Odlično stanje Jack Ma Yun[a] (Chinese: 马云; pinyin: Mǎ Yún; born 10 September 1964) is a Chinese business magnate, investor and philanthropist. He is the co-founder of Alibaba Group, a multinational technology conglomerate. In addition, Ma is also the co-founder of Yunfeng Capital, a Chinese private equity firm. As of June 2023, with a net worth of $34.5 billion, Ma is the fourth-wealthiest person in China (after Zhong Shanshan, Zhang Yiming and Ma Huateng), as well as the 39th wealthiest person in the world, ranked by Bloomberg Billionaires Index.[2] Born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Ma earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in English upon graduating from Hangzhou Normal University in 1988. He became an English lecturer and international trade lecturer at Hangzhou Dianzi University following graduation. Later taking an interest in the emergence of the internet business, he established his first business in 1994, only to end up forming a second company after learning more about the internet and the commercial business possibilities that could be potentially exploited from its emerging growth. From 1998 to 1999, he led an information technology company founded by the Chinese government, later leaving it to start the Alibaba Group with his colleagues in 1999. The company was initially founded as B2B e-commerce marketplace website, yet the company later expanded into a wide range of industry domains across the Chinese economy, including e-commerce, high-technology, and online payment solutions. In 2017, Ma was ranked second in the annual `World`s 50 Greatest Leaders` list by Fortune.[3] He has widely been considered as an informal global ambassador in Chinese business circles, and has continued to remain an influential figure in the Chinese business community and scene of startup companies.[4] In September 2018, he announced that he would retire from Alibaba and pursue educational work, philanthropy, and environmental causes;[5][6][7][8] the following year, Daniel Zhang succeeded him as executive chairman.[9][10] In 2020, the Chinese government stopped plans for an IPO called for the digital payment solutions company Ant Group, a company that he founded after he delivered a speech that criticized Chinese financial regulators for putting too much priority in minimizing risk.[11][12] In 2019, Forbes Magazine named Ma in its list of `Asia`s 2019 Heroes of Philanthropy` for his humanitarian and philanthropic work supporting underprivileged communities in China, Africa, Australia, and the Middle East.[5][13] In April 2021, Jack Ma ranked 26th in the `2021 Forbes Global Rich List` with a fortune of $48.4 billion USD.[14] Early life and education[edit] Ma was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang on September 10, 1964 as Ma Yun.[15] He became interested in English as a young boy and began practicing with English speakers in the Hangzhou International Hotel. Ma`s grandfather served as a security guard during the Second Sino-Japanese War. At the age of 12, Ma bought a pocket radio and began listening to English radio stations frequently. For nine years, Ma rode 27 km (17 miles) on his bicycle every day to work as a tour guide of Hangzhou for foreigners in order to practice his English. He became pen pals with one of those foreigners, who nicknamed him `Jack` because he found it hard to pronounce his Chinese name.[16] When Ma was 13 years old, he was forced to transfer to Hangzhou No. 8 Middle School as he kept getting caught in fights. In his early school days, Ma did not fare well scholastically, and it took two years for him to gain acceptance at an ordinary Chinese high school, as he only got 31 points in mathematics on the Chinese high school entrance exam. In 1982, at the age of 18, Ma failed the nation-wide Chinese college entrance exam, obtaining only 1 point in mathematics. Afterwards, he and his cousin applied to be waiters at a nearby hotel. His cousin was hired, but Ma was rejected on the grounds that he was `too skinny, too short, and in general, protruded a bad physical appearance that may have potentially ended up hurting the restaurant`s image and reputation.`[17] In 1983, Ma failed his college entrance exam again for the second time. However, his mathematics score improved, with Ma managing to obtain 19 points. In 1984, despite strong opposition from his family to persuade him to give up on pursuing higher education and choose a different career path, Ma remained steadfastly determined as he decided to take the college entrance examination for the third time. This time, he scored 89 points in the mathematics section. However, the expected amount of marks as benchmark eligibility entrance requirements for prospective university undergraduates was standardized as five points above Ma`s score. Since the enrollment target for English majors was not met, some prospective students had the opportunity to be accepted and promoted into Hangzhou Normal University`s English department, with Ma ending up promoted to the undergraduate foreign language major. After entering Hangzhou Normal University, Ma`s academic performance began to improve substantially as he steadily achieved scholarly excellence over the course of his undergraduate studies. In recognition of his burgeoning academic achievements, Ma was consistently ranked as among the top five students in the university`s foreign language department due to his extensive English-language skills. While witnessing an enormous improvement in his scholastic performance throughout his undergraduate years, Ma was also elected as the chairman of the student union, and later served as the chairman of the Hangzhou Federation of Students for two terms.