s still plenty of darkness to carry off.`[91] Cash in the `one piece at a time` Cadillac Initially, he and his band had worn black shirts because that was the only matching color they had among their various outfits. He wore other colors on stage early in his career, but he claimed to like wearing black both on and off stage. He stated that political reasons aside, he simply liked black as his on-stage color.[11] The outdated US Navy`s winter blue uniform used to be referred to by sailors as `Johnny Cashes`, as the uniform`s shirt, tie, and trousers are solid black.[92] In the mid-1970s, Cash`s popularity and number of hit songs began to decline. He made commercials for Amoco and STP, an unpopular enterprise at the time of the 1970s energy crisis. In 1976, he made commercials for Lionel Trains, for which he also wrote the music.[93] However, his first autobiography, Man in Black, was published in 1975 and sold 1.3 million copies. A second, Cash: The Autobiography, appeared in 1997. Cash`s friendship with Billy Graham[94] led to his production of a film about the life of Jesus, Gospel Road: A Story of Jesus, which Cash co-wrote and narrated. It was released in 1973. Cash viewed the film as a statement of his personal faith rather than a means of proselytizing.[95] Cash and June Carter Cash appeared several times on the Billy Graham Crusade TV specials, and Cash continued to include gospel and religious songs on many of his albums, though Columbia declined to release A Believer Sings the Truth, a gospel double-LP Cash recorded in 1979 and which ended up being released on an independent label even with Cash still under contract to Columbia. On November 22, 1974, CBS ran his one-hour TV special entitled Riding The Rails, a musical history of trains. He continued to appear on television, hosting Christmas specials on CBS in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Later television appearances included a starring role in an episode of Columbo, entitled `Swan Song`. June and he appeared in an episode of Little House on the Prairie, entitled `The Collection`. He gave a performance as abolitionist John Brown in the 1985 American Civil War television miniseries North and South. In the 1990s, Johnny and June appeared in Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman in recurring roles. He was friendly with every US president, starting with Richard Nixon. He was closest to Jimmy Carter, with whom he became close friends and who was a distant cousin of his wife, June.[96] When invited to perform at the White House for the first time in 1970,[97] Richard Nixon`s office requested that he play `Okie from Muskogee` (a satirical Merle Haggard song about people who despised hippies, young drug users and Vietnam war protesters), `Welfare Cadillac` (a Guy Drake song which chastises the integrity of welfare recipients), and `A Boy Named Sue`. Cash declined to play the first two and instead selected other songs, including `The Ballad of Ira Hayes` and his own compositions, `What Is Truth` and `Man in Black`. Cash wrote that the reasons for denying Nixon`s song choices were not knowing them and having fairly short notice to rehearse them, rather than any political reason.[98] However, Cash added, even if Nixon`s office had given Cash enough time to learn and rehearse the songs, their choice of pieces that conveyed `antihippie and antiblack` sentiments might have backfired.[99] In his remarks when introducing Cash, Nixon joked that one thing he had learned about him was one did not tell him what to sing.[100] Johnny Cash was the grand marshal of the United States Bicentennial parade.[101] He wore a shirt from Nudie Cohn which sold for $25,000 in auction in 2010.[102] After the parade he gave a concert at the Washington Monument.[103] Highwaymen and departure from Columbia Records The Highwaymen members Kris Kristofferson, Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson In 1980, Cash became the Country Music Hall of Fame`s youngest living inductee at age 48, but during the 1980s, his records failed to make a major impact on the country charts, although he continued to tour successfully. In the mid-1980s, he recorded and toured with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Kris Kristofferson as The Highwaymen, making three hit albums, which were released beginning with the originally titled Highwayman in 1985, followed by Highwaymen 2 in 1990, and concluding with Highwaymen – The Road Goes On Forever in 1995. During that period, Cash appeared in a number of television films. In 1981, he starred in The Pride of Jesse Hallam, winning fine reviews for a film that called attention to adult illiteracy. In 1983, he appeared as a heroic sheriff in Murder in Coweta County, based on a real-life Georgia murder case, which co-starred Andy Griffith as his nemesis. Cash relapsed into addiction after being administered painkillers for a serious abdominal injury in 1983 caused by an incident in which he was kicked and wounded by an ostrich on his farm.