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Stanje: Dosta Dobro IzdavaΔ: Otokar KerΕ‘ovani Opatija,Rijeka Izdato: 1989 Korica: tvrda Pismo : latinica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan. U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNA Kupovina Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ---BG6----
Stanje: dosta dobro IzdavaΔ:Obod-Cetinje,Kulturni centar-Budva Korica:tvrda Pismo:Δirilica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan, stanje proverite na slici! U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNA Kupovina Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ---- MIN----
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Kolekcionarstvo i umetnost chevron_right Knjige
Stanje: dobro IzdavaΔ:Bratstvo Jedinstvo, Novi Sad Godina izd.:1968 Korica:tvrda Pismo : latinica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan! Stanje proverite na slikama! U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNA Kupovina Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ----TY----
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Kolekcionarstvo i umetnost chevron_right Knjige
Stanje:oΔuvano IzdavaΔ:GZH,Zagreb 1979 Korica: tvrda Pismo : latinica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan. Stanje proverite na slikama. U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! Pogledajte sve moje jeftine knjige, kliknite ispod: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi SRETNO! -----BG 14-----
Stanje:lepo saΔuvano IzdavaΔ:Otokar KerΕ‘ovani,Zagreb Godina izd.:1988 Korica:meka Pismo : latinica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan! Stanje proverite na slikama! U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNA Kupovina Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ----OKI----
Stanje: Dosta dobro IzdavaΔ: Zagreb Izdato: 1949 Korica: Tvrda Pismo : Latinica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan. U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNA Kupovina Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ---- AC 3----
Stanje: Dobro oΔuvan.. IzdavaΔ : GrafiΔki zavod hrvatske Izdato: 1988 Stranica: 502 Korica: Meka Pismo : Latinica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan, naroΔito u ovako lepom stanju! U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNA Kupovina Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ----- UI -----
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Licni oglasi i sex shop chevron_right Erotski priručnici
Naslov: Klub Ε½ilijet Autor: SaΕ‘a Grej IzdavaΔ: Beograd : Laguna Pismo: latinica Br. strana: 308 Format: 20 cm Povez: meki Knjiga je u celosti (listovi, korice, povez) odliΔno oΔuvana; listovi su potpuno Δisti i ravni, nigde nema podvalΔenja, dopisivanja, `magareΔih uΕ‘iju` i sl. Ovo jeste erotski roman ali drugaΔiji od svih sa kojima ste se do sada susreli. Definitivno treba da ga proΔitate. - Cosmopolitan UK SavrΕ‘eno za sve one kojima se svideo serijal Pedeset nijansi. - Grazia Prikaz knjige je dat na drugoj slici, uveΔajte je do pune veliΔine da biste ga proΔitali. Pogledajte i ostale knjige iz istog ΕΎanra koje trenutno imam u ponudi: https://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Grupa=2&fv=95049&Pretraga=&CeleReci=0&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=bebaimoca&Okrug=-1&Opstina=-1&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi
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Kolekcionarstvo i umetnost chevron_right Knjige
IzdavaΔ: Zora Zagreb God.izdanja: 1969 Pismo: latinica Povez:tvrda Stanje: dobro Stanje proverite na slikama! U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNO! Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ----- LR 2 -----
IzdavaΔ: Matica Srpska , Novi Sad God.izdanja: 1966 Pismo: Δirilica Povez: tvrdi Stanje: dobro Stanje proverite na slikama! U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNO! Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ----- MAJ 2 -----
IzdavaΔ: Nolit, Beograd God.izdanja: 1984 Pismo: Latinica Povez: tvrdi Stanje: dobro Stanje proverite na slikama! U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNO! Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ----- MAJ 2 -----
IzdavaΔ: Evro - Giunti God.izdanja: 2014 Pismo: latinica Povez: meki Stanje: dobro Stanje proverite na slikama! U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNO! Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ----- ZAG 2 -----
IzdavaΔ: Vulkan, Beograd God.izdanja: 2014 Pismo: Latinica Povez: meki Stanje: dobro Stanje proverite na slikama! U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNO! Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ----- MAJ 2 -----
IzdavaΔ: Zabavna Biblioteka GrafiΔkog Zavoda Hrvatske God.izdanja: 1978 Pismo: Latinica Povez: tvrdi Stanje: dobro Stanje proverite na slikama! U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! SRETNO! Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ----- MAJ 2 -----
Stanje: Dobro IzdavaΔ: Beograd Izdato: 1952 Korica: Tvrda Pismo : Δirilica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan. U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! Do 2kg knjiga je postarina samo 83 din... (ide do vaΕ‘ih vrata u preporuΔenoj tiskovini) Preko 2 kg knjige Ε‘aljem u paketu, do vaΕ‘e najbliΕΎe poΕ‘te! Ako treba I 20 kg paket Ε‘aljem za 200 din poΕ‘tarinu... Pogledajte sve moje jeftine knjige, kliknite ispod: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi SRETNO! ----- JA 1 -----
Stanje Kao novo IzdavaΔ: Narodna knjiga,Alfa Izdato: 2004 Korica: Meka Pismo : Latinica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan, stanje kao novo. U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! Do 2kg knjiga je postarina samo 83 din... (ide do vaΕ‘ih vrata u preporuΔenoj tiskovini) Preko 2 kg knjige Ε‘aljem u paketu, do vaΕ‘e najbliΕΎe poΕ‘te! Ako treba I 20 kg paket Ε‘aljem za 200 din poΕ‘tarinu... SRETNA Kupovina Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ---- Y3 ----
Stanje: Dobro IzdavaΔ:Novi Sad Izdato: 1966 Korica: Tvrda Pismo : Latinica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan, stanje kao novo. U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! Do 2kg knjiga je postarina samo 83 din... (ide do vaΕ‘ih vrata u preporuΔenoj tiskovini) Preko 2 kg knjige Ε‘aljem u paketu, do vaΕ‘e najbliΕΎe poΕ‘te! Ako treba I 20 kg paket Ε‘aljem za 200 din poΕ‘tarinu... SRETNA Kupovina Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ---- LZS 3 ----
Stanje:kao novo IzdavaΔ: Mono and manana Izdato: 2004 Korica: Meka Pismo : LAtinica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan, stanje kao novo. U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! Do 2kg knjiga je postarina samo 83 din... (ide do vaΕ‘ih vrata u preporuΔenoj tiskovini) Preko 2 kg knjige Ε‘aljem u paketu, do vaΕ‘e najbliΕΎe poΕ‘te! Ako treba I 20 kg paket Ε‘aljem za 200 din poΕ‘tarinu... SRETNA Kupovina Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ---- QW ----
Stanje: Kao novo IzdavaΔ: Narodna knjiga,Alfa Izdato: 2006 Korica: Tvrda Pismo : Latinica Ovo se ne kupuje svaki dan. U svakom sluΔaju, pitajte preko poruka, traΕΎite dodatne slike na mail, proverite dali vam odgovara stanje, i dajte ponudu.. Ko je hrabar, neka ga samo posmatra. :) UΕ‘tedite na poΕ‘tarini i kupite Ε‘to viΕ‘e knjiga! Do 2kg knjiga je postarina samo 83 din... (ide do vaΕ‘ih vrata u preporuΔenoj tiskovini) Preko 2 kg knjige Ε‘aljem u paketu, do vaΕ‘e najbliΕΎe poΕ‘te! Ako treba I 20 kg paket Ε‘aljem za 200 din poΕ‘tarinu... SRETNA Kupovina Kliknite na ovaj link ispod i pogledajte sve knjige Ε‘to prodajem: http://www.kupindo.com/pretraga.php?Pretraga=knjiga&CeleReci=1&UNaslovu=0&Prodavac=palesztin&Grad=&CenaOd=&CenaDo=&submit=tra%C5%BEi ---- PHA----
Dostoevsky (2) - Henri Troyat Troyat, H. (1985). Dostoevsky (2). Barcelona, Spain. Salvat Publishers. DOSTOYEVSKY (Volume Two) SALVAT LIBRARY OF GREAT BIOGRAPHIES DOSTOEVSKY (Volume Two) HENRITROYAT SALVAT Version of the original French work: Dostoevsky. published by Artheme Fayard, Paris. Translated from French by Irene Andresco, provided by Ediciones Destino. The illustrations whose source is not indicated come from the Salva! Archive. Β© Salvo! Editores, S.A.. Barcelona. 1985. Β© Artheme Fayard, Paris. Β© Ediciones Destino, Barcelona. ISBN: 84-345-8145-0 (complete work). ISBN: 84-345-8175-2. Legal deposit: NA-131-1985 (2) Published by Salvat Editores, S.A., Mallorca 41-49 - Barcelona. Printed by GrΓ‘ficas Estella. Estella (Navarra), 1985. Printed in Spain Index Page THIRD PART 9. The Return 193 10. The disappointing Europe 204 11. Memories of the subsoil 219 12. Crime and punishment 230 13. Anna Grigorievna 240 14. The passion for the game 248 15. The Idiot 265 16. The Possessed 275 FOURTH PART 17. The teenager 305 18. Diary of a writer 318 19. The Brothers Karamazov 328 20. The celebrations in honor of Pushkin 337 21. The end 346 22. Post mortem 353 Chronology 367 Testimonials 371 Bibliography 373 Part Three 9. The return A New World welcomes Dostoevsky on his arrival in St. Petersburg. The Russia of Alexander 11 has very little to do with the Russia of Nicholas l. The emperor has declared to the representatives of the Muscovite nobility that it is better to approach from above the suppression of the service, than to wait for it to begin to dissolve itself from aba- jo. In 1860, the manumission of the serfs is only a matter of months. A Central Committee, under the presidency of the sovereign, studies the modalities of a liberation without ransom premiums to the lords, and with the possibility for the peasants to acquire in absolute ownership the bonds they have cultivated. Other major liberal reforms are also being studied. The press is once again relatively independent. Censorship is relaxed. Corporal punishment is reproached. There is talk of giving a totally public character to the sessions of the courts. These hasty reforms, after centuries of social immobility, inflamed public opinion. The nobility, stripped of their privileges, was clearly hostile to government initiatives. But the progressive media supported only that the courageous work of Alexander 11. This unexpected realization of their own program only satisfied them half-heartedly. The dropper policy stoked his im- patience. Having awakened the thirst for humanitarian progress, the empress could not quench it without renouncing his own prerogatives. Every month, the demands of the radicals exceeded the intentions of the central power. Since they touched the old building of the tsars, it was so possible to destroy it at once. Everyone believed themselves called to discuss and resolve matters of domestic policy. And everyone needed quick and reliable reports. There was no time to think anymore. They swallowed the news of the day `raw`. They caught up in the same way that a hungry man is satiated... In this heated climate, the press played a prominent role. It was no longer just a means of distraction, but of information. Progressive periodicals - The Contemporary, The Russian Word and, in Lon- dres, Herzen`s leaf, The Bell - denounced the abuses of the same regime and called for a comprehensive political change. That is why, far from apa- it supposes a series of reforms, not copied from those of Occi- dente but taken from the old Russian historical background. The Slavic people possess an ingrained originality that is of careful interest to serve. Reactionary Slavophiles are more Muscovite than Russians. Progressive liberals are more European than Russian. Between these two extreme positions, an intermediate one is the only good one. And Dostoevsky wants to place himself in it. However, they do not understand him, they do not want to understand him. For the students, Dostoevsky is the former prisoner, the martyr of the li- bertad. Later, when he is asked to read in literary evenings some passages of Memories of the House of the Dead, it is not the writer who will be applauded, but the supporter. The fame they create is based on a misunderstanding. Dostoevsky is not his own. And he suffers because he is loved for ideas he has never had, for an ideal he has never defended. To Strajov he will go so far as to say how much he was disgusted to read aloud certain passages from Memories of the House of the Dead: `...As if I were always complaining to the public! As if I always complained!... That`s not right!...!` This false situation is unbearable. It was imperative to leave things at their point. Dostoevsky and his brother Mikhail decided to found a newspaper. Actually, the idea of the newspaper dates back to 1858, and its program of action was approved by censorship on October 31 of that year. But it was only in 1860-61 that, under the thrust of imperative moral necessities, the Dostoevsky brothers reconsidered their project and realized it. The newspaper, or rather the monthly magazine, is titled Vremia (The Time). The principal conductor is Mikhail Dostoevsky; it is responsible for all administrative and economic matters. Fyodor Dostoevsky is in charge of the artistic, literary and political direction of the new organ. It is he who drafts the manifesto of presentation, which is a clear defense of Russian libe- ralism: `We have finally understood that we too are a well-determined nation, original to the highest degree, and that our duty is to create for ourselves a new way of life, our special way of life, our own way of life, taken from our soil, from our soul and from our popular traditions.` -194- And in issue 1 of the magazine, which appeared in January 1861, the re- dactor specifies that the magazine cannot be assimilated either with those of the oc- cidentales or with those of the Slavophiles: `The public has understood that with the Westerners we insisted on putting on a disguise that did not go and that we were torn everywhere; and that with the Slavophiles we conceived the poetic dream of resurrecting Russia following the ideal conception of past customs...` Thanks to this courageous clarification, El Tiempo is exactly placed between two fires. Slavophiles and Westerners agree to attack it. However, readers flow and the circulation is increased, following a respectable pace. Dostoevsky obtained the collaboration of Turgenev, Ostrovsky, Nekrasov, the critic Apollon Grigoriev and the young philosopher Strajov. To attract the public, Fyodor Mikhailovich does not hesitate to publish The Crimes of Lacenaire and passages from the Memoirs of Casa- nova. Dostoevsky does considerable work. He writes fantastic stories, critical articles, commissions folletines, corrects them, composes his page eagerly... He works almost exclusively at night. Around eleven o`clock, in the silence of the house, he settles before an samovar, opens his icy sheets of paper and starts writing, drinking cold tea as concentrated as licorice juice. At five o`clock he goes to bed and sleeps until two o`clock in the afternoon. But this regime is above its strength. Three months after the publication of the first issue of El Tiempo, he falls ill. Of course it is replenished soon. But his epileptic seizures are becoming more frequent. One or two per week. Dostoevsky senses the proximity of the attacks. All their doubts, all their desires are reabsorbed into an impression of a higher alliance. It is tranquil, free from any worries, prepared for the brilliant joys of the afterlife. `But these radiant moments,` he writes in The Idiot, `were only the prelude to the second ending, the one to which the attack happened immediately. This second phase was undoubtedly indescribable... What does it matter that it is a disease if in that minute I have a feeling, unheard of and unsuspected until then, of fullness, mediation, appeasement and fusion with the beginning of a prayer, with the highest synthesis of life...` `For a few moments,` Fio said, `Mikhailovich told his friends, `I know a happiness that is impossible to conceive in a normal state, and that others do not even imagine. I experience a complete harmony between the world and me, and this feeling is so strong, so soft, that for a few minutes of this joy ten years, and perhaps even a lifetime, could be given.` When Fiador Mikhailovich reached the extreme of this mystical ecstasy, the spasm shook him, he fell to the ground howling and drooling. Strajov, who had attended an attack by Dostoevsky, describes it to us thus: `He stopped for a moment, as if looking for a word to express a pen- samiento. His mouth was open. I looked at him very carefully: I was sure that he would utter extraordinary words. Suddenly, a strange, prolonged, absurd sound came out of his half-open lips and fell unconsciously in the middle of the room.` -195- Sometimes he would get hurt when he fell. His face was marked with crowned plates. When he came to his senses, his muscles were tired from the cramps and his head was empty. He had the impression, according to his own account, that he was guilty of some terrible crime and that nothing in the world could redeem him from his guilt. Was it the death of his father, or that of the drunkard Isaiev, that tortured him like this? This thirst for punishment has dominated Dostoevsky`s entire intimate life. After his attacks, it was not uncommon for Fyodor Mikhailovich to lose his memory for a few days. He was in a bad mood. He wrote with difficulty. In his notebook, during the years 1862-63, the following indications of a dreadful laconism are found: Β«Epileptic seizures: Β»April 1 - violent, Β»August 1 - weak, Β»November 7 - medium, Β»January 7 - violent, Β»March 2 - medium.Β» In these deplorable conditions Dostoevsky wrote his first great novel after the prison, Humiliated and Offended, and finished the Memories of the House of the Dead. The publication of Humiliated and Offended began in January 1861, in the first issue of El Tiempo. This book is a curious mix of novelistic artifices in the style of Eugene Sue and personal observations. It is a disguised confession and, at the same time, a social follie novel. Ivan Pietrovich (Vania) is in love with Natacha Ijmieniev. She loves Aliocha, the son of Prince Valkorski, but a displeasureThe procedure separates the two families. It doesn`t matter: Natacha decides to donate her father`s home and `live her life` with the young and fickle Aliocha. So far, the novel is developed according to the lamentable style of the sentimental novels for fashion newspapers. But it is enough for Dostoevsky to touch on a theme so that it becomes attractive to us, suddenly, like a confession that is torn from him. Vania, natacha`s wretched lover, is a young writer whose first book has a great outlet. And this first book resembles, to the point of confusing us, Poor People. `I staged a modest official, a wretched, even a little foolish...