[17] In 1988, Ma graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in English.[18][19] After graduation, he became a lecturer in English and international trade at Hangzhou Dianzi University. Ma also claims to have applied to Harvard Business School ten times consecutively, only to have ended up being rejected every time in spite of his persistent efforts.[20] Business career[edit] Early career[edit] According to Ma`s autobiographical speech,[21] after graduating from Hangzhou Normal University in 1988, Ma applied for 31 different odd entry-level jobs and was rejected for every single one. `I went for a job with the KFC; they said, `you`re no good``, Ma told interviewer Charlie Rose. `I even went to KFC when it came to my city. Twenty-four people went for the job. Twenty-three were accepted. I was the only guy [rejected]...`.[22][23] During this period, China was nearing the end of its first decade following Deng Xiaoping`s economic reforms. In 1994, Ma heard about the Internet and also started his first company,[24] Hangzhou Haibo Translation Agency (杭州海波翻譯社, Hángzhōu Hǎibō Fānyì Shè), an online Chinese translation agency. In early 1995, he travelled abroad to the United States on behalf of the Hangzhou municipal government with fellow colleagues who had helped introduce him to the Internet.[24] Although he found information related to beer from many countries, he was surprised to find none from China. He also tried to search for general information about China and again was surprised to find none. So he and his friend created an `ugly` website pertaining to information regarding Chinese beer.[25] He launched the website at 9:40 AM, and by 12:30 PM he had received emails from prospective Chinese investors wishing to know more about him and his website. This was when Ma realized that the Internet had something great to offer. In April 1995, Ma and his business partner He Yibing (a computer instructor), opened the first office for China Pages, and Ma started their second company. On May 10, 1995, the pair registered the domain chinapages.com in the United States. Within a span of three years, China Pages cleared approximately 5,000,000 RMB in profit which at the time was equivalent to USD$642,998 (approximately $1.18 million today). Ma began building websites for Chinese companies with the help of friends in the United States. He said that `The day we got connected to the Web, I invited friends and TV people over to my house`, and on a very slow dial-up connection, `we waited three and a half hours and got half a page`, he recalled. `We drank, watched TV and played cards, waiting. But I was so proud. I proved the Internet existed`.[26] At a conference in 2010, Ma revealed that despite achieving massive entrepreneurial success in the Chinese high-technology industry, he has never actually written a line of code nor made one sale to a customer and that he only acquired a computer for the first time at the age of 33.[27] From 1998 to 1999, Ma headed an information technology company established by the China International Electronic Commerce Center, a department of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. In 1999, he quit and returned to Hangzhou with his team to establish Alibaba, a Hangzhou-based business-to-business marketplace site in his apartment with a group of 18 friends.[28] He started a new round of venture development with 500,000 yuan. In October 1999 and January 2000, Alibaba won a total of a $25 million foreign venture seed capital from the American investment bank, Goldman Sachs and the Japanese investment management conglomerate SoftBank.[24] The program was expected to improve the domestic Chinese e-commerce market and perfect an e-commerce platform for online Chinese enterprises to establish a presence for themselves to compete, especially fostering the growth of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as well as addressing challenges surrounding China`s entrance into the World Trade Organization in 2001. Eventually, Alibaba began to show signs of profitability three years later as Ma wanted to improve the global e-commerce system. From 2003 onwards, Ma established Taobao Marketplace, Alipay, Ali Mama and Lynx. After the rapid rise of Taobao, American e-commerce giant eBay offered to purchase the company. However, Ma rejected their offer, instead garnering support from Yahoo co-founder Jerry Yang who offered a $1 billion investment in upfront capital for the potential purpose of expanding Alibaba`s corporate operations. Chairman of Alibaba