[104] At a hospital visit in 1988, this time to watch over Waylon Jennings (who was recovering from a heart attack), Jennings suggested that Cash have himself checked into the hospital for his own heart condition. Doctors recommended preventive heart surgery, and Cash underwent double bypass surgery in the same hospital. Both recovered, although Cash refused to use any prescription painkillers, fearing a relapse into dependency. Cash later claimed that during his operation, he had what is called a `near-death experience`. In 1984, Cash released a self-parody recording titled `The Chicken in Black` about Cash`s brain being transplanted into a chicken and Cash receiving a bank robber`s brain in return. Biographer Robert Hilburn, in his 2013 book Johnny Cash: The Life, disputes the claim made that Cash chose to record an intentionally poor song in protest of Columbia`s treatment of him. On the contrary, Hilburn writes, it was Columbia that presented Cash with the song, which Cash – who had previously scored major chart hits with comedic material such as `A Boy Named Sue` and `One Piece at a Time` – accepted enthusiastically, performing the song live on stage and filming a comedic music video in which he dresses up in a superhero-like bank-robber costume. According to Hilburn, Cash`s enthusiasm for the song waned after Waylon Jennings told Cash he looked `like a buffoon` in the music video (which was showcased during Cash`s 1984 Christmas TV special), and Cash subsequently demanded that Columbia withdraw the music video from broadcast and recall the single from stores—interrupting its bona fide chart success—and termed the venture `a fiasco.`[105] Between 1981 and 1984, he recorded several sessions with famed countrypolitan producer Billy Sherrill (who also produced `The Chicken in Black`), which were shelved; they would be released by Columbia`s sister label, Legacy Recordings, in 2014 as Out Among the Stars.[106] Around this time, Cash also recorded an album of gospel recordings that ended up being released by another label around the time of his departure from Columbia (this due to Columbia closing down its Priority Records division that was to have released the recordings). After more unsuccessful recordings were released between 1984 and 1985, Cash left Columbia. In 1986, Cash returned to Sun Studios in Memphis to team up with Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins to create the album Class of `55; according to Hilburn, Columbia still had Cash under contract at the time, so special arrangements had to be made to allow him to participate.[107] Also in 1986, Cash published his only novel, Man in White, a book about Saul and his conversion to become the Apostle Paul. He recorded Johnny Cash Reads The Complete New Testament in 1990. American Recordings Johnny Cash sings with a Navy lieutenant during a military event c. January 1987 After Columbia Records dropped Cash from his recording contract, he had a short and unsuccessful stint with Mercury Records from 1987 to 1991. During this time, he recorded an album of new versions of some of his best-known Sun and Columbia hits, as well as Water from the Wells of Home, a duets album that paired him with, among others, his children Rosanne Cash and John Carter Cash, as well as Paul McCartney. A one-off Christmas album recorded for Delta Records followed his Mercury contract. Though Cash would never have another chart hit from 1991 until his death, his career was rejuvenated in the 1990s, leading to popularity with an audience which was not traditionally considered interested in country music. In 1988, British post-punk musicians Marc Riley (formerly of the Fall) and Jon Langford (the Mekons) put together `Til Things Are Brighter, a tribute album featuring mostly British-based indie-rock acts` interpretations of Cash`s songs. Cash was enthusiastic about the project, telling Langford that it was a `morale booster`; Rosanne Cash later said `he felt a real connection with those musicians and very validated ... It was very good for him: he was in his element. He absolutely understood what they were tapping into, and loved it`. The album attracted press attention on both sides of the Atlantic.[108] In 1991, he sang a version of `Man in Black` for the Christian punk band One Bad Pig`s album I Scream Sunday. In 1993, he sang `The Wanderer`, the closing track of U2`s album Zooropa. According to Rolling Stone writer Adam Gold, `The Wanderer` – written for Cash by Bono, `defies both the U2 and Cash canons, combining rhythmic and textural elements of Nineties synth-pop with a Countrypolitan lament fit for the closing credits of a Seventies western.