`, vania declares in Humiliated and Offended. (Isn`t this Makar Dievuchkin`s portrait of Poor People?) `Why has this young man died of tuberculosis?` asks little Nelly. (Isn`t it the student Pokrovski, from Poor People?) Finally, Vania`s manuscript falls into the hands of `critic B.`, who has `enjoyed it like a child`, just as Bie-linski once enjoyed with the reading of Poor People. The resemblance between Vania and Dosto-yevsky is noticeable from the first pages of the book. But there`s more. Vania, upon learning of Natacha`s passion for Alio-cha, helps her beloved flee with the young prince and is in charge of protecting their union. She will bring news of Natacha to her parents. It will help -196- Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. to the young couple in all difficult circumstances. He will be a benevolent guardian angel. This benevolence of the suitor defeated by his rival is uniquely reminiscent of the attitude of Fiador Mikhailovich towards Maria Dimitrievna and master Viergunov. `I confess that all these gentlemen, who take their greatness of soul to the extreme of embracing their girlfriend`s lover and being her recadero, I do not like at all. Either they have not loved, or they have only loved with the ca- beza, and only writers more familiar with cerebral love than with the heart have been able to invent them...` This is the opinion of the sharp critic Dobroliubov on Vania`s complacency. This episode seems to him a purely literary invention of the author; however, Dos-toyevsky has never been more sincere than transcribing it. `Γs I`ll fix everything, everything, appointments and everything... I will transmit your letters to you. Why wouldn`t I?` exclaims Vania. Natacha replies: `I have betrayed you and you have forgiven me and you only think about my happiness... I would have been happy with you, my friend... I love Aliocha with a foolish love, but I think I love you even more as a friend. I would not know how to live without you, you are necessary to me, and I also need your heart of gold!....` It seems that elms Maria Dimitrievna thanking Dostoevsky for his self-denial and begging him not to abandon her, but refusing at the same time to leave Viergunov, lamenting, sobbing like a hysterical in some furnished room of Kuznietsz. -197 - Be that as it may, this book points to an undoubted setback in Dostoevsky`s work. The novel vacillates between two poorly welded intrigues: Natacha`s and Nelly`s. Situations are forced. The characters don`t live. Vania, who tells the story of Humiliated and Offended, has the unstable, comfortable and blurred character of the `typical narrator`. Na-tacha is a Dostoevsky-style lover -first epoch-. He loves Aliocha, who only loves her half-heartedly, but also loves Vania, and suffers because it makes her suffer, being at the same time unable to give up the secret pleasure of making her suf.rir, etc. She is the spiritual sister of the Va- rienka of Poor People and the Nastienk of the village of Stepanchiko- vo, all of them intelligent, sensitive and completely colorless girls. Aliocha`s father - Prince Valkorski - is a traitor of me-lodrama taken to the extreme to the absurd. Aliocha, on the other hand, reveals itself more interesting. This character of ato- londrado, always at fault and always forgiven, irritates and retains the attention of the reader. Aliocha is a kind of unconscious and well-educated scoundrel. He recognizes his mistakes and regrets it, but that repentance does not cure him. He is indecisive. It`s lightweight. It completely lacks weight: `What do you want? He tells Natacha talking about another girl. When I am with you I have the desire to talk about her, and with her, to talk about you...` And his grief is so burning, so sympathetic, that you can`t hold a grudge against him for his rudeness. Did Dostoevsky want to paint under the features of Alyocha Valkors-ki to the master Viergunov, his soft and weeping rival of Kuznietz? Maybe. But the effigy of the seducer is treated here with a strange sympathy. As if Dostoevsky had already forgiven him! High above all these figures should be placed the enchanting silhouette of Nelly. It is the heart, the succulent almond of the book. But, to tell the truth, the adventure of this tuberculous girl that Va- nia welcomes into her home, and who turns out to be the natural daughter of Prince Valkors-ki, smells too much like a sentimental novel, one of those that continue in the next issue. But the very character of little Nelly is a masterpiece of delicacy and purity. Nelly is an orphan educated by screaming and slapping by an unbearable harpy. However, she is grateful to this woman who tortures her because she adopted her and had her at home. Nelly would like to pay him the favor that the other has done him. He would always like to pay, to pay with his person, with his back, with his love. When Vania tears her from the hands of old Bubnov and takes her home, cares for her and comforts her, Nelly feels true adoration for him. But, with stubborn pride, it is forbidden to confess his love to him. She is proud, wild, elusive like a gazelle. Her misfortunes have made her excessively brave: `What stubbornness of this devil! -exclaims the Bubnov-. To be beaten or left alone, will never open her mouth; as if I had it full of water.` And Nelly herself says, `They will quarrel with me and I will shut up on purpose; they will beat me and I will keep quiet. For nothing I will cry; and they will be even more enraged because I don`t cry!` It hates Natacha, just because Vania -198- actively deals with the intruder. However, when her `savior` tells her the misfortunes of the unfortunate young woman, Nelly, the tubercu- losa girl, she will set to work to give a feeling of happiness to which she has `suffered a lot`. Then, once her work is accomplished, she will die, exhausted, scorched by her love. The criticism was harsh for humiliated and offended. `Mr. Dostoevsky will not be bothered if I declare that his nove- la is, in a way, `below art criticism,`` Dobroliubov wrote. `The implausible can never produce an artistic effect,` Kucheliev-Bezborodko wrote. All this goes beyond the limits of the artificial... The greatest flaw of this novel is that the author has not described, painted or illuminated a single living figure, a single really true type...` `The most serious thing,` Zarin said, `is that nothing is found in this novel.and on which to rely. It feels like someone is groaning about something. But who? And why?...` Apolon Grigoriev, a critic for El Tiempo, says that the characters in Humiliated and Offended are `mannequins` and `walking books.` Dostoevsky replied to this censorship: `Since we needed a novel for the new magazine, whose success was inestimable to me, I proposed a work in four parts. I assured my brother that I had long had a plan in place, which was false... I recognize perfectly well that, in my novel, it is mannequins that act and not living beings; traveling books, and not characters animated by art. (For this I needed time to mature my ideas in my spirit and in my heart.) This has resulted in a `barbaric` work which, however, contains some fifty pages of which I am proud.` For the rest, the fulminating success of the Memories of the House of the Dead soon rescues the failure of Humiliated and Offended. The critics unanimously recognize this time the immense gifts of the writer. `It has been a long time since we had found in our literature a work as exciting to the reader as the Memories of the House of the Dead,` Milyukov writes. Dostoevsky is compared to Dante. The description of the baths is praised, where they are agitated, in a nauseating steam, naked deformed, full of scars. The episode of the show is cited in which the chained inmates represent a comedy before their companions, with shaved heads. And also the scenes of the hospital, of the flogging, of the departure... An official of the Censorship Committee initially believed that he should demand modifications to the text: `Will not unintelligent readers interpret the highly humanitarian action of the government in prison cases as a weakening of the punishment intended for very serious crimes?` writes this unknown bureaucrat. Dostoevsky had already prepared an insert to explain that the inmates were disgusted by rye bread - of deserved fame in the country - for the lack - 199 - of freedom. But on November 12, 1860, the Central Directorate of Censorship, ignoring the considerations of the Committee, authorized the publication of the Memories of the House of the Dead, `on the sole condition that certain decent expressions be suppressed.` The publication of Humiliated and Offended and the Memories of the House of the Dead in El Tiempo conquered new readers for the magazine. In 1861, the number of subscribers rose to 4,302. Mikhail had liquidated his cigarette business to devote himself to the magazine. The collaborators took from him and Fyodor Mikhailovich the general guidelines of their articles. A courage, a laudable faith, animated this group of young writers and critics. They worked for Russia. They worked for the world. However, around them the political events were precipitated. On February 19, the edict of Alexander 11 definitively freed the serfs of the empire. But the reform had taken a long time. Too much had been said about it so that it could already satisfy public opinion. And as Chelgunov says, `when there was only 200 left, Alexander JI`s social reform resulted in the emergence of the kulaks, or rich peasants. However, these were a minority, and social discontent continued. drafting the statutes of February 19, the company could think and in something else.` The radicals were impatient to act. Herzen, the exiled re-volutionary, writes in his London newspaper, La Cam- pana: `When the generals and officials began to apply the new law to the people, they realized that freedom was only given to them in words, but not in fact... A new state of servitude has been defined for the people` (July 1, 1861). Β· And, on November 1 of the same year, he wrote: `Listen: from every corner of our immense homeland, from the Don to the Ural, from the Volga to the Dnieper, the groan increases, the sublevation is prepared. It is the first roar of the wave that begins to boil and that will bring many storms after a depressing calm...` Herzen`s newspaper is banned by the government, but it penetrates clandestinely and circulates from hand to hand. The youth of the universities is in full effervescence. He wants a new order. Which one? She herself doesn`t know exactly. But this is of no importance. - 201 - In November 1861 the so-called `students` affair` breaks out. Liberal ideas had risen to the plate for college students. They read revolutionary sheets, held rallies, organized libraries of forbidden works, created social relief boxes, and edited liberal compilations. They even ended up serving a secret court to try their fellow men. This small `co- cina` outside of official politics distracted them from their studies. The an- fiteatros were places of discussion and not of teaching. Nothing is learned anymore. They no longer had anything to learn. The university authority requested from the emperor a decree prohibiting meetings and commissions. The students raised a strong protest against this measure. The police had to intervene to silence the street groups of rioters. They were detained and released two or three times a day. They were killed for locking the leaders in the peter and paul fortress. They loved this sudden celebrity. Naturally, the whole city only spoke of its value and a large crowd crowded into the prison at the times set to visit the detainees. Mi- jail Dostoyevsky sent the young people, on behalf of the magazine El Tiempo, a large roast beef, a jar of cognac and a bottle of wine. When those condemned to exile left the city, an escort of admirers accompanied them beyond the suburbs. Later, they closed the University `for reform`. But the teachers obtained permission to read his lectures in the duma. The students were in charge of organizing the courses and maintaining order. However, this new municipal Universi- dad was also banned, the day after the literary and musical evening of March 2, 1862. On that evening, Professor Pav-lov read an article that, like the rest of the program, had been de-cleared with a tone that completely transformed the meaning. When he came to the phrase: `Since he took power, the emperor, who so happily now reigns over us, found the cup full...`, he was not allowed to explain that Alexander 11 had thrown out of the cup `the few drops of bitterness due to the persistence of servitude`. An enthusiastic ovation cut him off. The next day it became known that the professor had been expelled from St. Petersburg. His colleagues stood in solidarity with him and suspended classes. To end the incident, the government banned public courses. Dostoevsky, who had taken part as a speaker at the March 2 session, will remember him describing the public reading in The Possessed: `The clamor of the public did not allow the last words to be heard... They howled, they applauded. Some ladies even shouted: `Enough! Stop it! It is better not to say it`` (The Possessed: The Party). Despite the closure of the municipal university, the agitated revolutionaries continued their work tirelessly. Secret societies swarm. Chernichevski and Utin β collaborators of The Temporary Con β found, together with artillery colonel Lavror, the group Land and Freedom, `to fight against the imperial government, which is the -202 - worst enemy of the people`. Revolutionary proclamations are introduced under the doors of private homes and say: `Long live the Russian social and democratic republic!` And also: `We will only have one cry: `To the axes!` And, then, I kill the members of the imperial party, without pitying them any more than they do now; beat them in public squares, if these scoundrels have the audacity to be seen in them; beat them in their homes, beat them in the narrow alleys of small towns; beat them on the wide streets of big cities; beat them in the towns and villages.` And even more: `One hundred thousand people in Russia oppose the public good; let us flood the streets of the cities with blood and let us not leave a stone standing.` Dostoevsky finds, hooked on the doorknob of his door, one of these appeals `to the young Russia`. This saddens him. `And I, who for a long time had been at internal and affective disagreement with these people and with the spirit of their movement,` Dostoevsky cribe in a Writer`s Diary, suddenly felt sorry and almost ashamed of their clumsiness... This fact was an overwhelming proof: the appalling decline in the level of education and intelligence demonstrated by those proclamations.` Dostoevsky goes to the home of Chernichevsky, a collaborator of The Contemporary and a member of the Earth and Freedom circle, to beg him to bring the authors of the manifesto to their senses. `Perhaps this will not have an effect,` he replies, softly. And besides, these phenomena are inevitable as accessory events.` On May 16, mysterious fires broke out in St. Petersburg. Entire neighborhoods burn for two weeks, despite the efforts of police and firefighters. `I remember,` Strajov writes, `that Fyodor Mikhailovich and I had gone for a walk outside the city to distract ourselves. From the bridge of the ship could be seen in the distance clouds of smoke that rose in three or four points of the city. We disembarked, and ended up in a garden where an orchestra played and the zingaros sang.` The government could not discover the culprits, but suspicions fell on the nihilists of Tierra y Libertad. For this reason, the newspaper El ContemporΓ‘neo was suspended for eight days. Soon after, the revolutionary Cher-nichevsky was closed in the Peter and Paul fortress. As for Dostoevsky, exhausted by political events and exhausted by his work as editor-in-chief, he decided to take a trip abroad. Doctors had long advised him to go `to Europe>> to rest for a few months. The trip cost too much- do so that Maria Dimitrievna could accompany her husband. In addition, she did not want to leave her son Pavel, who was preparing an exam to enter the Institute, in St. Petersburg. Dostoevsky scored alone on June 7, 1862. -203- 1st. The disappointing Europa Dostoevsky arrives in Paris around mid-June, but she doesn`t know anyone in the capital, nor does anyone know him. It is not related to Victor Hugo, who published at that time 1-os miserables; neither with Flaubert, who publishes Salambd, nor with ThΓ©ophile Gautier, who has just published Captain Fracasse; not with Renan, not with Saint-Beuve, not with Taine. He locks himself in a wild solitude. He misses Russia. And their nostalgia soon turns into a bad mood. `Paris is a terribly sad city,` he writes to Strajov. If there had not been such a large number of admirable monuments here, I would have died of boredom...` He was only in France for ten days; however, he already knew that `the Frenchman is calm, honest, courteous, but false and only loves money.` He quickly fled from France to England. In London, Fiador Mi-jailovich meets again the nihilistic Herzen and, although his political opinions are completely opposite, they come to understand each other. `Dostoyevs-ki was in my house yesterday,` Herzen writes to Ogariev. He is a naΓ―ve being, a little confused, but very nice. He has an en- tusiast confidence in the Russian people.` As for Dostoevsky, he is `quite tender` towards Her-zen during his visit, but, some years later, he will reproach him for betraying Russia: `Herzen has not emigrated. He was born an emigrant,` he says in a Writer`s Diary. Those who have separated from the village have naturally lost their god. It falls from its weight that Herzen was a socialist, carried only by the logic of ideas and the absence of any feeling towards the homeland... He disowned the family and was, it seems, a good father and a good husband. He reneged on the property, but in the meantime he knew how to take the ... DOSTOEVSKYSALVAT L. 3. O. 1. POL. 1