Group[edit] Ma speaking at the 2007 China Trust Global Leaders Forum. Since 1999, Ma served as the executive chairman of Alibaba Group, which has remained one of China`s most prominent high-technology holding companies in the two decades since it inception presiding over nine major subsidiaries: Alibaba.com, Taobao Marketplace, Tmall, eTao, Alibaba Cloud Computing, Juhuasuan, 1688.com, AliExpress.com, and Alipay. At the annual general meeting of shareholders for Alibaba.com in May 2010, Ma announced Alibaba Group would begin in 2010 to earmark 0.3% of annual revenue to environmental protection, particularly on water- and air-quality improvement projects. Of the future of Alibaba, he has said, `our challenge is to help more people to make healthy money, `sustainable money`, money that is not only good for themselves but also good for the society. That`s the transformation we are aiming to make.`[29] In 2011, it was announced that one of his companies had gained control of Alipay, formerly a subsidiary of Alibaba Group, so as to `comply with Chinese law governing payment companies in order to secure a license to continue operating Alipay.[30] Numerous analysts reported that Ma sold Alipay to himself below market value without notifying the board of Alibaba Group or the other major owners Yahoo and Softbank, while Ma stated that Alibaba Group`s board of directors were aware of the transaction. The ownership dispute was resolved by Alibaba Group, Yahoo! and Softbank in July 2011.[31] In November 2012, Alibaba`s online transaction volume exceeded one trillion yuan. Ma stepped down as the chief executive officer of Alibaba on May 10, 2013 but remained as the executive chairman of the corporation. In September 2014, it was reported that Alibaba was raising over $25 billion in an initial public offering (IPO) on the New York Stock Exchange.[32] As of 2016, Ma is the owner of Château de Sours in Bordeaux, Chateau Guerry in Côtes de Bourg and Château Perenne in Blaye, Côtes de Bordeaux.[33] Ma speaking on the future of online trade and globalization at the World Economic Forum in 2017. On January 9, 2017, Ma met with United States President-elect Donald Trump at Trump Tower, to discuss the potential of 1 million job openings in the following five years through the expansion of the presence of Alibaba`s business interests in the United States.[34] On September 8, 2017, to celebrate Alibaba`s 18th year of its establishment, Ma appeared on stage and gave a Michael Jackson-inspired performance. He also performed a partial rendition of Elton John`s 1994 hit single Can You Feel The Love Tonight while being dressed up as a lead heavy metal singer at a 2009 Alibaba birthday event.[35] In the same month, Ma also partnered with Hong Kong business tycoon, Sir Li Ka-shing in a joint venture to offer a digital wallet service in Hong Kong.[36] Ma announced on September 10, 2018 that he would step down as executive chairman of Alibaba Group Holding in the coming year.[37] Ma denied reports that he was forced to step aside by the Chinese government[38] and stated that he wants to focus on philanthropy through his foundation.[39] Daniel Zhang would then lead Alibaba as the current executive chairman.[40][10] Ma stepped down from the board of Alibaba on 1 October 2020.[41] Disappearance from the public eye[edit] News outlets noted a lack of public appearances from Ma between October 2020 and January 2021, coinciding with a regulatory crackdown on his businesses.[42] The Financial Times reported that the disappearance may have been connected to a speech given at the annual People`s Bank of China financial markets forum,[43] in which Ma criticized China`s regulators and banks.[43] In November 2020, the Financial Times reported the abrupt cancellation of the Ant Group`s anticipated[44] initial public offering (IPO)[45] after an intervention by financial regulators. According to Chinese bankers and officials, financial stability was the objective behind the intervention.[43] Some commentators speculated that Ma may have been a victim of forced disappearance,[46][47][48][49] while others speculated that he could be voluntarily lying low.[46][50] Ma made a public appearance again on 20 January 2021, speaking via video link to a group of rural teachers at a charitable event, the annual Rural Teacher Initiative.[42][51] In February 2021, Bloomberg reported that he was seen golfing at the Sun Valley Golf Resort in the Chinese island of Hainan.[52] In March 2021, Ma and Alibaba were ordered by Chinese regulators to sell off certain media companies, including Hong Kong`s South China Morning Post, as part of a Chinese campaign to curb the influence wielded by giant digital conglomerates.[53] In October 2021, Reuters reported Ma was on the Spanish island of Mallorca shopping at a local store. His superyacht was anchored in the Port of Andratx.[54] In November 2022, Ma was reportedly living a low profile life in Tokyo, Japan, for nearly six months, and occasionally traveling abroad.