`[109] No longer sought-after by major labels, he was offered a contract with producer Rick Rubin`s American Recordings label, which had recently been rebranded from Def American, under which name it was better known for rap and hard rock. Under Rubin`s supervision, he recorded American Recordings (1994) in his living room, accompanied only by his Martin Dreadnought guitar – one of many Cash played throughout his career.[110] The album featured covers of contemporary artists selected by Rubin. The album had a great deal of critical and commercial success, winning a Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album. Cash wrote that his reception at the 1994 Glastonbury Festival was one of the highlights of his career. This was the beginning of a decade of music industry accolades and commercial success. He teamed up with Brooks & Dunn to contribute `Folsom Prison Blues` to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. On the same album, he performed Bob Dylan`s `Forever Young.`[citation needed] Cash and his wife appeared on a number of episodes of the television series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. He also lent his voice for a cameo role in The Simpsons episode `El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Mysterious Voyage of Homer)`, as the `Space Coyote` that guides Homer Simpson on a spiritual quest. Cash was joined by guitarist Kim Thayil of Soundgarden, bassist Krist Novoselic of Nirvana, and drummer Sean Kinney of Alice in Chains for a cover of Willie Nelson`s `Time of the Preacher`, featured on the tribute album Twisted Willie, released in January 1996.[111] In 1996, Cash collaborated with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on Unchained (also known as American Recordings II), which won the Best Country Album Grammy in 1998. The album was produced by Rick Rubin with Sylvia Massy engineering and mixing. A majority of Unchained was recorded at Sound City Studios and featured guest appearances by Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, and Marty Stuart. Believing he did not explain enough of himself in his 1975 autobiography Man in Black, he wrote Cash: The Autobiography in 1997. Later years and death Cash with President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush in 2002 In 1997, during a trip to New York City, Cash was diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease Shy–Drager syndrome, a form of multiple system atrophy.[112] According to biographer Robert Hilburn, the disease was originally misdiagnosed as Parkinson`s disease, and Cash even announced to his audience that he had Parkinson`s after nearly collapsing on stage in Flint, Michigan, on October 25, 1997. Soon afterwards, his diagnosis was changed to Shy–Drager, and Cash was told he had about 18 months to live.[113] The diagnosis was later again altered to autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes. The illness forced Cash to curtail his touring. He was hospitalized in 1998 with severe pneumonia, which damaged his lungs. During the last stage of his career, Cash released the albums American III: Solitary Man (2000) and American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002). American IV included cover songs by several late 20th-century rock artists, notably `Hurt` by Nine Inch Nails and `Personal Jesus` by Depeche Mode.[114] Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails commented that he was initially skeptical about Cash`s plan to cover `Hurt`, but was later impressed and moved by the rendition.[115] The video for `Hurt` received critical and popular acclaim, including a Grammy Award.[116][117] June Carter Cash died on May 15, 2003, aged 73.[118] June had told Cash to keep working, so he continued to record, completing 60 songs in the last four months of his life. He even performed surprise shows at the Carter Family Fold outside Bristol, Virginia. At the July 5, 2003, concert (his last public performance), before singing `Ring of Fire`, Cash read a statement that he had written shortly before taking the stage: The spirit of June Carter overshadows me tonight with the love she had for me and the love I have for her. We connect somewhere between here and Heaven. She came down for a short visit, I guess, from Heaven to visit with me tonight to give me courage and inspiration like she always has. She`s never been one for me except courage and inspiration. I thank God for June Carter. I love her with all my heart. Cash continued to record until shortly before his death. `When June died, it tore him up`, Rick Rubin recalled. `He said to me, `You have to keep me working because I will die if I don`t have something to do.