Autor - osoba Lawrence, David Herbert, 1885-1930 = Lorens, Dejvid Herbert, 1885-1930 Naslov Tajne feniksa : odabrani eseji / D.H. Lorens ; izbor Mirko MagaraΕ‘eviΔ ; prevod David Albahari [...et al] Vrsta graΔe knjiga Jezik srpski Godina 1977 Izdavanje i proizvodnja Beograd : Rad, 1977 (Novi Sad : BuduΔnost) FiziΔki opis 191 str. ; 18 cm Drugi autori - osoba MagaraΕ‘eviΔ, Mirko, 1946- = MagaraΕ‘eviΔ, Mirko, 1946- Albahari, David, 1948- = Albahari, David, 1948- Zbirka ReΔ i misao : Ηkolo Η13 ; 315 ISBN (BroΕ‘.) Napomene Str. 183-189: Tokovi ΕΎivota u esejima D.H. Lorensa/ Mirko MagaraΕ‘eviΔ. Predmetne odrednice Lorens, Dejvid Herbert, 1885-1930 β Eseji Dejvid Herbert RiΔard Lorens poznatiji kao D. H. Lorens (engl. David Herbert Richards Lawrence; Istvud, Velika Britanija, 11. septembar 1885 β Vans, Francuska, 2. mart 1930) bio je engleski pisac. Pisao je pesme, priΔe, romane, drame, eseje, psiholoΕ‘ko-filozofske studije i putopise, ali je najznaΔajniji po svojim romanima i pripovetkama u kojima se bavi psihologijom ljudskih odnosa, njihovom nagonskom osnovom i industrijalizacijom Engleske i njenim uticajem na druΕ‘tvo. Njegovo najpoznatije delo je roman Ljubavnik ledi Δeterli koje je zahvaljujuΔi otvorenom tematizovanju ljudske seksualnosti i preljube dospelo na sud i dugo bilo cenzurisano sve dok nije 30 godina nakon Lorensove smrti konaΔno objavljeno u svom integralnom obliku. I u drugim svojim delima Lorens se nije libio da otvoreno progovori o muΕ‘ko-ΕΎenskim odnosima i represivnim druΕ‘tvenim normama engleskog druΕ‘tva zbog Δega se Δitav ΕΎivot borio sa cenzurom. Uz DΕΎejmsa DΕΎojsa i VirdΕΎiniju Vulf danas se smatra jednim od najveΔih pisaca modernizma koji su pisali na engleskom jeziku. Bavio se i slikarstvom. D. H. Lorens je roΔen u Istvudu u srednjoj Engleskoj u porodici rudara kao Δetvrto od ukupno petoro dece Artura Lorensa i Lidije Birdsol. Otac mu je bio alkoholiΔar i gotovo nepismen, ali je majka, inaΔe uΔiteljica koja je radila kao Δipkarka da bi izdrΕΎavala porodicu, mnogo polagala na njegovo obrazovanje, naroΔito poΕ‘to je Lorensov stariji brat umro. U trinaestoj godini je poΕ‘ao u viΕ‘u Ε‘kolu u Notingemu ali je napustio poΕ‘to se zaposlio u fabrici hirurΕ‘kih pomagala. Upoznao je DΕΎesi Δejmbers sa kojom je zajedno Δitao i razovarao o proΔitanim knjigama. Ona ga je inspirisala da poΔne da piΕ‘e.[3] PohaΔao je razne kurseve i naposletku stekao diplomu uΔitelja. Majka mu umire od raka 9. decembra 1910. i ubrzo posle toga Lorens se verio sa Lui Barouz, prijateljicom sa koledΕΎa.[3] Radio je kao uΔitelj sve dok nije objavio svoj prvi roman Beli paun 1911. godine. Nakon toga, ΕΎiveo je od svog knjiΕΎevnog rada. Dve godine je proveo na proputovanju kroz NemaΔku i Italiju. VrativΕ‘i se u Englesku, jula 1914. oΕΎenio se Nemicom Fridom Vikli koja je zbog njega napustila muΕΎa, Lorensovog profesora Ernesta Viklija i troje dece. Bio je proganjan zbog sumnje da je bio nemaΔki Ε‘pijun za vreme Prvog svetskog rata i dugo nije mogao da dobije pasoΕ‘. Godine 1919, Lorens je sa Fridom napustio Englesku i ΕΎiveo potom u Italiji, NemaΔkoj, Australiji, Cejlonu, Novom Zelandu, Tahitiju, Francuskoj, Sjedinjenim DrΕΎavama, Meksiku i Novom Meksiku. U Taosu u Novom Meksiku stekao je krug uΔenica Δije svaΔe oko njegove paΕΎnje su postale osnova legende o njemu. Ceo ΕΎivot je bio boleΕ‘ljiv i umro je u 44. godini od tuberkuloze u Vansu u francuskim Primorskim Alpima. Mnogi su ga tada smatrali pornografom koji je proΔerdao svoj talenat. KnjiΕΎevni ugled mu je porastao nakon pozitivnih miΕ‘ljenja znaΔajnih knjiΕΎevnih kritiΔara poput E. M. Forstera i naroΔito F. R. Livisa. Njegov prijatelj i poΕ‘tovalac njegovog dela Oldos Haksli izdao je 1932. izbor Lorensovih pisama, koja daju ΕΎivopisnu sliku Lorensovog lutalaΔkog ΕΎivota i njegovog odnosa sa svojim prijateljima i poznanicima. KnjiΕΎevni rad Lorens je bio plodan pisac koji je za dvadesetak godina svog knjiΕΎevnog rada napisao oko 30 tomova razliΔitih knjiΕΎevnih dela nejednakog kvaliteta. Najpre je pisao pesme pod uticajem Ezre Paunda i imaΕΎista, objavivΕ‘i ih prvi put u Δasopisu English Review 1909. godine, ali je odbio Paundov poziv da se pridruΕΎi njegovom knjiΕΎevnom kruΕΎoku odluΔivΕ‘i da ostane nezavistan. Njegova poezija crpi inspiraciju iz prirode, peva o unutraΕ‘njem ΕΎivotu biljaka i ΕΎivotinja, dok s druge strane izraΕΎava otvoreno negativan stav prema konzervativnom engleskom druΕ‘tvu i njegovom puritanskom moralu te industrijalizaciji koja dovodi do otuΔenja kojima Lorens suprotstavlja nagonski ΕΎivot, seksualnost, podsvesno i prirodu.[4] PoΕ‘to je kritikovao politiΔare, Prvi svetski rat i imperijalistiΔku politiku, cenzura je toliko uniΕ‘tila njegove pesme da su bile gotovo neΔitljive, a to je bio samo poΔetak njegovih borbi sa cenzurom.[9] Dve njegove najpoznatije pesme koje su prisutne u svim antologijama su βSnakeβ i βHow Beastly the Bourgeoisie isβ a njegova najznaΔajnija zbirka pesama je Birds, Beasts and Flowers koja je objavljena 1923. VeΔ u svom prvom romanu Beli paun predoΔio je sve teme koje Δe kasnije razvijati. Njegov drugi roman Sinovi i ljubavnici objavljen je 1913. To je autobiografsko delo koje se oslanja na tradiciju engleskog realistiΔkog romana inspirisano Lorensovim odnosom sa majkom te se moΕΎe tumaΔiti kao psiholoΕ‘ka studija o borbi sina da se odvoji od majke i, naposletku, o Edipovom kompleksu. 1915. izlazi njegov prvi veliki roman Duga na koji se 1920. nastavlja roman Zaljubljene ΕΎene. U prvom romanu Lorens slika uticaj postepene industrijalizacije na englesku porodicu Δiju istoriju prati kroz tri generacije. Drugi roman je prikaz veΔ industrijalizovane Engleske i njen uticaj na Lorensu savremeno druΕ‘tvo. Istorijske prilike su u oba dela osnova na kojoj pisac daje psiholoΕ‘ki iznijansiranu sliku muΕ‘ko-ΕΎenskih odnosa, podsvesno i instinktivno u Δoveku i odnos Δoveka i prirode. Roman Aronova palica iz 1922. pokazuje uticaj NiΔea, a u Kenguru koji je izaΕ‘ao 1923. Lorens je prikazao svoju ideju natΔoveka. Kad se pojavio roman Ljubavnik ledi Δeterli, to je umnogome uzdrmalo puritanske slojeve engleskog druΕ‘tva zbog otvorenog tematizovanja ljudske a naroΔito ΕΎenske seksualnosti zbog Δega je ovo delo postalo predmet oΕ‘tre cenzure kao pre njega Duga u neΕ‘to manjem obimu. Roman je najpre izaΕ‘ao 1928. u Firenci u Italiji, a sledeΔe godine u Francuskoj i Australiji. Prvo englesko necenzurisano izdanje izaΕ‘lo je tek 1960. Kada ga je objavila, izdavaΔka kuΔa Penguin Books je optuΕΎena za opscenost. Glavni tuΕΎilac Mervin Grifit DΕΎons pitao je u toku suΔenja: βDa li biste odobrili svojim mladim sinovima, mladim Δerkama β jer devojke mogu da Δitaju kao i deΔaci β da Δitaju ovu knjigu? Da li je to knjiga koju bi ostavili u vaΕ‘oj kuΔi? Da li je to knjiga koju biste poΕΎeleli da vaΕ‘a ΕΎena ili vaΕ‘e sluge proΔitaju?β Ipak, izdavaΔ je dobio sluΔaj, i to jednoglasnom odlukom porote koja se sastojala od tri ΕΎene i devet muΕ‘karaca. Ovaj sudski proces je izazvao ogroman publicitet zbog kojeg se roman prodao u 3 miliona primeraka. Sudska odluka da dozvoli objavljivanje integralnog romana smatra se prekretnicom u istoriji slobode izraΕΎavanja i otvorene diskusije o seksu u popularnoj kulturi. Romani The White Peacock (1911) The Trespasser (1912) Sons and Lovers (1913) The Rainbow (1915) Women in Love (1920) The Lost Girl (1920) Aaron`s Rod (1922) Kangaroo (1923) The Boy in the Bush (1924) The Plumed Serpent (1926) Lady Chatterley`s Lover (1928) The Escaped Cock (1929), kasnije preimenovano u The Man Who Died Zbirke priΔa The Prussian Officer and Other Stories (1914) England, My England and Other Stories (1922) The Horse Dealer`s Daughter (1922) The Fox, The Captain`s Doll, The Ladybird (1923) St Mawr and other stories (1925) The Woman who Rode Away and other stories (1928) The Rocking-Horse Winner (1926) Mother and Daughter (1929) The Virgin and the Gipsy and Other Stories (1930) Love Among the Haystacks and other stories (1930) The Lovely Lady and other tales (1932) The Tales of D.H. Lawrence (1934) β Heinemann Collected Stories (1994) β Everyman`s Library Poezija Love Poems and others (1913) Amores (1916) Look! We have come through! (1917) New Poems (1918) Bay: a book of poems (1919) Tortoises (1921) Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923) The Collected Poems of D H Lawrence (1928) Pansies (1929) Nettles (1930) The Triumph of the Machine (1930) Last Poems (1932) Fire and other poems (1940) The Complete Poems of D H Lawrence (1964), ed. Vivian de Sola Pinto and F. Warren Roberts The White Horse (1964) D. H. Lawrence: Selected Poems (1972), ed. Keith Sagar Snake and Other Poems Eseji Movements in European history (1921) Psychoanalysis and the unconscious (1921) Fantasia of the unconscious (1922) Studies in classic American literature (1923) Reflections on the death of a porcupine and other essays (1925) Pornography and obscenity (1929) Assorted articles (1930) Apocalypse (1931) Phoenix: the posthumous papers of D H Lawrence (1936) Phoenix II: uncollected, unpublished and other prose works by D H Lawrence (1968) Putopisi Uredi Twilight in Italy and Other Essays (1916), edited by Paul Eggert. Cambridge University Press.1994. ISBN 978-0-521-26888-2.. Twilight in Italy paperback reissue, I.B.Tauris. 2015. ISBN 978-1-78076-965-3. Sea and Sardinia (1921), edited by Mara Kalnins. Cambridge University Press.1997. ISBN 978-0-521-24275-2. Mornings in Mexico and Other Essays (1927), edited by Virginia Crosswhite Hyde. Cambridge University Press.2009. ISBN 978-0-521-65292-6.. Sketches of Etruscan Places and other Italian essays (1932), edited by Simonetta de Filippis. Cambridge University Press.1992. ISBN 978-0-521-25253-9. D. H. Lorens u prevodima na srpski i hrvatski jezik Romani Lady Chatterley i njezin ljubavnik / D. H. Lawrence ; preveo s engleskoga Iso VelikanoviΔ. - Zagreb : Binoza. 1937. Sinovi i ljubavnici. Sv. 1-2 / D. H. Lorens ; [preveo s engleskog originala Mihailo R. StojoviΔ]. - Beograd : Kosmos. 1939. Sinovi i njihove ljubavi. Knj. 1-2 / D. H. Lawrence ; preveli Mira JurkiΔ-Ε unjiΔ i Mirko JurkiΔ ; uvod napisao Josip Torbarina. - Zagreb : Matica hrvatska. 1943. Zaljubljene ΕΎene. [Knj. 1-2] / D. H. Lorens ; [preveo s engleskog originala Nenad JovanoviΔ]. - Beograd : Omladina. 1954. Duga / David Herbert Lawrence ; [preveo Zlatko Gorjan]. - Zagreb : Zora. 1955. Sinovi i ljubavnici / D. H. Lawrence ; [prevela s engleskog Tatjana BlaΕΎekoviΔ]. - Rijeka : βOtokar KerΕ‘ovaniβ. 1955, 1975. Ljubavnik lady Chatterley / D. H. Lawrence ; [preveo s engleskog Milivoj Mezzorana]. - Rijeka : βOtokar KerΕ‘ovaniβ. 1956, 1958, 1963, 1966, 1975. Bijeli paun / D. H. Lawrence ; [preveo s engleskog Mladen Car]. - Rijeka : βOtokar KerΕ‘ovaniβ. 1957, 1975. PrekrΕ‘itelj / D. H. Lawrence ; [preveo s engleskog Milivoj Mezzorana]. - Rijeka : βOtokar KerΕ‘ovaniβ. 1960, 1975. Aronova palica / D.H. Lawrence ; preveo s engleskog Omer Lakomica. - Rijeka : βOtokar KerΕ‘ovaniβ. 1961. Sinovi i ljubavnici : roman / D. H. Lorens ; [preveo s engleskog Mihailo R. StojoviΔ]. - Beograd : Prosveta. 1963, 1966. Izgubljena devojka. 1-2 / D. H. Lorens ; [prevela Kaliopa NikolajeviΔ]. - Cetinje : Obod. 1965. Duga / D. H. Lawrence ; [preveo s engleskoga Zlatko Gorjan]. - Rijeka : βOtokar KerΕ‘ovaniβ. 1975. Prva Lady Chatterley : (prva verzija romana βLjubavnik Lady Chatterleyβ) / D. [David] H. [Herbert] Lawrence ; predgovor Frieda Lawrence ; prevela s engleskoga Ljerka RadoviΔ. - Zagreb : Naprijed. 1976, 1983. Zaljubljene ΕΎene. Knj. 1-2 / D. [David]H. H. [Herbert] Lawrence ; prevela s engleskoga Ljerka RadoviΔ. - Zagreb : Naprijed. 1976. Duga / David Herbert Lawrence ; preveo Zlatko Gorjan. - Zagreb : Liber. 1981. Ljubavnik Lady Chatterley / D. H. Lawrence ; preveo s engleskog Milivoj Mezzorana. - Split : Logos. 1983. Zaljubljene ΕΎene / D. [David] H. [Herbert] Lawrence ; preveo s engleskog Milosav PopadiΔ ; predgovor Ivo Vidan. - Sarajevo : Veselin masleΕ‘a. 1987. ISBN 978-86-21-00097-5. Ljubavnik ledi Δeterli / D. H. Lorens ; prevod i predgovor Svetozar IgnjaΔeviΔ. - Beograd : Nolit. 1988. ISBN 978-86-19-01597-4. Ljubavnik ledi Δeterli : roman, prva verzija / D.H. Lorens ; preveo Branko VuΔiΔeviΔ. - Beograd : BIGZ. 1990. ISBN 978-86-13-00407-3. Ljubavnik ledi Δeterli : roman : prva verzija / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; preveo Branko VuΔiΔeviΔ. - Beograd : DraganiΔ. 2004. ISBN 978-86-441-0545-9. Prva ledi Δeterli / D. H. Lorens ; [prevod Marija JaniΔ]. - Beograd : Politika : Narodna knjiga. 2004. ISBN 978-86-331-1689-3. Ljubavnik lejdi Δeterli / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; prevod Svetozar IgnjaΔeviΔ. - Podgorica . Daily Press.2005. ISBN 978-86-7706-069-5. PrekrΕ‘ilac / D. H. Lorens ; [prevela Ana PekoviΔ]. - Beograd : Politika : Narodna knjiga. 2005. ISBN 978-86-331-2179-8. Sinovi i ljubavnici. Knj. 1 / D. H. Lorens ; [prevela Ana PekoviΔ]. - Beograd : Politika : Narodna knjiga. 2005. ISBN 978-86-331-2243-6. Sinovi i ljubavnici. knj. 2 / D. H. Lorens ; [prevela Ana PekoviΔ]. - Beograd : Politika : Narodna knjiga. 2005. ISBN 978-86-331-2244-3. Beli paun. Knj. 1-2 / D. H. Lorens ; [prevela Milica PavloviΔ]. - Beograd : Politika : Narodna knjiga. 2005. ISBN 978-86-331-2492-8. Duga. Knj. 1 / D. H. Lorens ; [prevela Milica PavloviΔ]. - Beograd : Politika : Narodna knjiga. 2005. ISBN 978-86-331-2541-3. Duga. Knj. 2 / D. H. Lorens ; [prevela Milica PavloviΔ]. - Beograd : Politika : Narodna knjiga. 2005. ISBN 978-86-331-2542-0. Ljubavnik ledi Δeterli / Dejvid H. Lorens ; prevod Svetozar IgnjaΔeviΔ. - Beograd : Novosti. 2006. ISBN 978-86-7446-107-5. Sinovi i ljubavnici / D. H. Lorens ; [preveo Branislav StanojeviΔ]. - Beograd : Zograf. 2007. ISBN 978-86-7578-175-2. PrekrΕ‘ilac / D. H. Lorens ; [prevod Ana PekoviΔ]. - 2. izd. - Beograd : Narodna knjiga. 2007. ISBN 978-86-331-3265-7. Ljubavnik ledi Δeterli / Dejvid H. Lorens ; prevod Svetozar IgnjatoviΔ [i. e. IgnjaΔeviΔ]. - Novi Sad : KuΔa dobre knjige. 2011. ISBN 978-86-87445-16-1. Ljubavnik ledi Δeterli / D. [Dejvid] H. [Herbert] Lawrence ; prevod s engleskog Svetozar M. IgnjaΔeviΔ. - Beograd : Plato. 2014. ISBN 978-86-447-0673-1. Ljubavnik ledi Δeterli / D. H. Lorens ; prevod sa engleskog Svetozar M IgnjaΔeviΔ uz intervencije Zvezdane Ε elmiΔ. - Beograd : Vulkan izdavaΕ‘tvo. 2016. ISBN 978-86-10-01777-9. Zbirke priΔa i priΔe u Δasopisima Uredi Ε½ena koja je odjahala od kuΔe : roman / D. H. Lorens ; s engleskog Nik. B. JovanoviΔ. - Beograd : Narodna knjiΕΎnica. [19??]. Sent Mor ; Devica i Ciganin / D. H. Lorens ; [s engleskog preveo Ranko Bugarski]. - Sarajevo : DΕΎepna knjiga. 1959. Lisac i druge priΔe / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; [s engleskog preveo Aleksandar V. StefanoviΔ]. - Sarajevo : Svjetlost. 1960. Δovjek koji je umro / D. H. Lawrence ; [preveli s engleskog Mirjana i Dragan Vilke]. - Rijeka : βOtokar KerΕ‘ovaniβ. 1962. Pruski oficir ; Lisac / D. H. Lorens ; [preveo Aleksandar V. StefanoviΔ]. - Beograd : Rad. 1963, 1967. Djevica i ciganin / D. H. Lawrence ; [preveli s engleskoga [prvo i drugo delo] Mirjana i Dragan Vilke, [treΔe delo] Ante LakoΕ‘]. - Rijeka : βOtokar KerΕ‘ovaniβ. 1975. Δovek koji je umro / D. H. Lorens ; [s engleskog preveo ΔorΔe KrivokapiΔ]. - Beograd : Rad. 1989. ISBN 978-86-09-00198-7. Pruski oficir i druge pripovetke / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; preveo s engleskog Nikola RadosavljeviΔ ; predgovor Zoran PaunoviΔ. - Beograd : Nolit. 1997. ISBN 978-86-19-02158-6. Jedno drugom smo potrebni / H. D. Lorens ; sa engleskog prevela Vesna Dragojlov. - U: Krovovi. - God. 7, br. 27/28 (1992), str. 47-50. ISSN 0353-6351 KΔer trgovca konjima / D. H. Lorens ; [s engleskog prevela Bojana RankoviΔ]. - Beograd : Rad. 2000. ISBN 978-86-09-00700-2. Slijepac / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; prevela Marija KneΕΎeviΔ. - U: Stvaranje. - Vol. 56, br. 1/3 (2001), str. 34-52. ISSN 0039-422X Devica i ciganin / D. H. Lorens ; [prevela Ana PekoviΔ]. - Beograd : Politika : Narodna knjiga. 2005. ISBN 978-86-331-2126-2. Devica i ciganin / D. H. Lorens ; [prevela Ana PekoviΔ]. - 2. izd. - Beograd : Narodna knjiga - Alfa. 2007. ISBN 978-86-331-3273-2. Ε½ena koja je odjahala od kuΔe / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; [preveo Nikola JovanoviΔ]. - Beograd : Alma. 2010. ISBN 978-86-7974-159-2. Poezija Uredi Ribe / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; sa engleskog prevela Ivana Milankova. - U: Gradina. - God. 26, br. 6 (1989), str. 109-113. ISSN 0436-2616 Poezija D. H. Lorens ; s eng. prev. Mirko MagaraΕ‘eviΔ. - SadrΕΎi: Morska liga, Argonauti, Ε½ivotna bitka, Usamljenost, Po gradovima, Pansies, Budimo ljudi... i dr. β U: Mostovi. - 21, 3/4 (1990), str. 111-119. ISSN 0350-6525 Brod smrti / D. H. Lorens ; prevela s engleskog Tatjana RisojeviΔ. - SadrΕΎi: Mala kornjaΔa, PoΔetak, kraj i Brod smrti. β U: ReΔ. - God. 3, br. 23/24 (1996), str. 78-83. ISSN 0354-5288 Dok je ΕΎivot bujao / D. H. Lorens ; prev. i beljeΕ‘ka Tatjana RisojeviΔ. - SadrΕΎi: ZaduΕ‘nice, Kolibri, More, Kako su odvratni burΕΎuji ... i dr. β U: Sveske. - God. 9, br. 33/34 (1997), str. 182-185. ISSN 0353-5525 Labud / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; preveo sa engleskog RaΕ‘a Livada. - Tematski blok: Mala antologija pesama o labudu. β U: MeΔaj. - [God. 20], br. 46 (2000), str. 6. ISSN 0351-5451 Poezija / D. H. [Dejvid Herbert] Lorens ; prevela i pogovor napisala Tatjana Lozanovska. - Sremski Karlovci : Brankovo kolo. 2002. Glasovir / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; odabrao, prepjevao i priredio, biljeΕ‘ke i biografske podatke napisao Robert G. TillΡ. - NadreΔeni stv. nasl.: Anglo-ameriΔke poetike. β U: Kvartal. - Br. 1 (2003), str. 54. ISSN 1451-6772 Zeleno / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; priredio i preveo Nikola Ε½ivanoviΔ. - (Antologija imaΕΎistiΔke poezije). - U: Gradina. - God. 45, br. 29/30 (2009), str. 143-145. ISSN 0436-2616 U Δamcu ; Pismo iz grada: sivim martovskim jutrom ; Posle opere ; Palimpsest sutona / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; [izbor, beleΕ‘ka i prevod Vladimir JagliΔiΔ]. - U: Lipar. - God. 10, br. 38/40 (2009), str. 450-451. ISSN 1450-8338 HladnoΔa u ljubavi / D. H. Lorens ; prevela Tatjana Lozanovska. - U: Da dopletem venac zapoΔeti : panorama poezije / priredio Nenad GrujiΔiΔ. - Sremski Karlovci : Brankovo kolo. 2013. ISBN 978-86-85203-86-2. str. 34-35. Eseji Uredi Pornografija i opscenost / D.[David] H.[Herbert] Lorens. β U: Savremenik. - God. 13, knj. 25, br. 2 (februar 1967), str. 97-110. ISSN 0036-519X Tajne feniksa : odabrani eseji / D.H. Lorens ; izbor Mirko MagaraΕ‘eviΔ ; prevod David Albahari ... et al. - Beograd : Rad. 1977. Poov βPad kuΔe AΕ‘erβ / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; sa engleskog prevela Danica Ε teriΔ. - Odlomak iz knjige D. H. Lorensa Studies in Classic American Literature, objavljene 1923 god. β U: Gradina. - God. 24, br. 1 (1989), str. 70-73. ISSN 0436-2616 Apokalipsa / D. H. Lorens ; preveo Jovica AΔin. - Beograd : Grafos. 1989. Apokalipsa / D. H. Lorens ; [preveo Jovica AΔin]. - Beograd : Rad. 1996. ISBN 978-86-09-00415-5. Apokalipsa / D. H. Lorens ; [preveo Jovica AΔin]. - Nova Pazova : Bonart. 2002. ISBN 978-86-503-0075-6. Apokalipsa / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; preveo Jovica AΔin. - Beograd : SluΕΎbeni glasnik. 2009. ISBN 978-86-519-0156-3. Sezanova borba / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; sa engleskog jezika preveo Milovan NovakoviΔ. β Odlmak iz Introduction to these Paintings; D. H. Lawrence, Late Essays and Articles. Cambridge University Press.1994. str. 201-215.. - U: Gradina. - God. 61, br. 66/67 (2015), str. 286-297. ISSN 0436-2616 Putopisi Uredi Suton nad Italijom / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; s engleskog prevela Marija KneΕΎeviΔ. - NikΕ‘iΔ : Jasen. 2001. Etrurska mjesta / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; sa engleskog prevele i predgovor napisale Marija KneΕΎeviΔ i Aleksandra NikΔeviΔ-BatriΔeviΔ. - Podgorica : Oktoih. 2005. ISBN 978-86-7659-346-0. Italija / Dejvid Herbert Lorens ; preveo sa engleskog Milan MiletiΔ. - Beograd : SluΕΎbeni glasnik. 2012. ISBN 978-86-519-0473-1. Etrurske naseobine / D. H. Lorens ; preveo Milan MiletiΔ. - Beograd : Bukefal E. O. N. 2016. ISBN 978-86-89107-73-9. Jutra u Meksiku / D. H. Lorens ; preveli sa engleskog Angelina MiΕ‘ina i Pavle Rak. - Beograd : B. KukiΔ ; ΔaΔak : Gradac K. 2018. ISBN 978-86-89901-37-5. MG30