[55] In March 2023, Ma was spotted for the first time at the Yungu school in Hangzhou, China. Photos and videos of Ma touring the school appeared on social media confirming the appearance of the billionaire for the first time in several months. The school is funded by his company and is located near the company`s headquarters.[56] He was reportedly persuaded to return by premier Li Qiang.[57] In the same month, Alibaba Group would turn into a holding company and its subsidiaries would separate into six independent firms; The Wall Street Journal reported on 30 March that Ma engineered this in talks with company CEO Daniel Zhang while he was overseas.[58] Teaching[edit] In May 2023, Tokyo College, a research institute at the University of Tokyo, announced that Ma had been appointed a Visiting Professor and would work at the institute until at least October 2023.[59] His research focus would include sustainable agriculture, food production, and lectures on entrepreneurship. The Financial Times described the announcement as `a rare public statement of the billionaire`s commitments outside China.`[60] Entertainment career[edit] In 2017, Ma made his acting debut with his first kung fu short film Gong Shou Dao. It was filmed in collaboration with the Double 11 Shopping Carnival Singles` Day. In the same year, he also participated in a singing festival and performed dances during Alibaba`s 18th-anniversary party.[61][62][63] In November 2020, in the finale of Africa’s Business Heroes, Ma was replaced as a judge in the television show, with Alibaba executive Peng Lei taking his place, reportedly `Due to a schedule conflict`.[64] Awards and honors[edit] In 2004, Ma was honored as one of the `Top 10 Economic Personalities of the Year` by China Central Television (CCTV).[65] In September 2005, the World Economic Forum selected Ma as a `Young Global Leader`.[65] Fortune also selected him as one of the `25 Most Powerful Businesspeople in Asia` in 2005.[65] Businessweek also selected him as a `Businessperson of the Year` in 2007.[66] In 2008, Barron`s featured him as one of the 30 `World`s Best CEOs`[67] In May 2009, Time magazine listed Ma as one of the world`s 100 most powerful people. In reporting Ma`s accomplishments, Adi Ignatius, former Time senior editor and editor-in-chief of the Harvard Business Review, noted that `the Chinese Internet entrepreneur is soft-spoken and elf-like—and he speaks really good English` and remarked that `Taobao.com, Mr. Ma`s consumer-auction website, conquered eBay in China.`[68] He was also included in this list in 2014.[69] BusinessWeek chose him as one of China`s Most Powerful People.[70] Forbes China also selected him as one of the Top 10 Most Respected Entrepreneurs in China by in 2009. Ma received the 2009 CCTV Economic Person of the Year: Business Leaders of the Decade Award. In 2010, Ma was selected by Forbes Asia as one of Asia`s Heroes of Philanthropy for his contribution to disaster relief and poverty.[71] Ma was awarded an honorary doctoral degree by the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in November 2013.[72] Ma was a board member of Japan`s SoftBank (2007–2020)[73] and China`s Huayi Brothers Media Corporation.[citation needed] He became a trustee of The Nature Conservancy`s China program in 2009 and joined its global board of directors in April 2010. In 2013, he became chairman of the board for The Nature Conservancy`s China Program; this was one day after he stepped down from Alibaba as company CEO.[74][75] In 2014, he was ranked as the 30th-most-powerful person in the world in an annual ranking published by Forbes.[76] In 2015, Asian Award honoured him with the Entrepreneur of the Year award.[77] In 2016, he was awarded the Chevalier of the French Legion of Honour by French Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Development Laurent Fabius.[78] In 2017, Fortune ranked Ma second on its World`s 50 Greatest Leaders list.[79] In 2017, a KPMG survey ranked Ma third in global tech innovation visionary survey.[80] In October 2017, Ma was given an honorary degree of Doctor of Science in Technopreneurship from De La Salle University Manila, Philippines.[81] In May 2018, Ma was given an honorary degree of Doctor of Social Sciences by the University of Hong Kong in recognition of his contributions to technology, society and the world.[82] In May 2018, Ma received an honorary doctorate from professors Yaakov Frenkel and Yaron Oz at the Tel Aviv University.[83] In May 2019, Ma and other 16 influential global figures were appointed by Secretary-General of the United Nations as the new advocates for sustainable development goals.[84] In July 2020, Ma received from King Abdullah II a first class medal for his contribution in fighting back against the COVID-19 pandemic.[85] In August 2020, Ma was to receive from the President of Pakistan a Hilal e Quaid e Azam medal for his contribution in fighting back against the COVID-19 pandemic.[86] Views[edit] Ma is an adherent of both Buddhism and Taoism.[87][88][89] On September 24, 2014, in an interview with Taobao, Ma attributed the strength of American society to the country being rooted in its Judeo-Christian heritage and expressed his belief in the importance for China to implement a positive value system in order to overcome the aftermath and legacy of the bygone Cultural Revolution.