` He was in a wheelchair by then and we set him up at his home in Virginia… I couldn`t listen to those recordings for two years after he died and it was heartbreaking when we did.`[119] Cash`s final recordings were made on August 21, 2003, and consisted of `Like the 309`, which appeared on American V: A Hundred Highways in 2006, and the final song he completed, `Engine 143`, recorded for his son John Carter Cash`s planned Carter Family tribute album.[120] Cash`s grave located at Hendersonville Memory Gardens in Hendersonville, Tennessee While being hospitalized at Baptist Hospital in Nashville, Cash died of complications from diabetes at around 2:00 am Central Time on September 12, 2003, aged 71—less than four months after his wife. He was buried next to her at Hendersonville Memory Gardens near his home in Hendersonville, Tennessee. Personal life Cash and his second wife, June Carter, in 1969 On July 18, 1951, while in Air Force basic training, Cash met 17-year-old Italian-American Vivian Liberto at a roller skating rink in San Antonio, Texas.[121] They dated for three weeks until Cash was deployed to West Germany for a three-year tour. During that time, the couple exchanged hundreds of love letters.[122] On August 7, 1954, one month after his discharge, they were married at St. Ann`s Roman Catholic Church in San Antonio. They had four daughters: Rosanne, Kathy, Cindy, and Tara. In 1961, Cash moved his family to a hilltop home overlooking Casitas Springs, California. He had previously moved his parents to the area to run a small trailer park called the Johnny Cash Trailer Park. His drinking led to several run-ins with local law enforcement. Liberto later said that she had filed for divorce in 1966 because of Cash`s severe drug and alcohol abuse, as well as his constant touring, his repeated acts of adultery with other women, and his close relationship with singer June Carter. Their four daughters were then raised by their mother. Cash met June of the famed Carter Family while on tour, and the two became infatuated with each other. In 1968, thirteen years after they first met backstage at the Grand Ole Opry, Cash proposed to June, during a live performance in London, Ontario.[123] The couple married on March 1, 1968, in Franklin, Kentucky. They had one child together, John Carter Cash, born March 3, 1970. He was the only son for both Johnny and June. In addition to having his four daughters and John Carter, Cash also became stepfather to Carlene and Rosie, June`s daughters from her first two marriages, to, respectively, honky-tonk singer Carl Smith, and former police officer, football player, and race-car driver Edwin `Rip` Nix. Cash and Carter continued to work, raise their child, create music, and tour together for 35 years until June`s death in May 2003. Throughout their marriage, June attempted to keep Cash off amphetamines, often taking his drugs and flushing them down the toilet. June remained with him even throughout his multiple admissions for rehabilitation treatment and decades of drug addiction. After June`s death in May 2003, Cash believed that his only reason for living was his music; he died only four months later.[124] Religious beliefs Cash was raised by his parents in the Southern Baptist denomination of Christianity. He was baptized in 1944 in the Tyronza River as a member of the Central Baptist Church of Dyess, Arkansas.[125] A troubled but devout Christian,[126][127] Cash has been characterized as a `lens through which to view American contradictions and challenges.`[e][129][130] On May 9, 1971, he answered the altar call at Evangel Temple, an Assemblies of God congregation pastored by Jimmie R. Snow, with outreach to people in the music world.[131] Cash penned a Christian novel, Man in White, in 1986, and in the introduction writes about a reporter, who, interested in Cash`s religious beliefs, questioned whether the book is written from a Baptist, Catholic, or Jewish perspective. Cash replied, `I`m a Christian. Don`t put me in another box.`[132][133][134][135] In the mid-1970s, Cash and his wife, June, completed a course of study in the Bible through Christian International Bible College, culminating in a pilgrimage to Israel in November 1978.[66]: 66  Around that time, he was ordained as a minister, and officiated at his daughter`s wedding.[136] He often performed at Billy Graham Crusades. At a Tallahassee Crusade in 1986, June and Johnny sang his song `One of These Days I`m Gonna Sit Down and Talk to Paul`.[137] At a performance in Arkansas in 1989, Johnny Cash spoke to attendees of his commitment to the salvation of drug dealers and alcoholics. He then sang, `Family Bible`.[138] He recorded several gospel albums and made a spoken-word recording of the entire New King James Version of the New Testament.