FJODOR MIHAILOVIΔ DOSTOJEVSKI ZAPISI IZ MRTVOG DOMA Tvrdi povez Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ (ΡΡΡ. Π€ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ; 11. Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΌΠ±Π°Ρ 1821. β 9. ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΠ°Ρ 1881.) Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ. ΠΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡ, Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ 19. Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π±Π°Π²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Π° (1866), ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡ (1869), ΠΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠΈ (1872) ΠΈ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ (1880). ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»Π° ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· 1864. ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π΅Π³Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.[1] ΠΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π³Π° ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΊ-Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°.[2] Π ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ 1821. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ· Π±Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅, ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ· ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΡΠ»Π° 1837. ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΎ 15 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ, ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ 1840-ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½, ΠΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π·Π°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡ Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ 1849. ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ, ΠΊΡΡΠ³Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠΌΡΡ, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅Π³Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Π³Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ²Ρ. Π£ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°, Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ°, Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΏΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, ΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»Π΅, ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π§Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠ° Π€ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΡ Π° ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π½-ΠΠΎΠ»Π° Π‘Π°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Ρ Π΅Π³Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.[3] ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 170 ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π΅. ΠΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π°. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ 1509. Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ° (Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π²ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΠΈΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ) Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ½Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ·Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·ΠΈΠ² βΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈβ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ (ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ β Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ).[4] ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈ; ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ.[5] ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1809. 20-Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ» ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎ-Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΊΡ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ΄Π°ΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ, Π° 1818. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°. 1819. ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1828, ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ» ΠΈ Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ³Π°ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈΠΎ ΠΌΡ Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅. ΠΎΠΊΠΎ 150 ΠΊΠΌ (100 ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°) ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ°. Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅: ΠΠ°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ (1822β1892), ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° (1825β1897), ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΠ»Π° 1829), ΠΠ΅ΡΡ (1829β1896), ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ° (1831β1883) ΠΈ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° (1835β1889).[6] ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ. Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ (Π³ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ) ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ°. Π£Π±ΡΠ·ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΌΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 1837. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ» ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠ½Ρ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1839. ΡΠΌΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ βΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈβ Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΡ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ Π»ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ. Π£ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π’Π°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ ΠΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ ΠΠ°Π»Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ 1843. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, βΠΠ²Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅β, Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ 1846. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π΅, βΠΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈβ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ (ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ) ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ: βΠ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ!β. ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½ Ρ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π£Π±ΡΠ·ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ βΠΠ΅Π»Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈβ[7] Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎ 23. Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π° 1849. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡ Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π²Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ.[8] ΠΠ° Π΄Π°Π½ 16. Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠΌΡΡ Π·Π±ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°, ΡΠ·Π². ΠΡΡΠ³Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³. ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π°: βΠΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π€. Π. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Ρ 28 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π·Π±ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ β ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΌΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌβ.[9] Π‘ΠΌΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ 19. Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°. Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1854. ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΠ· Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠΎ Ρ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ.[10] ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Ρ Π‘Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΡ, Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.[11] ΠΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΎ Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ: βΠΠ°Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ Π²Π°Π½ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ° Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅Π· Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°! ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°.β[12] Π£ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π½Ρ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²Ρ, ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1860. ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎ Ρ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ³Π΅ 1864. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³Π° Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ, Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³Π° Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π£ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅. Π£Π±ΡΠ·ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, βΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Π°β Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ·ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π΅, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°. Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π²Ρ, Π°Π»ΠΈ Π³Π° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π΄Π΅.[13] ΠΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈ Π³Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅, Π½ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π΅Π·Ρ Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½. ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΎ.[13] Π£ ΠΈΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Ρ βΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρβ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ. Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ 1876. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Π°Π²Π½Ρ Π²Π΅Π·Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π³Π°. ΠΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΎ ΠΠ½Ρ ΠΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π²Π½Ρ, Π΄Π²Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ 1867. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. Π£ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. ΠΠ΄ 1873. Π΄ΠΎ 1881. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° β ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π² Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊ. ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π² Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΠΎ Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ½Π΅Π·Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ βΠΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ½β, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ. Π§Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅ΠΎ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ . ΠΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°ΡΠ° 1876β1877. Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π¦ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΡΠΈ, Π§Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°.[13] Π’ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ 1877. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·Π΅, Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1880. ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅ΠΎ Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π ΡΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠΎΠ²Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π°. ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ· ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1864. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ βΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°β - ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠ΅, Π‘Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°. Π£ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π°: ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ `Ρ ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ` ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠΌΠ°, Π½ΠΈΠ· Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ°; ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΡ Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π° Π½Π΅ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Ρ; ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ (Π‘ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ½Π΅Π· ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠ½), Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ (Π‘Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ², ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ Π‘ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ½), ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ `ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½Π΅ Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΡΠ΅` (Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ Π Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ², ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²), Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· βΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°β ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ (ΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π° βΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡβ, βΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°β). ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π° Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ 20. Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ (ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° βΠΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°β), ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π³Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π° (βΠΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡβ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° (βΠΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°β), ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ βΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½β (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π³Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ» ΠΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½) Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π· ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°, ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π±Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° (ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π·Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅) ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ βΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°β: Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π·Π»Π°, ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ³Π°, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ - ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡ, ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ βΡΡΡΠ° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°, Π° Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡβ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π£ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π²Π΅ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΏ Π€ΡΠ°Ρ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ βΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅β, ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π° (Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅) Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ (ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½) ΠΈ, Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΠ·Ρ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π»Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π΄ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ, Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π·Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π·Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π»Π°, ΠΏΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°: ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π»Π°, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ Π·ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΡΡ ΠΌΡ βΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Π°βββ ΠΈ βΠΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈβ. Π£ βΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈβ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΊ, ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ, ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΎ βΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°β ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡ Π±Π΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ Π·Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΌΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ. βΠΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈβ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³. Π’ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ . ΠΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈ βΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρβ ΠΈ βΠΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡβ. Π‘ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π° Π΄ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ. ΠΡΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Π‘ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΡΠ½Π΄Π° Π€ΡΠΎΡΠ΄Π°, ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅. ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π° Π·Π»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Π°Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π° 20. Π²Π΅ΠΊ, Π²Π΅ΠΊ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, Π΄ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅, Π€ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΡ Π° ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π°, ΠΠ»Π±Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ»Π° Π‘Π°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π’ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ Π½Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.[14] ΠΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΆΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅, Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ). ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 20. Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°: ΠΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ° Π‘Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ°, Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° (ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ, ΠΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠ΄). ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ. Π‘ΠΌΡΡ ΠΡΠΎΠ± Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³, Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ 9. ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ 28. ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ, 1881. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ·ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π²Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π°, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π° Π³ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π‘Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ βΠ’ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΠ½β ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ, Ρ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Ρ, Ρ Π ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ 40.000 ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π± ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° - ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²Π°. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π΄Π³ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅: βΠΠ°ΠΈΡΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ, Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π·ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΡ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅; Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ.β (ΠΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ XII,24), ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, βΠΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈβ. ΠΠ΅Π»Π° Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ, 1846 β ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, 1846 β ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠ΅Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°, 1849 β Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ. Π‘Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ, 1859 β Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, 1861 β ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½, Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°, 1861 β ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ, Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°, 1864 β ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· βΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°β. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Π°, 1866 β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ, Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, 1866 β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡ, 1868 β Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅. ΠΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠΈ, 1871β1872 β βΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½β. ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ, 1875 β ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π΄ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, 1879β1880 β ΠΊΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΡΠΎΡ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½, 1846 Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ Ρ Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°, 1847 β ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ° βΠ‘Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊβ ΠΠ°Π·Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, 1847 Π’ΡΡΠ° ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, 1848 Π‘Π»Π°Π±ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅, 1848 ΠΠΎΠ»Π·ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ², 1848 ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ², 1848 ΠΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°Π΄Π±Π°, 1848 β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΊ, 1849 Π£ΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π½, 1859 ΠΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, 1862 ΠΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, 1863 β ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ βΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρβ ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ», 1865 ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆ, 1870 ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ, 1873 ΠΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, 1876 β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, βΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°β Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Ρ, 1876 β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ Π‘Π°Π½ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, 1877 Π Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Leigh, David J (2010). βThe Philosophy and Theology of Fyodor Dostoevskyβ. Ultimate Reality and Meaning (Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ: Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ). 33 (1-2): 85β103. ISSN 0709-549X. doi:10.3138/uram.33.1-2.85. Scanlan, James Patrick (2002). Dostoevsky the Thinker (Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ: Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3994-0. βFyodor Dostoyevsky | Biography, Books, Philosophy, & Facts | Britannicaβ. http://www.britannica.com (Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ: Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ). ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 2022-11-25. Dominique Arban, DostoΓ―evski, Seuil, 1995, p. 5 Frank, Joseph (1979-05-21). Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, 1821-1849 (Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ: Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01355-8. Terras, Victor (1985-01-01). Handbook of Russian Literature (Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ: Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04868-1. ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ², Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ; ΠΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π°. βΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈβ. Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 4. 1. 2016. ΠΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ & Π’ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ² 1992. Π―ΠΊΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ & ΠΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ 1993, 1849. ΠΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 13. Π―ΠΊΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ & ΠΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ 1993, 1849. ΠΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 19. Π’ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈ Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ (βΠ ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρβ, 29. ΡΡΠ» 2015) βΠ₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅β. Politika Online. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 2021-10-16. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ - ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π. Π. Π Π°Π΄ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄, 1975, ΡΡΡ. III ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ - ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π. Π. Π Π°Π΄ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄, 1975, ΡΡΡ. I ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅Ρ 12 ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π°, ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎ, ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄, 2009. Belinsky, Vissarion (1847). Polnoye sobranye (Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ: ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ). 10. Bloshteyn, Maria R. (2007). The Making of a Counter-Culture Icon: Henry Miller`s Dostoevsky. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9228-1. (Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ) Breger, Louis (2008). Dostoevsky: The Author As Psychoanalyst. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-0843-9. (Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ) Burry, Alexander (2011). Multi-Mediated Dostoevsky: Transposing Novels Into Opera, Film, and Drama. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-2715-9. (Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ) Carr, Edward Hallett (1962). Dostoevsky 1821-1881. Taylor & Francis. OCLC 319723. (Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ) Catteau, Jacques (1989). Dostoyevsky and the Process of Literary Creation. 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Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π·Π΅ P literature.svg ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΊΡ Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°: ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π¦ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π‘ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 120 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°), Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΡΠ½ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ: Dostojevski:sabrana djela na ruskom i engleskom jeziku Π‘Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ°Π²Π°Π»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³, Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Dostojevski eBook na Google book: StogodiΕ‘nja baka Dostojevski eBook na Google book: Bobac Dostojevski eBook na Google book: Krotka Dostojevski eBook na Google book: San smeΕ‘nog Δoveka Dostojevski eBook na Google book: Seljak Marej Dostojevski eBook na Google book: Roman u devet pisama Dostojevski eBook na Google book: MaliΕ‘an kod Hrista na BoΕΎiΔnoj jelki ΠΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, Π€ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Wayback Machine (27. Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ» 2017) Online archive of Dostoevsky`s novels in their original Russian (ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊ: ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ) Complete journalistic works (ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊ: ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ) Dostoyevsky studies Dostoyevsky`s family tree Fyodor Dostoyevsky Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΡΡΠ΅Π½Π±Π΅ΡΠ³ (ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊ: Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ) ΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ Π‘Π ΠΠ Π£ Π‘Π Π¦Π£: ΠΡΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ (βΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈβ, 6. Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ±Π°Ρ 2020)
Posveta autora. Autor - osoba IgnjatoviΔ, Vlastimir, 1934- Naslov Monika / Vlastimir IgnjatoviΔ Vrsta graΔe knjiga Jezik srpski Godina 2009 Izdavanje i proizvodnja Beograd : Subcom, 2009 (Novi Sad : Alfagraf) FiziΔki opis 267 str. : ilustr. ; 24 cm Napomene Autorova slika TiraΕΎ 1.000 O autoru: str. 265-266. Predmetne odrednice SeleΕ‘, Monika, 1973- Ovo je prva knjiga biografskog karaktera o Moniki SeleΕ‘ a naΕ‘im prostorima, saΔinjena od autora koji je pratio Ε‘irom sveta na njenim takmiΔenjima, od najmlaΔih dana do osvajanja gran slem titula. Toplo je preporuΔujem posveΔenima tenisu, onima koji vole ovaj sport i drΕΎe lik i delo najbolje jugoslovenske teniserke svih vremena u svojim srcima. Monika SeleΕ‘ (maΔ. Szeles MΓ³nika, engl. Monica Seles; Novi Sad, 2. decembar 1973) je bivΕ‘a jugoslovenska, a kasnije ameriΔka profesionalna teniserka maΔarskog porekla β bivΕ‘a najbolja teniserka sveta. Za vreme svoje karijere osvojila je 9 grend slem turnira. NajmlaΔa je teniserka koja je osvojila Rolan Garos. Bila je dominantna teniserka 1991. i 1992, ali se morala povuΔi iz tenisa 1993. godine, zbog povrede koju je dobila na turniru u Hamburgu kada ju je gledalac iz publike ubo noΕΎem. Tenisu se vratila 1995, ali nije uspela doΔi do uspeha kojeg je imala poΔetkom 1990ih. Teniska karijera PoΔeci SeleΕ‘ova se tenisom poΔela baviti od Ε‘este godine. Trener joj je bio otac Karolj (maΔ. KΓ‘roly). Svoj prvi turnir je osvojila sa devet godina, iako se tada nije puno razumela u naΔin bodovanja u tenisu, pa tokom meΔa nije znala ko vodi u igri. U momentu kada joj je bilo najpotrebnije, svoj teniski teren joj je stavio na raspolaganje ΔorΔe BalaΕ‘eviΔ, Δime je znatno doprineo njenom teniskom razvoju. Godine 1985, sa samo 11 godina, osvojila je prestiΕΎni turnir OrandΕΎ boul u Majamiju, SAD. Pritom ju je zapazio poznati teniski trener Nik Boleteri. SledeΔe godine, porodica SeleΕ‘ se seli iz Jugoslavije u SAD, gde Monika kreΔe u tenisku akademiju Nika Boleterija, u kojoj je trenirala dve godine. Proboj Profesionalni tenis je poΔela da igra 1988, sa 14 godina. Naredne godine je krenula njena puna profesionalna karijera na VTA turnirima kada je osvojila Hjuston u maju 1989. godine pobedivΕ‘i Kris Evert u finalu. Mesec dana kasnije, SeleΕ‘ova je stigla do polufinala Otvorenog prvenstva Francuske, kada je izgubila od tadaΕ‘nje najbolje teniserke, Ε tefi Graf. Monika je svoju prvu sezonu zavrΕ‘ila na mestu broj 6 na VTA listi. Sa jakim forhendom i bekhendom, kao i jakim riternom, SeleΕ‘ova je po mnogima prva `power player` teniserka u ΕΎenskom tenisu. TakoΔe je poznata po glasnom stenjanju prilikom udara lopte, pa su se neke teniserke ΕΎalile na glasnoΔu, a sudije su je upozoravale da bude malo tiΕ‘a. Njen prvi grend slem turnir bio je Otvoreno prvenstvo Francuske 1990, gde se u finalu suoΔila sa Ε tefi Graf. SeleΕ‘ova je spasila 4 vezane set lopte u taj-brejku prvog seta, koji je osvojila sa 8-6, i uspela da dobije meΔ u dva seta (7-6, 6-4). OsvojivΕ‘i turnir, postala je najmlaΔa teniserka koja je osvojila Otvoreno prvenstvo Francuske sa samo 16 i po godina. Vrhunac karijere Godine 1991. SeleΕ‘ova je imala dominantan poloΕΎaj u ΕΎenskom tenisu. Sezonu je poΔela pobedom na Otvorenom prvenstvu Australije u januaru, pobedivΕ‘i Janu Novotnu u finalu. Dva meseca kasnije, 11. marta, preuzela je mesto broj 1 na VTA listi od Ε tefi Graf. UspeΕ‘no je odbranila titulu na Otvorenom prvenstvu Francuske, pobedivΕ‘i tada najmlaΔu takmiΔarku AranΔu SanΔez Vikario u finalu. Posle Francuske nije igrala na Vimbldonu, kada je pauzirala Ε‘est nedelja zbog istegnuΔa lista na donjem delu noge. Posle pauze se pojavila na Otvorenom prvenstvu Amerike gde je pobedila Martinu Navratilovu u finalu, uΔvrΕ‘ΔujuΔi svoje mesto prve teniserke sveta. Iste godine je sa Goranom PrpiΔem osvojila Hopman kup za Jugoslaviju. SledeΔa, 1992. godina je takoΔe protekla dominacijom SeleΕ‘ove u ΕΎenskom tenisu. UspeΕ‘no je odbranila grend slem turnire u Australiji, Francuskoj i Americi. Do finala na Vimbldonu je doΕ‘la, ali nije mogla prekinuti dominaciju Ε tefi Graf na travnatim terenima, izgubivΕ‘i 6:2, 6:1. U periodu od januara 1991. do februara 1993, SeleΕ‘ova je osvojila 22 turnira i doΕ‘la do 33 finala od 34 turnira u kojima je igrala. U tom periodu je imala 159 pobeda i samo 12 poraza (92,9% pobeda), ukljuΔujuΔi i 55/1 na grend slem turnirima. U Ε‘irem kontekstu, od poΔetka profesionalne karijere, 1989. do kraja 1992. imala je 231 pobeda i 25 poraza (90,2% pobeda) i 30 titula na turnirima. Jedino je Kris Evert imala bolji postotak pobeda (91,1% od 1971. do 1974) i 34 turnira. Ipak, SeleΕ‘ova nije uspela da odrΕΎi taj uspeh do kraja svoje karijere. 1993. U 1993. godinu SeleΕ‘ova je snaΕΎno uΕ‘la. U januaru je treΔi put zaredom osvojila otvoreno prvenstvo Australije pobedivΕ‘i Ε tefi Graf. Ipak, sve Δe se promeniti u incidentu koji je Ε‘okirao svet tenisa 30. aprila 1993. U Δetvrtfinalu, u meΔu izmeΔu SeleΕ‘ i Magdalene Malejeve, na turniru u Hamburgu, 38-godiΕ‘nji gledalac, Ginter Parhe, opsesivni oboΕΎavalac Ε tefi Graf, noΕΎem je gaΔao Moniku SeleΕ‘ u kiΔmu, izmeΔu lopatica. Ubrzo je odvedena u bolnicu. FiziΔki, Monika se oporavila za nekoliko nedelja, ali napad je ostavio veΔe, psiholoΕ‘ke posledice. Profesionalnom tenisu se nije vratila sledeΔe dve godine. NapadaΔ nije dobio zatvorsku kaznu zbog psihiΔkog stanja, ali je dobio uslovnu dvogodiΕ‘nju kaznu sa obaveznim psiholoΕ‘kim leΔenjem. Zbog ovog incidenta su pojaΔane mere sigurnosti na teniskim turnirima. Posle incidenta, Grafova je ponovo postala dominantna u ΕΎenskom tenisu, zbog odsustva SeleΕ‘ove na turnirima. Povratak Za vreme odsustva, SeleΕ‘ je postala drΕΎavljanin Sjedinjenih AmeriΔkih DrΕΎava 17. maja 1994. godine. SeleΕ‘ova se vratila profesionalnom tenisu u avgustu 1995. i osvojila prvi povratniΔki turnir, Otvoreno prvenstvo Kanade. Mnogi su mislili da Δe moΔi da vrati dominaciju u tenisu, kakvu je imala na poΔetku svoje profesionalne karijere. Istog meseca je doΕ‘la do finala Otvorenog prvenstva Amerike, kada je izgubila od Ε tefi Graf rezultatom 7:6, 0:6, 6:3. U januaru 1996, SeleΕ‘ova je joΕ‘ jednom osvojila Otvoreno prvenstvo Australije, ali ovo Δe joj biti i poslednja grend slem titula. SeleΕ‘ova se sa teΕ‘koΔom borila da doΔe do svoje najbolje forme. Na to je i uticao njen otac, Karolj, kojem je utvrΔen rak i koji je preminuo 1998. godine. SeleΕ‘ova je opet, 1996. doΕ‘la do drugog uzastopnog finala na Otvorenom prvenstvu Amerike, izgubivΕ‘i, opet, od Ε tefi Graf u finalu. Poslednje grend slem finale je bilo u Parizu 1998. (nekoliko nedelja posle smrti njenog oca), kada je izgubila od SanΔez Vikario. PostavΕ‘i drΕΎavljanin SAD, SeleΕ‘ova je pomogla ameriΔkom timu da osvoje Fed kup 1996. i 2000. godine. TakoΔe je osvojila bronzu na Olimpijskim igrama u Sidneju 2000. godine. OsvojivΕ‘i 53 turnira do 2003, SeleΕ‘ova je morala da napusti profesionalni tenis zbog povrede noge. U februaru 2005. igrala je dva egzibiciona meΔa protiv Martine Navratilove, izgubivΕ‘i oba puta. Zanimljivosti Uspesi Monike SeleΕ‘ je svrstavaju meΔu najbolje teniserke svih vremena. βTenis Magazinβ je postavio kao 13. najveΔeg igraΔa svih vremena (ΕΎene i muΕ‘karci), a po australijskom magazinu βTenisβ ona je meΔu 15 ΕΎena najveΔih Ε‘ampiona u poslednjih 30 godina (igraΔice su poreΔane abecednim redom). PoΔetkom 2008. godine uΔestvovala je na ameriΔkoj televiziji u Ε‘ou programu βPlesom do zvezdaβ (βPles sa zvezdama`). Poznata je i kao jedna od najveΔih igraΔica βkljuΔnih poenaβ, jer je imala izuzetnu psihiΔku snagu u najteΕΎim situacijama na terenu. U nekom intervjuu je izjavila βda joj je brat dok je bila mala stalno govorio da je svaki poen vaΕΎanβ tako da kasnije nije imala tremu kod vaΕΎnih poena veΔ se za svaki borila skoro isto. Kasniji ΕΎivot Monika SeleΕ‘ trenutno ΕΎivi na Floridi. Godine 2007. postala je i maΔarski drΕΎavljanin. Od 2009. SeleΕ‘ova je u vezi sa ameriΔkim biznismenom Tomom Golisanom. Njena autobiografija je objavljena 21. aprila 2009. godine, a u Srbiji 2012. godine. MG124