[90] In November 2018, the People`s Daily identified Ma as a member of the Chinese Communist Party, something which surprised observers.[91][92][93] Ma received international criticism after he publicly endorsed the Chinese work practice known as the 996 working hour system.[94] When asked in 2019 to give his views on the future, Ma again stated that 996 was currently a `huge blessing` necessary to achieve success, but went on to state that artificial intelligence technology might lead to a better life of leisure in the future, where people would only have to work four-hour work days, three days a week.[95][96] At the same time, Ma expressed skepticism that AI could ever completely replace people, referencing to his theory that success requires a `love quotient` and stating that machines can never match this success. Ma also predicted that population collapse would become a big problem in the future.[97][98] Philanthropy[edit] Main article: Jack Ma Foundation Jack Ma is the founder of the Jack Ma Foundation, a philanthropic organization focused on improving education, the environment and public health.[99] In 2008, Alibaba donated $808,000 to victims of the Sichuan earthquake.[100] In 2009 Jack Ma became a trustee of The Nature Conservancy`s China program, and in 2010 he joined the global Board of Directors of the organization.[101] In 2015, Alibaba launched a nonprofit organization, Alibaba Hong Kong Young Entrepreneurs Foundation, which supports Hong Kong entrepreneurs to help them grow their businesses.[102][103] In the same year, the company funded the rebuilding of 1,000 houses damaged by the earthquake-hit in Nepal, and raised money for another 9,000.[104] In 2015 he also founded the Hupan School,[105] a business school. In September 2018 Ma started the Jack Ma Foundation and announced that he would retire from Alibaba to pursue educational work, philanthropy, and environmental causes.[5][6][7][8] In 2019, Forbes named Ma in its list of `Asia`s 2019 Heroes of Philanthropy` and awarded him the Malcolm S. Forbes Lifetime Achievement Award for his work supporting underprivileged communities in China, Africa, Australia, and the Middle East.[5][13] In 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Alibaba Foundation and Jack Ma Foundation launched various initiatives, some of which involved donating medical supplies to the United States as well as various countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe.[106][107]

Autor - osoba Levinson, Jay Conrad, 1933-2013 = Levinson, Džej Konrad, 1933-2013 Naslov Gerila marketing : tajne stvaranja velikih profita iz malih poslova : [veliki profit iz malog biznisa] / Jay Conrad Levinson ; preveli Ljubomir Veličkov, Zlata Perić Jedinstveni naslov Guerrilla Marketing Vrsta građe priručnik Jezik srpski Godina 1992 Izdanje 3. izd. Izdavanje i proizvodnja Beograd : IQ Media, 1992 (Beograd : Inos-print) Fizički opis 212 str. : ilustr. ; 20 cm Drugi autori - osoba Veličkov, Ljubomir = Veličkov, Ljubomir Perić, Zlata = Perić, Zlata Zbirka IQ Biznis (Broš.) Napomene Prevod dela: Guerrilla Marketing Tiraž 1.000. Predmetne odrednice Marketing Kada je „Gerila marketing“ prvi put objavljen 1983. godine, Džej Levinson je iz korena promenio marketing strategije za vlasnike malih firmi svojim beskompromisnim pristupom za nalaženje klijenata. Zasnovana nastotinama konkretnih ideja, koje zaista daju rezultate, Levinsonova filozofija je iznedrila nov način učenja o udelu na tržištu i kako do njega doći. U ovom proširenom četvrtom izdanju, Levinson nudi nov arsenal oružja za uspeh malih firmi u novom veku. Knjiga nudi strategije za Internet marketing (sa preciznim objašnjenjima), savete za upošljavanje novih tehnologija (kao što su podkast i automatizovani marketing), programe zaodređivanje ciljnih grupa mušterija, koje će postati stalne mušterije i firmu preporučivati drugima, kao i lekcije iz menadžmenta u doba telekomunikacija i honorarnih saradnika. Ova knjiga će biti biblija preduzetnika u dvadeset prvom veku. Džej Konrad Levinson je autor više od desetine knjiga iz „Gerila marketing“ serije Nekadašnji potpredsednik i kreativni direktor u marketinškim agencijama „J. Walter Thompson Advertising“ i „Leo Burnett Advertising“,danas je predsednik konsultantske firme „Guerilla Marketing International“, koja uslužuje velike i male kompanije širom sveta. GERILA MARKETING – KREATIVNOST NA DELU Cele godine, svakog dana, svakog trenutka, bombardovani smo informacijama i promocijama od strane najrazličitijih kompanija. Svi se bore za trenutak naše pažnje a mi smo sve otporniji na najrazličitije marketing aktivnosti. Šta je to što se u moru komunikacionih poruka kompanija može izdvojiti? Danas vam predstavljamo gerila marketing. Šta je i kako ga možete iskoristiti ćemo vam predstaviti u nastavku ovog teksta. Šta je gerila marketing? Gerila marketing slobodno možemo da nazovemo vrhunski alat za prikazivanje kreativnosti marketing tima. Gerila je marketing strategija koja koristi nekonvencionalna rešenja i faktor iznenađenja da bi privukla pažnju publike