[139][140] Cash declared he was `the biggest sinner of them all`, and viewed himself overall as a complicated and contradictory man.[141][f] Accordingly,[g] Cash is said to have `contained multitudes`, and has been deemed `the philosopher-prince of American country music.`[145][146] Cash is credited with having converted actor and singer John Schneider to Christianity.[147] Legacy The clothes and guitar of Johnny Cash on exhibit in the Artist Gallery of the Musical Instrument Museum of Phoenix Cash nurtured and defended artists (such as Bob Dylan[49]) on the fringes of what was acceptable in country music even while serving as the country music establishment`s most visible symbol. At an all-star concert which aired in 1999 on TNT, a diverse group of artists paid him tribute, including Dylan, Chris Isaak, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, Dom DeLuise, and U2. Cash himself appeared at the end and performed for the first time in more than a year. Two tribute albums were released shortly before his death; Kindred Spirits contains works from established artists, while Dressed in Black contains works from many lesser-known musicians. In total, he wrote over 1,000 songs and released dozens of albums. A box set titled Unearthed was issued posthumously. It included four CDs of unreleased material recorded with Rubin, as well as a Best of Cash on American retrospective CD. The set also includes a 104-page book that discusses each track and features one of Cash`s final interviews.[148] In 1999, Cash received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cash number 31 on their `100 Greatest Artists of All Time` list[149][150] and No. 21 on their `100 Greatest Singers` list in 2010.[151] In 2012, Rolling Stone ranked Cash`s 1968 live album At Folsom Prison and 1994 studio album American Recordings at No. 88[152] and No. 366[153] in its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. In recognition of his lifelong support of SOS Children`s Villages, his family invited friends and fans to donate to the Johnny Cash Memorial Fund in his memory. He had a personal link with the SOS village in Dießen, at the Ammersee Lake in Bavaria, near where he was stationed as a GI, and with the SOS village in Barrett Town, by Montego Bay, near his holiday home in Jamaica.[154][155] In January 2006, Cash`s lakeside home on Caudill Drive in Hendersonville was sold to Bee Gees vocalist Barry Gibb and wife Linda for $2.3 million. On April 10, 2007, during major renovation works carried out for Gibb, a fire broke out at the house, spreading quickly due to a flammable wood preservative that had been used. The building was completely destroyed.[156] One of Cash`s final collaborations with producer Rick Rubin, American V: A Hundred Highways, was released posthumously on July 4, 2006. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard Top 200 album chart for the week ending July 22, 2006. On February 23, 2010, three days before what would have been Cash`s 78th birthday, the Cash Family, Rick Rubin, and Lost Highway Records released his second posthumous record, titled American VI: Ain`t No Grave. The main street in Hendersonville, Tennessee, Highway 31E, is known as `Johnny Cash Parkway`.[157] The Johnny Cash Museum, located in one of Cash`s properties in Hendersonville until 2006, dubbed the House of Cash, was sold based on Cash`s will. Prior to this, having been closed for a number of years, the museum had been featured in Cash`s music video for `Hurt`. The house subsequently burned down during the renovation by the new owner. A new museum, founded by Shannon and Bill Miller, opened April 26, 2013, in downtown Nashville.[158] On November 2–4, 2007, the Johnny Cash Flower Pickin` Festival was held in Starkville, Mississippi, where Cash had been arrested more than 40 years earlier and held overnight at the city jail on May 11, 1965. The incident inspired Cash to write the song `Starkville City Jail`. The festival, where he was offered a symbolic posthumous pardon, honored Cash`s life and music, and was expected to become an annual event.[159] JC Unit One, Johnny Cash`s private tour bus from 1980 until 2003, was put on exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland, Ohio, in 2007. The museum offers public tours of the bus on a seasonal basis (it is stored during the winter and not exhibited during those times).[160] A limited-edition Forever stamp honoring Cash went on sale June 5, 2013. The stamp features a promotional picture of Cash taken around the 1963 release of Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash.[161] On October 14, 2014, the City of Folsom unveiled phase 1 of the Johnny Cash Trail to the public with a dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Rosanne Cash. Along the trail, eight larger-than-life public art pieces will tell the story of Johnny Cash, his connection to Folsom Prison, and his epic musical career. The Johnny Cash Trail features art selected by a committee that included Cindy Cash, a 2-acre (0.81 ha) Legacy Park, and over 3 miles (4.8 km) of multi-use class-I bike trail. The artists responsible for the sculptures are Sacramento-based Romo Studios, LLC and the Fine Art Studio of Rotblatt Amrany, from Illinois.[162] In 2015, a new species of black tarantula was identified near Folsom Prison and named Aphonopelma johnnycashi in his honor. In 2016, the Nashville Sounds Minor League Baseball team added the `Country Legends Race` to its between-innings entertainment. At the middle of the fifth inning, people in oversized foam caricature costumes depicting Cash, as well as George Jones, Reba McEntire, and Dolly Parton, race around the warning track at First Horizon Park from center field to the home plate side of the first base dugout.[163] On February 8, 2018, the album Forever Words was announced, putting music to poems that Cash had written and which were published in book form in 2016.[164] Johnny Cash`s boyhood home in Dyess was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 2018, as `Farm No. 266, Johnny Cash Boyhood Home.`[30] The Arkansas Country Music Awards honored Johnny Cash`s legacy with the Lifetime Achievement award on June 3, 2018. The ceremony was held that same date, which was a Monday night at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas. The nominations took place in early 2018.[165][166] In 2019, Sheryl Crow released a duet with Cash on her song `Redemption Day` for her final album Threads. Crow, who had originally written and recorded the song in 1996, recorded new vocals and added them to those of Cash, who recorded the song for his American VI: Ain`t No Grave album.[167] In April 2019, it was announced that the state of Arkansas would place a statue of Cash in the National Statuary Hall in an effort to represent the modern history of Arkansas. The Governor of Arkansas, Asa Hutchinson, stated that Cash`s contributions to music made him an appropriate figure to tell the story of the state.[168] Portrayals Country singer Mark Collie portrayed Cash in John Lloyd Miller`s award-winning 1999 short film I Still Miss Someone. In November 2005, Walk the Line, a biographical film about Cash`s life, was released in the United States to considerable commercial success and critical acclaim. The film featured Joaquin Phoenix as Johnny (for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor) and Reese Witherspoon as June (for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress). Phoenix and Witherspoon also won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy and Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy, respectively. They both performed their own vocals in the film (with their version of `Jackson` being released as a single), and Phoenix learned to play guitar for the role. Phoenix received a Grammy Award for his contributions to the soundtrack. John Carter Cash, the son of Johnny and June, served as an executive producer. On March 12, 2006, Ring of Fire, a jukebox musical of the Cash oeuvre, debuted on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theater, but closed due to harsh reviews and disappointing sales on April 30. Million Dollar Quartet, a musical portraying the early Sun recording sessions involving Cash, Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins, debuted on Broadway on April 11, 2010. Actor Lance Guest portrayed Cash. The musical was nominated for three awards at the 2010 Tony Awards and won one. Robert Hilburn, veteran Los Angeles Times pop music critic, the journalist who accompanied Cash in his 1968 Folsom prison tour, and interviewed Cash many times throughout his life including months before his death, published a 688-page biography with 16 pages of photographs in 2013.[169] The meticulously reported biography is said to have filled in the 80% of Cash`s life that was unknown, including details about Cash`s battles with addiction and infidelity.[170][56][171] Awards and honors For detailed lists of music awards, see List of awards received by Johnny Cash. If there were a hall of fame for creating larger-than-life personae, Cash would no doubt have been elected to it as well. His 1971 song `Man in Black` codified an image that the singer had assumed naturally for more than fifteen years at that point. Part rural preacher, part outlaw Robin Hood, he was a blue-collar prophet who, dressed in stark contrast to the glinting rhinestones and shimmering psychedelia of the time, spoke truth to power. —Johnny Cash: Remembering the Incomparable Legend of Country, Rock and Roll, Rolling Stone.