Milisav SaviΔ Hleb i strahTvrdi povezIzdavaΔ Srpska knjiΕΎevna zadrugaMala bibliotekaNinova nagrada za roman godine.PriΔa o mladosti glavnog junaka odraslog u RaΕ‘koj prerasta u povest o paradoksima nestajanja jedne drΕΎave i njenih vrednosti i utoliko je kljuΔ za razumevanje kako Titove epohe tako i specifiΔne balkanske tranzicije koja je usledila i prateΔih preobraΕΎaja u glavama ljudi. Samo nedelju dana po dobijanju Ninove nagrade za ovaj roman, poΕ‘to je u NIN-u objavljen napad na njega i njegovo nagraΔeno delo, pisac je vratio priznanje βu ime odbrane dostojanstva spisateljskog poziva, kao pokuΕ‘aj da se zaustavi navala pljuvanja u javnom dijaloguβ.βOvaj roman ulazi u dragoceni niz kratkih romana u srpskoj knjiΕΎevnosti.β Jovan DeliΔβOdgovor koji Hleb i strah pruΕΎa Δitaocu viΕ‘e je od iluzije, svet je u stvari ΔeΕΎnja i priΔa.β Vasa PavkoviΔβSaviΔev Hleb i strah satkan je od ΕΎivotnih fragmenata, soΔnih, miriΕ‘ljavih, nabijenih emocijama i strastima.β Ε½arko TrebjeΕ‘aninβPriΔe i romani Milisava SaviΔa stoje u antologijskoj mapi srpskog pripovedanja kao kakva retka biljka u bogatom herbarijumu. OΔuvanih boja i oΔuvanih mirisa.β Mihajlo PantiΔβMilisav SaviΔ je romanom Hleb i strah ostvario prozno delo u isti mah komunikativno i mnogoznaΔno, jednostavno i autentiΔno, i iznad svega prozno delo koje neposredno govori i o ljudskoj sudbini u vremenu i o vremenu samom.β Marko NediΔMilisav SaviΔ (Vlasovo, 15. april 1945) srpski je prozni pisac, knjiΕΎevni istoriΔar i prevodilac.BiografijaGimnaziju je zavrΕ‘io u Novom Pazaru, a studije jugoslovenske i svetske knjiΕΎevnosti na FiloloΕ‘kom fakultetu u Beogradu. Na istom fakultetu magistrirao je s temom βMemoarska proza o prvom srpskom ustankuβ, a potom i doktorirao s temom βMemoarsko-dnevniΔka proza o srpsko-turskim ratovima 1876-1878β. U braku je sa naΕ‘om proslavljenom glumicom Aleksandrom NikoliΔ, sa kojom ima sina Strahinju, takoΔe ima i Δerku Mirjanu SaviΔ UdoviΔiΔ iz prethodnog braka.Bio je urednik βStudentaβ (1968β70) i βMladostiβ (1970β72), glavni i odgovorni urednik βKnjiΕΎevni reΔiβ (1972β1977) i βKnjiΕΎevnih novinaβ (1980β82). U izdavaΔkom preduzeΔu βProsvetaβ radio je od 1983. do 2004. godine, najpre kao glavni i odgovorni urednik a potom kao direktor. Bio je predsednik Srpske knjiΕΎevne zadruge 2000-2001. Obavljao je duΕΎnost ministra-savetnika u Ambasadi Srbije i Crne Gore, odnosno Srbije, u Rimu od 2005. do 2008. godine. Bio je i predavaΔ srpskohrvatskog jezika i jugoslovenske knjiΕΎevnosti na Londonskom univerzitetu (1987/88), NjujorΕ‘kom drΕΎavnom univerzitetu u Olbaniju (Albani, 1985/87), Univerzitetu u Firenci (1990/92) i Univerzitetu u LoΔu (1999/2000). Od 2010. godine do 2014. godine bio je redovni profesor DrΕΎavnog univerziteta u Novom Pazaru.Δlan je Srpskog knjiΕΎevnog druΕ‘tva.[1]Romani su mu prevedeni na grΔki, engleski, slovenaΔki, makedonski, bugarski, rumunski. Autor je leksikona βKo je ko β pisci iz Jugoslavijeβ (1994). Objavio je viΕ‘e knjiga prevoda sa engleskog i italijanskog. Priredio je antologije savremene ameriΔke pripovetke βPsihopolisβ (1988), savremene australijske pripovetke βKomuna te ne ΕΎeliβ (1990), βSavremena italijanska pripovetkaβ (1992), te βModernu svetsku mini priΔuβ (sa SneΕΎanom BrajoviΔ, 1993). SastavljaΔ je i antologije βNajlepΕ‘e srpske priΔeβ (izbor, predgovor, komentari, 1996).NagradeNagrada lista βMladostβ, za knjigu priΔa Bugarska barka, 1970.Nagrada lista βMladostβ, za roman Ljubavi Andrije KurandiΔa, 1973.AndriΔeva nagrada, za knjigu priΔa Ujak naΕ‘e varoΕ‘i, 1977.Ninova nagrada, za roman Hleb i strah, 1991; vratio je 1992.Nagrada βMiroslavljevo jevanΔeljeβ, za roman OΕΎiljci tiΕ‘ine, 1997.Nagrada Prosvetinog Antiratnog sajma knjiga, za roman OΕΎiljci tiΕ‘ine, 1999.Nagrada βDuΕ‘an Vasiljevβ, za knjigu Rimski dnevnik, priΔe i jedan roman, 2009.Nagrada βLaza KostiΔβ, za roman Princ i serbski spisatelj, 2009.Nagrada βRamonda serbikaβ, 2010.Nagrada βStefan PrvovenΔaniβ, 2011.Nagrada βVeljkova golubicaβ, 2012.Nagrada βMilovan VidakoviΔβ, 2014.Nagrada βLjubomir P. NenadoviΔβ, za dvojeziΔnu knjigu Dolina srpskih kraljeva, za 2014.Nagrada βGrigorije BoΕΎoviΔβ, za dvojeziΔnu knjigu Dolina srpskih kraljeva, za 2014.Nagrada βVidovdanski vitezβ, 2015.[2]Nagrada Vukove zaduΕΎbine, za roman La Sans Pareille, 2015.[3]Nagrada βMeΕ‘a SelimoviΔβ, za roman La Sans Pareille, za 2015.Nagrada βBorisav StankoviΔβ, za roman La Sans Pareille, 2016.KoΔiΔeva nagrada, za roman La Sans Pareille, 2016.Nagrada βStefan Mitrov LjubiΕ‘aβ, za roman La Sans Pareille, 2016.[4]Nagrada βDejan MedakoviΔβ, za knjigu Epska Srbija, 2017.Nagrada βTronoΕ‘ki rodoslovβ, 2018.Bagdalin prsten βDespot Stefan LazareviΔβ, 2019.[5]Nagrada βZlatni krst kneza Lazaraβ, 2020.DelaKnjige pripovedakaβBugarska barakaβ (1969); Jubilarno izdanje sa komentarima i prilozima za istoriju i poetiku crne proze (2019)[6]βMladiΔi iz RaΕ‘keβ (1977)βUjak naΕ‘e varoΕ‘iβ (1977)RomaniβLjubavi Andrije KurandiΔaβ (1972)βTopola na terasiβ (1985)βΔup komitskog vojvodeβ (1990)βHleb i strahβ (1991)βOΕΎiljci tiΕ‘ineβ (1996)βPrinc i serbski spisateljβ (2008)βΔvarΔiΔβ (2010)βLa sans pareilleβ (2015)βLa sans pareilleβ, english editon, translated by Persida BoΕ‘koviΔ (2017)βDoktora Valentina Trubara i sestre mu Valentine povest Δudnovatih dogaΔaja u Srbijiβ (2018)Pepeo, pena, Ε‘apat (2020)Druga delaKnjiΕΎevno-istorijska studija βUstaniΔka prozaβ (1985)βSeΔanje i ratβ (2009)βDolina srpskih kraljevaβ, dvojeziΔno izdanje (2014)`Epska Srbija` (2017)Bandit i profesor, intervjui Milisava SaviΔa, izbor i predgovor dr Ana StiΕ‘oviΔ MilovanoviΔ (2020)MultiΕΎanrovske knjigeβFusnotaβ (1994)β30 plus 18β (2005)βRimski dnevnik, priΔe i jedan romanβ (2008)βLjubavna pisma i druge lekcijeβ (2013)βMali glosar kreativnog pisanjaβ (2015)βOd Δampar bara do kasine Valadijeβ (2018)12/0
Ivo AndriΔ Na Drini Δuprija Meki povez IzdavaΔ Bigz ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ (ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ Π’ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, 9. ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ 1892 β ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄, 13. ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ 1975) Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ[Π°] ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅.[Π±] ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1961. Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π·Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡ βΠ·Π° Π΅ΠΏΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅β.[10] ΠΠ°ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π° ΠΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅. Π£ Π°ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ, Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π·ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π ΠΈΠΌΡ, ΠΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Ρ, ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ.[11] ΠΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅Π½ 1926. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π° ΠΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π’ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π°, ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°. Π£ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π°Π²ΠΈΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. Π£ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π±Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π°ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π΅. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅, ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ. ΠΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ 9. ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 10. ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° 1892. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅[12][13][14] Ρ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ Π’ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ½ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° (1863β1896)[15], ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ (ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ). ΠΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΎ Ρ ΠΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π΅. ΠΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΌΡΠΆΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π° Π΄Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠΈΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ.[16][17][18][19] ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ 1903. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎ-Ρ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ° Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π°, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ 1911. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ βΠΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈβ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΡ βΠ£ ΡΡΠΌΡΠ°ΠΊβ.[20] ΠΠ°ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π° ΠΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅.[21] ΠΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° βΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊβ, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° 1912. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½, Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡ, Π’ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈ Π²Π΅Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ°Π³Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ. Π£ ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΡΠΆΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ Π·Π° βΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ, ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°β.[22][23] Π ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π° βΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π°, ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°β. ΠΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1914, Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠ°Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π€Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Π΄Π°, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ° ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ Ρ Π‘ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΄ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΊΡ Ρ Π‘ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ»Π°, Π°ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° Π³Π° Ρ Π°ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ±Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΡ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ ΠΠΎΡΠ½Π΅, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 1915. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ.[24] ΠΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ· Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ° 1917. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎ Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ 1922. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π·Π±ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ΅Π±, Ρ ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π³Π΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ βEx Pontoβ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ 1918. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ΅Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ Π’ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΈ Π²Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° 1919. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊ Ρ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ Π³Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π¦ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, Π‘ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ½Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π‘ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ βΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π°β. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ: Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1920. Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠ²Ρ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π·ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π’ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ°ΡΡ.[25] Π£ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ βΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈβ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ βΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π½ ΠΈ Π¨Π²Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°β, βΠΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Ρβ, βΠΡΠ±Π°Π² Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΈβ, βΠ£ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΈβ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° βΠ¨ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°β. Π£ ΡΡΠ½Ρ 1924. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ ΠΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ βΠ Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅β (Die Entwicklung des geistigen Lebens in Bosnien unter der Einwirkung der tΓΌrkischen Herrschaft). ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, 1926. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π° Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅, Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΡ βΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°β. Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ 1927. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π·ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Ρ, Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠ²Ρ Ρ ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° βΠΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠΈβ. ΠΠ΄ 1930. Π΄ΠΎ 1933. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΡΡΡΡΠ²Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈ. 1934. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ βΠΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈβ, βΠΠ΅Ρβ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π° βΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π°, ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°β. ΠΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΠΈΠ»Π°Π½Π° Π‘ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, 8. ΡΡΠ»Π° 1935. ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°.[26] Π£ Π²Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ»Π°Π½Π° Π‘ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π²Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΎΠ΄ 1937. Π΄ΠΎ 1939, ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°.[27][28] ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ 16. ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° 1939. Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅, Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π£ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ·Π°Π±ΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ Π·Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π° ΠΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅.[29] ΠΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ 1939. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Π²Π° Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π°Ρ: ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ.[30] ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ 12. Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°, Π° 19. Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π Π°ΡΡ Π° β ΠΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π₯ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡ.[31][32] ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Ρ Π£ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡ . ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ 1941. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΠΌΠ±Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ 25. ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π’ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠ°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠΌΠ±Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°, 7. Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΡ. ΠΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ Π¨Π²Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΡ,[33] ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°, 1. ΡΡΠ½Π° 1941. ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΎ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄, ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ° 1941. ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π², ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΡ.[34] Π Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π±ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠΏΠ΅Π» ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ.[35] ΠΠ· ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ Ρ βΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅β Π·Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊ βΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°β: ΠΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π±ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π·Π²Π°ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ²Ρ. ΠΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ°, Π½Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°, Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ, Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ°. Π£ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΌΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ Ρ ΠΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ Π’ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 1944. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ±Π° ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 1945. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ Π‘Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°.[36] ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ (Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ, 1961) ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1946. ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π‘Π°Π²Π΅Π·Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅.[34] Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ 1946. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ βΠΠΈΡΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ· 1920. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅β. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ 1947. ΠΈ 1953. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ βΠΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ½Ρβ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎ ΠΡΠΊΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ, βΠΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎ ΠΊΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρβ, βΠΠΈΡΠ΅ Π’ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΊβ, βΠΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈβ, βΠΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈβ, βΠΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈβ, βΠΠΎΠ΄ ΠΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌβ, βΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎβ, βΠΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΊβ, βΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°β ΠΈ βΠΠΈΡΠ°β. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1954, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ. Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ βΠΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°β ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΎ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ 1954. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ 1958. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°, ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Π±ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΠ΅Π½Π°Π΄Π° ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°.[37] ΠΡΡΠ΅ 1958. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡ.[38] ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ 1961. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π·Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡ βΠ·Π° Π΅ΠΏΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅β. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌ βΠ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡβ ΡΠ΅ 10. Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ° 1961. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ.[39] ΠΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΡΠΎΠ· Π’ΠΈΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΡ Ρ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π° ΠΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Ρ ΠΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠΎΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ, ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π½, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ· Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ.[40] ΠΠ°Π½Π° 16. ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 1968. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ³Π° ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ Π³Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 1936. Π΄ΠΎ 1939. ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ 1945. Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΌΡΡΠΈ 1975. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅.[41] ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ 13. ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 1975. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ. Π‘Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ Π‘ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΠ²ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ βΠ£ ΡΡΠΌΡΠ°ΠΊβ ΠΈ βΠΠ»Π°Π³Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ βΠΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈβ 1911. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅.[42] ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Ρ, Ρ ΡΡΠ½Ρ 1914. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Ρ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡ Π₯ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ (βΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°β, βΠ‘ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈβ, βΠ’Π°ΠΌΠ°β, βΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΎβ, βΠΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡβ ΠΈ βΠΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°β).[42] ΠΡΠ²Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ β βEx Pontoβ β ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΎ 1918. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ, Π° Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ βΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈβ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ 1920. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅.[43] ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°. Π£ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ (Ex Ponto, ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈ), ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΅Π³Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ (ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ). ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡ: Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π’ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Π°Π² ΠΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²Ρ Π½Π΅Π·ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ³Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΈ, Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΡ Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ, Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅, ΠΏΠ° ΡΠ° Π·ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅, Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°, Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° 19. Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°, Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΅ΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ (ΠΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Π₯ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ, Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈ β ΡΠ³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ° (ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΈ, Π’ΡΡΡΠΈ)), ΡΠ· ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° (ΠΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ), Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΡΠ³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ 19. Π²Π΅ΠΊ, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ 20. Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π’ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°. Π Π°Π΄ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ βΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈβ. ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, Π°ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΎ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ, Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΡΠ° (ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠΎ), Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΌΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°, ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½Π° ΠΡΠ°Π³ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΠ° Π‘Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΠΎ, Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. Π£ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ² Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π Π°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΊ, Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅, βΠ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡβ ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° βΠΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΡΠ°β. Π£ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ. Π£ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°; ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π£ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π°Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΊ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ βΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°β ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ βΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°β. Π£ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅, ΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ ΡΠΌΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Π° Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΌΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅. Π‘ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. Π£ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΌΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π·Π° ΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π°Π½ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ. Π€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ βΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠΈβ, ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠ½Ρ. Π‘Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ° β Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄ΡΡ Π°. Π‘Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ βΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ°β, ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ Π»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΊΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π»ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅. Π€ΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ· βΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π° ... ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅ Π³Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅β. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π»Π° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ Ρ Π±Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅. Π Π·Π»ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΡ Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅. ΠΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎ, Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΈ. Π£ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅, Π½Π°Π΄ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. βΠ‘Π°ΠΌΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ β ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ β ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ. Π£Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈβ. Π‘Π²ΡΡ Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ βΡΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ, Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, Ρ Π΄ΡΡ Ρβ. ΠΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ½ ΡΠ΅ βΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π±Π΅Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°β. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΅: βΠΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π³Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈ. Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π», Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, Ρ Π·Π²ΡΠΊ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ...β ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°: βΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅β. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΄ΡΠ±ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π· Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π° βΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. βΠ‘Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ β ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ β ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈβ. ΠΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ βΠ·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· Π·Π»Π°β, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° β ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°: Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ·Π΅Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Znanje.org ΡΠ· ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. Π£ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ βΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈβ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π»Π° Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΠ’Π’ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°, 2010 Π£ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°.[44] ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π· ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ½ Ρ ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΊ ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΠ·Π΅Π»Π΅Π· Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅, Π²Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅. Π’Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π° ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅: ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΎ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠ½Π°, Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄ΠΈΠΆΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡ Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³Π°, Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π³Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ²Π΅Π³Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π£ ΡΡΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°. ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·Π°. ΠΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°Π³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·Ρ. Π‘ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅. Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ βΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΡβ (1951) ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅, Ρ βΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π·ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ΅β. Π£ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ (1942) ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ.[45] Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈ (1951), Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΡΠΈ (1951), ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΡΠΈ (1954), ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ , Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠΈ βΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡβ, ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈ βΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ°β. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, Π΄Π²Π° ΠΏΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°: 1933. ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ [46], Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ 1954. ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°.[47] ΠΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΡ Π²ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄Π΅ ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎ-Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΠΈΠ»Π° (William H. McNeil) ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈ[48] ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅: βΠ¨Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Ex ponto ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΡΠ½Π΅, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»Π°Π½ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ, 26 Π³ΠΎΠ΄.β.[49] ΠΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π. Π€. ΠΠ΄Π²Π°ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° (Lovett F. Edwards), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅ (1944) ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ[50], ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π¨Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° (Anders Γsterling), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ ΠΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ 1914. Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° 20. Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°[51][52] ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅.[53] ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π² Π³ΡΠΎΠ± Ρ ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π±Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ. ΠΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ΅ (1926) ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π¦ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° (1936) ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ΅ (1937) ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ (1937) ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π‘Π°Π²Π΅ I ΡΠ΅Π΄Π° (1938) ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΡΠ»Π° I ΡΠ΅Π΄Π° (1939) ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π° Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ I ΡΠ΅Π΄Π° (1952) ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ° Π·Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (1962) ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° (1972)[54] ΠΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π°ΠΊ: ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ 12. ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 1976. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°.[55] ΠΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π±Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π°ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° βΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π΅β. ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΄ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈ, Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π°ΠΊ: ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π² ΠΎΠ΄ 1975. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ. ΠΡΠ²ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π² ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π·Π° Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π²Π΅Π½Π°Ρ.