i tako promovisala proizvod, uslugu ili ideju. Postoje dva važna cilja: Izazivanje emocije kod publike Tera publiku da zapamti proizvod, uslugu ili ideju Za ovaj vid marketinga su vam najpotrebnije tri stvari: energija, vreme i mašta. Karakteristike Gerila marketing se značajno razlikuje od drugih marketing strategija a njene karakteristike su: Nije skupa – ova strategija se uglavnom zasniva na kreativnosti, pa nisu potrebni ogromni budžeti kako bi se postigao uspeh. Fokusirana je na veličinu publike – nastoji da stigne do što većeg broja ljudi. Ova kampanja stiže do dve grupe ljudi. Prva su oni koji su direktno u dodiru sa samom kampanjom (naišli su na poruku gerila marketinga), a druga grupa su ljudi koji čuju o ovoj kampanji od prve grupe (preko „word of mouth”). Često ove kampanje postaju i viralne zbog svoje kreativnosti. Viralni i „word of mouth” marketing ovde predstavljaju svojevrsni pojačivač poruke gerila marketinga. Koristi faktor iznenađenja – često je publika zatečena porukom, tako da bolje pamti samu poruku. Vrste gerila marketinga Ovde ćemo nabrojati neke vrste gerila marketinga: Ambijentalni marketing Kod ambijentalnog marketinga se koristi okruženje koje već postoji. Reklame se postavljaju na određena mesta ili objekte na koje se inače ne postavljaju. Cilj ovog vida marketinga jeste da iznenadi publiku. Korišćenje autobuskog stajališta za reklamiranje predstavlja običan vid marketinga, ali korišćenje mesta za sedenje na stajalištu kao deo reklame predstavlja nešto inovativno i drugačije. Primera je puno pa ćemo navesti samo njih par: Korišćenje autobusa ili nekog drugog prevoznog sredstva da bi se prosledila poruka. Primer kampanje Kopenhagenškog autobusa na kojem je bila slika ogromne zmije koja izgleda kao da će da smrvi autobus. Ovo je bila reklama za zoološki vrt. Korišćenje autobuskih stajališta Korišćenje liftova u zgradama Prva karakteristika ambientalnog marketinga jeste njegovo neobično mesto postavljanja što samo po sebi privlači pažnju. Možemo reći da su ove kampanje pametno iskoristile okruženje i stvorile „vau” faktor. Druga važna stavka ovog marketinga je izvršenje. Da li će to što je zamišljeno stvoriti planirani uticaj na publiku i željenu reakciju publike. Prednosti ovog vida marketinga su: Privlači pažnju Lako se pamti Niska cena Može postati viralan – ljudi žele da podele zanimljiva iskustva sa prijateljima, najčešće koristeći društvene mreže Dostizanje šire publike – ovakve reklame se često postavljaju na mesta gde prolazi veliki broj ljudi, samim tim se dolazi do najrazličitije publike Marketing zasede Ovaj vid marketinga koristi događaje kako bi se promovisao. Ono što je karakteristično jeste da kompanija koja se promoviše nije vezana za sam događaj. Marketing zasede mogu da sprovedu sve kompanije koje nisu zvanični sponzori nekog događaja. Njihove marketing aktivnosti su takve da se u javnosti stvara slika kao da su oni deo tog događaja. Ovaj vid marketinga je često na granici legalnog, pa treba biti posebno oprezan sa ovim vidom marketinga. Posebno zanimljivu ideju je imao Fiat u Švedskoj. Oni su parkirali svoj Fiat 500 ispred sedišta Folksvagena u trenutku kada je ulicom prolazio Google maps automobil. Rezultate njihove „marketing zasede” možete pogledati na linku. Skriveni marketing Ovaj vid poruke predstavlja izlaganje publike marketing kampanji bez njihovog znanja da se radi o marketing kampanji. Cilj nije kreirati prodaju, već stvoriti određeno osećanje i uzbuđenje kao i interesovanje za određeni proizvod, uslugu ili ideju. Ovaj vid kampanje mogu koristiti i manje i veće kompanije, ali su mnogo bolji za velike kompanije, sa velikim budžetima. Razlog jeste da ovakva poruka predstavlja samo jednu komponentu cele kampanje, služi da samo zainteresuje potencijalne kupce i korisnike. Manje kompanije ovaj vid marketinga mogu da koriste da bi povećale svest o brendu. Viral/buzz marketing Ovaj vid marketinga se posebno kreira kako bi podstakao dalje prenošenje marketing poruke. Zasniva se na upotrebi pojačane i organske komunikacije između ljudi, u vidu buke (eng. buzz) oko proizvoda, usluge ili ideje. Osoba koja je naišla na marketing kampanju, prenosi dalje svoja iskustva i impresije u komunikaciji sa drugima („word of mouth”) ili preko društvenih mreža („word of mouse”). Primeri „buzz” marketinga Primeri viralnog marketinga O čemu još treba razmišljati Kao što smo već naveli, osnovne karakteristike gerila marketinga su da je jeftin i da privlači pažnju zbog svoje kreativnosti. Potrebno je napomenuti još par stvari: Kampanje, zbog toga što nisu testirane ranije, mogu da budu na udaru kritika. Treba biti veoma oprezan o svim značenjima vaše kampanje i na to kakva osećanja će ona probuditi kod različitih grupa ljudi. Često će vam biti potrebne dozvole. Kako se ove kampanje realizuju najčešće na javnim površinama, biće vam potrebne dozvole od institucije odgovorne za tu javnu površinu. Ukoliko se odlučite da preskočite traženje dozvole, izlazite iz zakonskih okvira i možete biti predmet tužbe. Potrebno je da preuzmete odgovornost za ono što radite. Gerila marketing velikih organizacija Zbog mnogih stvari, gerila marketing je odličan način da male organizacije podignu svest o svom brendu. Pitanje je da li se velike organizacije bave gerila marketingom? Na prvom mestu je pitanje rizika, velike kompanije imaju veći ugled i pozitivno mišljenje kupaca/korisnika. Da li jedna gerila kampanja to može da ugrozi? Može, a problem je takođe što kada se to desi, zbog popularnosti kompanije, loša slike se još brže i dalje širi. MG126 (N)