[172] Cash received multiple Country Music Association Awards, Grammys, and other awards, in categories ranging from vocal and spoken performances to album notes and videos. In a career that spanned almost five decades, Cash was the personification of country music to many people around the world. Cash was a musician who was not defined by a single genre. He recorded songs that could be considered rock and roll, blues, rockabilly, folk, and gospel, and exerted an influence on each of those genres. His diversity was evidenced by his presence in five major music halls of fame: the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame (1977), the Country Music Hall of Fame (1980), the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1992), GMA`s Gospel Music Hall of Fame (2010). and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame (2013).[173][174] Marking his death in 2003, Rolling Stone stated other than Elvis Presley Cash was the only artist inducted as a performer into both the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[172] His contributions to the genre have been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.[175] Cash received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1996 and stated that his induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1980 was his greatest professional achievement. In 2001, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[176] `Hurt` was nominated for six VMAs at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. The only VMA the video won was that for Best Cinematography. With the video, Johnny Cash became the oldest artist ever nominated for an MTV Video Music Award.[177] Justin Timberlake, who won Best Video that year for `Cry Me a River`, said in his acceptance speech: `This is a travesty! I demand a recount. My grandfather raised me on Johnny Cash, and I think he deserves this more than any of us in here tonight.`[178] Discography Main articles: Johnny Cash albums discography, Johnny Cash singles discography, and Johnny Cash Sun Records discography See also: List of songs recorded by Johnny Cash Johnny Cash with His Hot and Blue Guitar! (1957) The Fabulous Johnny Cash (1958) Hymns by Johnny Cash (1959) Songs of Our Soil (1959) Now, There Was a Song! (1960) Ride This Train (1960) Hymns from the Heart (1962) The Sound of Johnny Cash (1962) Blood, Sweat and Tears (1963) The Christmas Spirit (1963) Keep on the Sunny Side (with the Carter Family) (1964) I Walk the Line (1964) Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian (1964) Orange Blossom Special (1965) Johnny Cash Sings the Ballads of the True West (1965) Everybody Loves a Nut (1966) Happiness Is You (1966) Carryin` On with Johnny Cash & June Carter (with June Carter) (1967) From Sea to Shining Sea (1968) The Holy Land (1969) Hello, I`m Johnny Cash (1970) Man in Black (1971) A Thing Called Love (1972) America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song (1972) The Johnny Cash Family Christmas (1972) Any Old Wind That Blows (1973) Johnny Cash and His Woman (with June Carter Cash) (1973) Ragged Old Flag (1974) The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me (1974) The Johnny Cash Children`s Album (1975) Johnny Cash Sings Precious Memories (1975) John R. Cash (1975) Look at Them Beans (1975) One Piece at a Time (1976) The Last Gunfighter Ballad (1977) The Rambler (1977) I Would Like to See You Again (1978) Gone Girl (1978) Silver (1979) A Believer Sings the Truth (1979) Johnny Cash Sings with the BC Goodpasture Christian School (1979) Rockabilly Blues (1980) Classic Christmas (1980) The Baron (1981) The Adventures of Johnny Cash (1982) Johnny 99 (1983) Highwayman (with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson & Kris Kristofferson) (1985) Rainbow (1985) Heroes (with Waylon Jennings) (1986) Class of `55 (with Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis & Carl Perkins) (1986) Believe in Him (1986) Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town (1987) Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series (1988) Water from the Wells of Home (1988) Boom Chicka Boom (1990) Highwayman 2 (with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson & Kris Kristofferson) (1990) The Mystery of Life (1991) Country Christmas (1991) American Recordings (1994) The Road Goes on Forever (with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson & Kris Kristofferson) (1995) American II: Unchained (1996) American III: Solitary Man (2000) American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002) My Mother`s Hymn Book (2004) American V: A Hundred Highways (2006) American VI: Ain`t No Grave (2010) Out Among the Stars (2014) Džoni Keš