[56] Π‘ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½-ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅Ρ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π² ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ, Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½-ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅ΡΡ ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π°ΠΊ: Π‘ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½-ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅Ρ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π£ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΈ Π‘ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½-ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅Ρ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ° Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ 1976. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡ 8, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅ΠΎ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Π±ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ 1958. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. Π‘Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ ΡΠ»Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π°, ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅, Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΠΏΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡ Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° (ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ΅, ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈ) ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, ΠΏΠΈΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ Π‘ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½-ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅Ρ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π°ΠΊ: Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΄ 1982. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»Π°Π·Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΡ, Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅ΠΎ.[57] Π‘ΡΠ°Π·Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 2012. Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ (ΡΠ°Π΄Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅) ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±Π»Π΅ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π£ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±Π»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ QR ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° βΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈβ. ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° βΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈβ. ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° βΠΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈβ. ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° βΠΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈβ. ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π‘ΠΠΠ£. ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π‘ΠΠΠ£. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΡΠΏΠΈ Ρ ΠΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΠΎ. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΡΠΏΠΈ Ρ ΠΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΠΎ. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ»ΡΠ±Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ»ΡΠ±Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π³Π΄Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ. ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π³Π΄Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ 60 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅, Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡ 2021. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ.[58] ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΈ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡ Π½Π°Π·ΠΈΠ² Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊ: Π‘ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π°ΠΊ: ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ° Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π£ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π Π·Π°Π² Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ 5. ΡΡΠ»Π° 2012.[61] ΠΡΠ°Π΄ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°.[62] Π£ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ, Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°, Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅, Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΊΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Ρ Π°Π½, Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°.[62] Π£ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΡΡ.[62] ΠΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°, Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π·ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π·ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ.[62] ΠΠ°Π½Π° 28. ΡΡΠ½Π° 2013. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ.[63] Π£ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°.[64] ΠΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ° ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ, ΠΠΎΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΎ Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ, ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°.[65] ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Ex Ponto, ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ, 1918. ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ, 1920. ΠΡΡ ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ·Π΅Π»Π΅Π·Π°, 1920. ΠΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠΈ, 1925. ΠΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, 1931. ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠ³Π°Π», Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, 1931. Π¨ΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, 1934. ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ, 1935. Π Π°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ, 1936. ΠΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½, 1945. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½, 1945. Π’ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½, 1945. ΠΠ° ΠΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, 1946. ΠΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ½Ρ, 1948. ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½, 1954. ΠΠ³ΡΠ°, 1956. Π ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅, 1961. ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π°, ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°, 1963. Π¨ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°, Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎ 1977. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ, Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎ 1977. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎ ΠΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 50 ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΠ°.[66] ΠΠ°Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π’Π°Π±Π»Π° ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π’Π°Π±Π»Π° ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· 1951. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· 1951. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΠ°Π³Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΠ°Π³Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· 1994. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· 1994. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π‘ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½-ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅Ρ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°, ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΎ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄.[3] ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π³Π°, ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, Π°Π»ΠΈ Π³Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ Ρ Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ.[4][5] ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ Π³Π° Π½Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ βΡΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³β ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ βΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π°β (Π΅Π½Π³Π». Yugoslav) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ βΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈβ.[6] ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ[7][8][9] Π Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ JuriΔiΔ, Ε½elimir B. (1986). The Man and the Artist: Essays on Ivo AndriΔ. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-81914-907-7. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° β ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Lampe 2000, ΡΡΡ. 91. Norris 1999, ΡΡΡ. 60. Alexander 2006, ΡΡΡ. 391. Frenz 1999, ΡΡΡ. 561. ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ: ΠΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½Π° Π·Π°Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° 1976 pp. 186. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1961, Ivo Andric Award Ceremony Speech, Presentation Speech by Anders Γsterling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy Na Drini Δuprija; BIGZ, Beograd, BeleΕ‘ka o piscu. ISBN 978-86-13-00077-8. ΡΡΡ. 381β382. βThe Nobel Prize in Literature 1961β. nobelprize.org. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 18. 3. 2012. βΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ β ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ (βΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈβ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½, ΠΌΠ°Ρ 2012)β. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. 23. 4. 2016. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π° Π½Π° Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΌ 11. 09. 2012. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 23. 4. 2016. ΠΠ΅ Π·Π½Π° ΠΡΠ³Π», Π³ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° β ΠΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 21.10.2018. ΠΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 21.10.2018. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ 125 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 21.10.2018. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ? (Π92, 10. ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ 2016) Ivo Andric: The bridge over the Drina, Harvill. 1944. ΡΡΡ. 4. Ivo Andric:The Bridge on the Drina The University of Chicago Press. 1977. ΡΡΡ. 7. Critical Survey of Long Fiction, Volume 1 Andric, Ivo Biography Salem Press, Apr 30, 2000 pp. 85. Ivo AndriΔ:Pisac govori svojim delom, Srpska knjiΕΎevna zadruga, 1994 pp. 92. ΠΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ, Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΡΡΡ ... βIvo Andric (1892β1975) Biographyβ. kirjasto.sci.fi. 23. 4. 2016. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π° Π½Π° Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΌ 04. 10. 2013. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 23. 4. 2016. βIvo AndriΔ β 38 godina od smrti nobelovcaβ. Blic, Tanjug. 13. 3. 2013. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 26. 4. 2016. ΠΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° (βΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈβ, 30. ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ 1997) Π’Π°ΡΠ½Π° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π΅ (βΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈβ, 14. Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ» 2016) βΠ‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡβ. velikirat.vigimnazija.edu.rs/. 23. 4. 2016. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π° Π½Π° Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΌ 13. 05. 2016. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 23. 4. 2016. βΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°β. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. 10. 10. 2011. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 23. 4. 2016. ΠΠΈΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΠ²Π°Π½ (19. 4. 2015). βTajni pregovori Jugoslavije i Italije Ivo AndriΔ: Albaniju bi trebalo podelitiβ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π° Π½Π° Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΌ 11. 09. 2012. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 27. 4. 2016. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ² ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅:βΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ β ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π΅ ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Wayback Machine (27. ΡΡΠ½ 2019), Π°ΡΡΠΎΡ: ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ. 2011. ISBN 978-86-80099-38-5. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 27. 4. 2016. `ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°`, 11. Π½ΠΎΠ². 1937 Ivo AndriΔ: a writer`s life by Radovan PopoviΔ, ZaduΕΎbina Ive AndriΔa, 1989 pp. 46. `ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°`, ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ 1. Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π° 1939. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ `ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°`, 20. Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π° 1939. 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The bridge over the Drina by Ivo AndriΔ Harvill, 1944 Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ 2003, ΡΡΡ. 141-147. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ: `ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ Ρ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΡΡ`, ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ Π. ΠΠΎΠ½Π³Π°ΡΠ° `Π Π°ΠΊΠΈ`, ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ 2011 ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ 2004, ΡΡΡ. 184. βDelatnost zaduΕΎbine Ive AndriΔaβ. ivoandric.org.rs. 2. 5. 2018. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 2. 5. 2018. βKekanoviΔu uruΔena AndriΔeva nagrada za pripovetkuβ. Blic. 10. 10. 2014. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 23. 4. 2016. βSveske ZaduΕΎbine Ive AndriΔaβ. ivoandric.org.rs. 2. 5. 2018. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 2. 5. 2018. βΠ¨Π΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ ΠΠ²ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡβ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. 31. 1. 2022. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 1. 2. 2022. βΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°β. 23. 4. 2016. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 27. 4. 2016. βΠΠ¨ ΠΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρβ. 23. 4. 2016. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 27. 4. 2016. βΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅β. ΠΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ (ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°). 5. 7. 2012. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 6. 7. 2012. βΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π² ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° β Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈβ, ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, 17. Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ» 2012; ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 28. ΡΡΠ½Π° 2012. (ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊ: ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ) ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° (βΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°β, 28. ΡΡΠ½ 2013) ΠΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π. (28. 7. 2022). βΠ’Π ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠ¦Π: Π‘Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ° Π±Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π₯Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌβ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 29. 7. 2022. βΠΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ `Π ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°`β. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. 16. 11. 2014. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 23. 4. 2016. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° (βΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°β, 27. Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ±Π°Ρ 2018) ΠΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΠ²ΠΎ; Π£ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡ: ΠΡΡΠΏΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° (2017). ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΠ²Π° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° [1. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 1. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ 2. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ 3. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ 4. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ 5. ΠΠΈΡΠ° - 2. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 6. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ (1914-1941) I 7. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ (1849-1960) II 9. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ (1949-1960) 10. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ (1961-1975) - 3. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 11. ΠΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ I 12. ΠΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ II 13. Ex Ponto 14. ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈ 15. ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄: ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΠ²ΠΎ; ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ: ΠΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ Π£ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ: Π£ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ, Π Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ; ΠΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΠ°Π½Π΅ΡΠ°; ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΡΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΠΌΠΈΡ (2012). Π‘Π°Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΡ. 1 - 20 [1. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ * Ex ponto * ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈ 2. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ 3. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ 4. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ I 5. ΠΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ II 6. ΠΠΈΡΠ° 7. ΠΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ 8. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ 9. ΠΠ° ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° 10. Π’ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° 11. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°