GLOBALNA PROGNOZA ZA SLEDEĆIH ČETRDESET GODINA! Znamo ono što želimo znati o tome kako će svet izgledati kroz četrdeset godina. Međutim, znamo li kako će svet zaista izgledati za četrdeset godina? Upravo je to pitanje na koje Jorgen Randers pokušao da odgovori u knjizi 2052. Pre četrdeset godina, Randers je bio jedan od koautora knjige Granice rasta (The Limits to Growth), studije koja se bavila velikim pitanjem kako će ljudi svoj poriv za neograničenim rastom prilagoditi fizičkim ograničenima planete Zemlje. U knjizi 2052, Randers polazi od sopstvenog iskustva iz oblasti održivosti, globalnih prognostičkih alata i predviđanja – opisanih u knjizi – više od trideset vodećih naučnika, ekonomista, futurista i drugih mislilaca, koji bi nas trebalo voditi kroz najizgledniju budućnost. Ovaj uvid u budućnost povlači za sobom niz pitanja: • Koliko će ljudima na planeti trebati pomoć? • Hoće li biti dovoljno hrane i energije? • Hoće li verovanje u beskrajni rast doživeti slom? • Hoće li Kina postići svoju ekonomsku nadmoć na miran način? • Hoće li trka prema obnovljivim izvorima energije uspeti? • Hoće li preovladati nekontrolisane klimatske promene? • U kojim delovima sveta će se kvalitet života poboljšati, a u kojima pogoršati? Ova pitanja, kao i brojna druga, se postavljaju kroz oštrouman, humani i stručni uvid u budućnost pred nama, što za rezultat daje brojna iznenađujuće odgovore.. ŠTA NAM BUDUĆNOST DONOSI? Pre četrdeset godina moje kolege i ja proveli smo dve godine marljivo radeći u svojim kancelarijama na MIT-u. Dugo smo i detaljno razmišljali o budućnosti i - uz vodstvo Dennisa L. Meadowsa i uz autorstvo Donelle H. Meadows proizveli smo ono što je postalo nepopularna mala knjiga nazvana Granice rasta (The Limits to Growth). Knjiga je bila analiza scenarija kojom smo pokušali da odgovorimo na pitanje „Šta će se dogoditi tokom sledećih 130 godina ako se čovečanstvo odluči na sprovođenje određenih političkih odluka?` Na primer, šta će se dogoditi ako celokupno društvo nastavi da stremi ka ekonomskom rastu bez posebnog akcenta na kontrolisanje rasta stanovništva? Ili šta će se dogoditi ako čovečanstvo odluči da usmeri svoje veoma veliko tehnološko umeće (i nešto novca) na razvijanje ekološki benigne poljoprivrede na globalnom nivou? Razvili smo nekoliko različitih slika budućnosti. Neke opisuju budućnost u kojoj su stvari pošle po zlu; druge opisuju budućnost gde je situacija bila puno bolja za sve ljude. Glavni zaključak naše analize bio je da se čovečanstvo, bez velikih promena, spremalo na rast opasno iznad fizičkih granica naše planete. To je bio zaključak koji se zasnivao na opažanju da treba vremena da čovečanstvo reši bilo koje važno pitanje koje proizlazi iz konačnosti planete. Treba vremena da bi se identifikovao problem, vreme da se prihvati da je taj problem stvaran, vreme da se reši i vreme da se primeni novo rešenje. Prvi deo - „zastoj između opažanja i prihvatanja` - doprineo je verovatnosti (šta je jasno nama, ali ne i svima) da bi čovečanstvo moglo da dopustiti rast u brojkama i fizičkom utiecaju iznad održivog kapaciteta globalnog ekosistema da podržava takav rast. Takav dugi zastoj omogućio bi, čak i prizvao, ono što smo mi nazvali premašivanje (overshoot), posebno ako bi čovečanstvo raslo usprkos planetarnim ograničenjima. U praktičnom smislu, moguće je da čovečanstvo neko vreme ostane u fazi premašivanja (kao što je slučaj i s prekomernim lovom ribe), međutim premašivanje neće i ne može trajati zauvek u trenutku kad se njegovi temelji unište (kad više ne bude ribe). HOĆE LI SVET PROPASTI? Onog trenutka kada dođe do premašivanja, postoje samo dva puta nazad prema održivosti: kontrolisano smanjivanje uređenim uvođenjem novog rešenja (riba iz uzgajališta), ili slom (prestajete da jedete ribu jer je više nema - i uništite posao ribara, kao što se dogodilo na Newfounland-u nakon 1992.). Premašivanje se ne može održati. Ako pokušate da ga održite, kratkoročno će nastati problemi koje će biti teško kontrolisati. Ti problemi biće snažna motivacija za identifikaciju i pokretanje novih rešenja. Međutim, do novog rešenja ne dolazi se preko noći, već tek nakon „zastoja donošenja rešenja i njegove primene` - što može trajati jednu celu deceniju. Zbog toga čak i da započnete pre nego što su temelji potpuno nestali, reskirate da ćete ih iscrpeti do kraja dok čekate novo rešenje. To je bila prava poruka Granica rasta 1972. godine. U decenijama nakon što je knjiga objavljena, spora ljudska reakcija na klimatski problem pružila je prvoklasnu ilustraciju ove poruke. Problem je prvi put prepoznat 1960-ih godina, 1988. godine formiran je Međuvladin panel o klimatskim promenama (IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), s ciljem pružanja naučnog gledišta, a 1997. potpisan je Protokol iz Kyot-a. A i dalje - nakon četrdeset godina - još ne vidimo godišnje smanjenje emisija štetnih gasova. Čovečanstvo je i dalje u stanju solidnog premašivanja (ispuštanjem oko dvostruko više CO2 na godinu nego što svi okeani i šume sveta mogu da apsorbuju), a možemo prepoznati i rane znakove nadolazećeg postupnog uništenja ekosistema - koji pruža nebrojeno mnogo ekoloških usluga od kojih ljudi zavise. O kontrolisanom smanjivanju raspravlja se na svakoj konferenciji, ali bez imalo efekata na emisije štetnih gasova. U scenarijima u Granicama rasta premašivanje i pad bili su mogućnost u budućnosti za koju smo moje kolege i ja zaista verovali da će se izbeći novim, mudrijim i dugoročnijim političkim odlukama. U trenutku kada bi ljudi razumeli potencijalne opasnosti beskonačnog rasta i zakasnelih rešenja, mere bi se brzo počele preduzimati. Mislili smo da će razumno upozorenje, zasnovano na najtačnijim podacima dostupnim u to vreme, možda podići osvešćenost, skratiti zastoje i promeniti mračne izglede za budućnost. Nažalost, očigledno je da period od proteklih četrdeset godina nije pružio podršku našem mladalačkom optimizmu. Ali u najmanju ruku Granice rasta definisale su konceptualna oružja za jednu detaljnu debatu - iako se ta debata nikada nije održala. INFORMISANA PROCENA U ovoj knjizi napravio sam nešto potpuno drukčije. Uz veliku pomoć svojih novih prijatelja („novi` u smislu da se svi oni koji su doprineli knjizi 2052 - osim Williama W. Behrensa - nisu pridružili prvim naporima pre četrdeset godina), pokušao sam dati prognozu šta će se dogoditi tokom sledećih 40 godina. Jednim delom to radim da bih zadovoljio sopstvenu znatiželju, a delom da pokušam da društvo prisilim na delovanje. Stvaranje takve prognoze zastrašujući je zadatak, zadatak koji se ne može obaviti s velikom preciznošću. Toliko toga se može dogoditi od sada do 2052. godine da je ishod nemoguće prognozirati u naučnom smislu, tj. sa uskim marginama neizvesnosti. Postoje brojne moguće budućnosti, puno njih je verovatno, dok je većina malo verovatna. Zbog toga ne mogu pružiti naučnu prognozu - u smislu da je moguće autoritativno izjaviti da je ta prognoza najverovatniji ishod. Ali na sreću, moguće je napraviti procenu. A još i bolje, moguće je napraviti informisanu procenu koja bi se, u najmanju ruku, trebala zasnivati na dostupnim činjenicama i biti interno sistemska, tj. takva da ne protivreči sama sebi. Ova knjiga sadrži moju informisanu procenu. To nije „naučna istina` - takva istina ne postoji u oblasti budućnosti. To je pročišćena procena, dobro informisana procena. Ja sam siguran da imam pravo, iako je to nemoguće dokazati. Ali nemoguće je dokazati i da nemam pravo dok se god ozbiljno ne približimo 2052. godini. POHVALE KNJIZI „ ...nadahnujuće i izazovno za svakoga ko zaista brine o našoj zajedničkoj budućnosti.” — Gro Harlem Brundtland, bivši premijer Norveške „Ova knjiga je od izuzetno velikog značaja.” — James Gustave Speth, autor knjige America the Possible „Suviše je kasno da se upitamo koliko bi drugačijim i svežim vazduhom bio bogatiji današnji svet da smo poslušali Jorgena Randersa pre četrdeset godina. Pitanje je hoćemo li ga napokon ovaj put poslušati.” — Alan Weisman, autor knjige Svet bez nas (The World Without Us) „Uz jasnoću, svest i hrabrost, Jorgen Randers kao mislilac koji je postavio put konceptu globalnih sistema, zajedno sa svojim istaknutim pomagačima, u ovoj knjizi opisuje stvari koje će oblikovati naredne četiri decenije” — Amory B. Lovins, predsednik i naučnik, Institut Rocky Mountain; autor knjige Reinventing Fire Kratak sadržaj Zahvale Predgovor: Što nam budućnost donosi? PRVI DIO: POZADINA 1. Zabrinutost za budućnost 2. Pet glavnih pitanja vezanih uz promjenu sustava DRUGI DIO: MOJA GLOBALNA PROGNOZA 3. Logika moje prognoze 4. Broj stanovnika i potrošnja do 2052. 5. Energija i CO2 do 2052. 6. Hrana i ekološki otisak do 2052. 7. Nematerijalna budućnost do 2052. 8. Duh vremena 2052. 9. Razmišljanja o budućnosti 10. Pet regionalnih budućnosti 11. Usporedba s drugim budućnostima 12. Što biste trebali učiniti Završne riječi Prilozi Bilješke Kazalo pojmova JORGEN RANDERS je profesor klimatske strategije na Norveškoj poslovnoj školi BI. Bavi se oblastima klimatskih problema i analize scenarija. Prethodno je bio predsednik BI-ja i zamenik glavnog upravnika WWF International-a (World Wildlife Fund) u Švajcarskoj. Održava brojna međunarodna predavanja na temu održivog razvoja, a posebno klime, učestvuje u radu upravnih odbora mnogih korporacija kao nerukovodeći član. Član je veća za održivost Britanskog telekoma u Velikoj Britaniji, kao i Dow Chemical-a u Sjedinjenim državama. 2006. godine bio je predsednik Agencije za smanjenje efekata staklene bašte osnovanom odlukom britanskog Kabineta, koja je iznela zaključke na koji način Norveška može srezati svoje emisije ovih gasova za dve trećine do 2050. godine. Randers je napisao brojne knjige i naučne referate, bio je koautor čuvenih knjiga The Limits to Growth (Universe Books, 1972), Beyond the Limits (Chelsea Green, 1992), i Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update (Chelsea Green, 2004).